我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田养分资源量及其对小麦化肥减施的启示

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李廷亮^,¹^,², 王宇峰¹, 王嘉豪¹, 栗丽¹, 谢钧宇¹, 李丽娜¹, 黄晓磊¹, 谢英荷^,¹

¹山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太谷 030801

²山西农业大学农业资源与环境国家级实验教学示范中心,山西太谷 030801

Nutrient Resource Quantity from Main Grain Crop Straw Incorporation and Its Enlightenment on Chemical Fertilizer Reduction in Wheat Production in China

LI TingLiang^,¹^,², WANG YuFeng¹, WANG JiaHao¹, LI Li¹, XIE JunYu¹, LI LiNa¹, HUANG XiaoLei¹, XIE YingHe^,¹

¹College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

²National Demonstration Center for Agricultural Resources and Environment Experimental Teaching, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

通讯作者: 谢英荷,E-mail： xieyinghe@163.com

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-05-20接受日期:2020-07-21网络出版日期:2020-12-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划项目.2018YFD0200401
山西省重点研发计划项目.201803D221005-2
山西省重点研发计划重点项目.201703D211001

Received:2020-05-20Accepted:2020-07-21Online:2020-12-01
作者简介 About authors
李廷亮,E-mail： litingliang021@126.com。

摘要
【目的】明确我国主要粮食作物秸秆及其养分资源特征,为秸秆肥料化利用、化肥合理减施及农业绿色生产提供科学依据。【方法】基于《中国统计年鉴》和文献资料数据,估算我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆及其养分资源量,分析秸秆和养分资源区域分布特征、养分资源当季释放量以及小麦生产中化肥减施量。【结果】通过文献数据加权估算,我国水稻、小麦和玉米的草谷比分别为1.01、1.14和1.25。2014—2018年,我国三大粮食作物秸秆年均产量为65 386.6万t,其中水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆产量分别占32.3%、22.7%和45.0%。秸秆资源量的73.3%分布在我国华北、长江中下游和东北农区,其中水稻秸秆主要集中在长江中下游农区（50.7%）、小麦秸秆主要集中在华北农区（59.0%）、玉米秸秆主要集中在东北农区（33.7%）和华北农区（30.4%）。我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮素（N）平均含量分别为0.78%、0.64%和0.85%,磷素（P₂O₅）平均含量分别为0.42%、0.27%和0.53%,钾素（K₂O）平均含量分别为2.31%、1.53%和1.59%,秸秆总养分含量（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）表现为水稻>玉米>小麦。三大粮食作物秸秆养分资源年均量为509.8万t（N）、284.7万t（P₂O₅）和1 183.0万t（K₂O）,不同农区总养分量分布表现为长江中下游（26.0%）>华北（25.4%）>东北（21.3%）>西北（11.1%）>西南（10.5%）>东南（5.6%）。我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆还田氮素当季释放率分别为54.9%、51.4%和61.9%,磷素当季释放率分别为60.9%、65.3%和73.0%,钾素当季释放率分别为90.1%、93.3%和92.3%,表现为钾>磷>氮。三大粮食作物秸秆还田养分当季归还量（化肥可替代量）年均值为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）,总量为1 572万t,其中以玉米秸秆养分（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）当季归还量最高,占当季养分总归还量的44.6%。秸秆还田对我国小麦生产具有较高化肥替代潜力,在小麦一年一作区,小麦秸秆全量还田理论上可替代4.6 kg N·hm ^-2、7.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和65.3 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量;小麦玉米轮作区,玉米秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季39.4 kg N·hm ^-2、28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和109.9 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量;稻麦轮作区,水稻秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季29.9 kg N·hm ^-2、17.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量。【结论】我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆年均产量分别为21 141.5万t、14 843.1万t和29 402.0万t,总量为65 386.6万t。三大粮食作物秸秆全量还田养分当季释放量为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）。70%以上秸秆资源和养分当季释放量集中在长江中下游、华北和东北地区。小麦生产区,前茬作物秸秆全量还田理论上可替代 4.6—39.4 kg N·hm ^-2、7.8—28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和65.3—145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量。
关键词： 秸秆产量;养分资源量;化肥减施;小麦生产

Abstract

【Objective】The objective of this study was to determine the quantity and distribution of crop straws from rice, wheat and maize production, and the contained nutrient resources in the main grain crops planting regions of China, so as to provide a scientific basis for straw fertilizer utilization and reasonable reduction of chemical fertilizer in agricultural production in China. 【Method】 Based on data/information from National Bureau of Statistics of China and published literature, the amount of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources were estimated in rice, wheat and maize planting areas. The distribution of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources, the nutrient release of straw incorporation in next-stubble crops production, and chemical fertilizer proper reduction rate of wheat production were further analyzed in different agricultural regions of China. 【Result】The results showed that the ratio of straw to grain of rice, wheat and maize in China was 1.01, 1.14 and 1.25 by estimation of literature data, respectively. The annual yield of straw of the three major grain crops in China was 653.866 million tons during 2014-2018, among which rice, wheat and maize accounted for 32.3%, 22.7% and 45.0%, respectively. The crop straws were mainly produced in North China, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China, accounting for 73.3% of the total national crop straw yields. The rice straw (50.7%) was mainly distributed in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, the wheat straw (59.0%) was mainly distributed in Northeast China, and the maize straw were mainly distributed in Northeast China (33.7%) and North China (30.4%). A large number of literature data statistics showed that the nitrogen (N) average content of rice, wheat and maize straw was 0.78%, 0.64% and 0.85%, the phosphorus (P₂O₅) average content was 0.42%, 0.27% and 0.53%, the potassium (K₂O) average content was 2.31%, 1.53% and 1.59%, respectively, and the total nutrient content of straw (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) was expressed as rice>maize>wheat. The nutrient resources of three major grain crops straw were 5.098 million tons of N, 2.847 million tons of P₂O₅, and 11.83 million tons of K₂O. The distribution of total nutrient components in different agricultural areas was as follows: Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (26.0%)>North China (25.4%)>Northeast China (21.3%)>Northwest China (11.1%)>Southwest China (10.5%)>Southeast China (5.6%). The release rates of nitrogen from rice, wheat and maize straw returning to the field were 54.9%, 51.4% and 61.9%, that of phosphorus were 60.9%, 65.3% and 73.0%, and that of potassium were 90.1%, 93.3% and 92.3%, respectively, which showed as potassium>phosphorus>nitrogen. The annual amount of nutrient returned to field from three major grain crops straw (the amount of substitution of chemical fertilizer) contained 2.940 million tons of N, 1.941 million tons of P₂O₅and 10.839 million tons of K₂O, with a total amount of 15.72 million tons. Among them, the nutrient (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) release from maize straw return in the next crop growing period was the highest, accounting for 44.6% of the total amount of annual nutrient return. Straw incorporation had high potential of chemical fertilizer substitution for wheat production in China. In wheat monoculture area, the total wheat straw returning to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 4.6 kg N·hm ^-2, 7.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 65.3 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 theoretically. In the wheat-maize rotation area, the total amount of maize straw returned to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 39.4 kg N·hm ^-2, 28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 109.9 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in the wheat production season theoretically. In the rice-wheat rotation area, the total amount of rice straw returned to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 29.9 kg N·hm ^-2, 17.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in the wheat production season theoretically. 【Conclusion】The annual yield of rice, wheat and maize straw in China was 211.415 million tons, 148.431 million tons and 294.020 million tons, respectively, with a total of 653.866 million tons. The straws of three major grain crops could provide 2.940 million tons of N, 1.941 million tons of P₂O₅ and 10.839 million tons of K₂O annually under straw returning. More than 70% of straw and nutrients resources were distributed in North China, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China. In the wheat production area, the total amount of straw returned from the previous crop could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 4.6 to 39.4 kg N·hm ^-2, 7.8 to 28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 65.3 to145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in theory.

Keywords：straw yield;the amount of nutrient resources;chemical fertilizer reduction;wheat production

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本文引用格式
李廷亮, 王宇峰, 王嘉豪, 栗丽, 谢钧宇, 李丽娜, 黄晓磊, 谢英荷. 我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田养分资源量及其对小麦化肥减施的启示[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4835-4854 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.010
LI TingLiang, WANG YuFeng, WANG JiaHao, LI Li, XIE JunYu, LI LiNa, HUANG XiaoLei, XIE YingHe. Nutrient Resource Quantity from Main Grain Crop Straw Incorporation and Its Enlightenment on Chemical Fertilizer Reduction in Wheat Production in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4835-4854 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.010

开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：

0 引言

【研究意义】农作物秸秆含有大量氮、磷、钾及其他中微量元素,秸秆还田后易分解物质可快速释放矿质养分供后期作物吸收利用,难分解部分则经微生物转化为腐殖质增加土壤碳汇,改善土壤结构和微生态环境,进而提高土壤肥力^[1,2,3]。作物秸秆是农业生产中最经济有效的有机养分资源,科学统计评价我国现阶段主要粮食作物秸秆资源量及养分释放特征对合理减少农业化肥投入和提高耕地质量具有重要意义。【前人研究进展】我国农作物秸秆资源丰富,据统计2015年全国农作物秸秆总产量达10.4亿t,其中可收集资源量为9亿 t,秸秆肥料化利用率为43.2%^[4]。秸秆含有大量养分资源,宋大利等^[5]研究表明2015年我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆全量还田可归还的氮素（N）分别为56.9、36.6和61.5 kg·hm^-2,占对应作物生产化肥氮施用量的31.6%（水稻）、22.5%（小麦）和28.8%（玉米）;柴如山等^[6]对我国2013—2017年主要粮食作物秸秆钾素资源量研究表明,我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆还田当季可提供的钾素量分别为499万t、193万t和479万t。目前国际上估算秸秆资源量普遍采用的方法是草谷比,而草谷比受作物品种、栽培措施和气候条件等因素影响较大,我国水稻、小麦和玉米的草谷比一般在0.62—1.40、0.73—1.56和0.89—2.00之间^{[7,8,9,10,11,12]}。草谷比的选择很大程度上会影响秸秆和养分资源量的估算结果,毕于运等^[11]采用玉米草谷比1.2估算我国2005年玉米秸秆总产量为2.02亿t,而在张培栋等^[13]研究中选择玉米草谷比2.0估算我国2005年玉米秸秆资源量为2.78亿t。另外关于作物秸秆养分含量,多数研究^[6,14-17]参考了1999年全国农业技术推广服务中心编制的《中国有机肥料养分志》,其中我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆的氮（N）含量分别为0.91%、0.65%和0.92%,磷（P₂O₅）含量分别为0.30%、0.18%和0.34%,钾（K₂O）分别为2.29%、1.27%和1.43%;而刘晓永等^[12]在《中国有机肥料养分志》基础上通过后期文献统计加权确定的我国水稻、小麦和玉米的磷素（P₂O₅）含量分别为0.13%、0.09%和0.11%,整体降低了50%以上;高伟^[18]对我国北方不同地区玉米秸秆养分含量研究结果为0.93%（N）、0.37%（P₂O₅）和2.37%（K₂O）,其中钾素含量则提高了66%。表明作物秸秆养分含量会随作物品种的更替、土壤水肥条件和栽培措施等发生变化。作物秸秆还田后在微生物作用下逐步发生腐解,释放矿质营养元素,研究表明不同作物秸秆中养分释放速率表现为K>P>N,其中秸秆钾的当季释放率可达90%,磷的当季释放率在60%—70%,氮的当季释放率在50%—60%^[12,19-21]。秸秆翻埋在15—20 cm土层的累积腐解率高于0—5 cm土层,秸秆在旱地土壤中的累积腐解率和养分释放率总体高于水田^[22,23,24]。我国近年小麦种植面积在2 400万hm²以上,其中旱作小麦约占1/3,我国旱地土壤相对贫瘠,化肥利用效率低,因此秸秆还田在小麦种植区的化肥减量有机替代研究对当地土壤质量提升和小麦绿色生产显得尤为重要。【本研究切入点】以往研究中有关秸秆产量及养分资源量统计多依据某一标准或单一文献的草谷比和养分含量值,所以统计结果差异较大,且秸秆还田养分资源估算量大多没有考虑当季养分释放率,仅通过全量养分估算秸秆还田替代化肥潜力。而基于大样本统计的草谷比和养分含量值估算我国主要粮食作物秸秆产量和养分资源量,以及基于秸秆养分当季释放率估算化肥实际可替代量的研究鲜为报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本文基于《中国统计年鉴》和前人大量文献数据,系统研究我国2014—2018年水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物秸秆产量分布特征、秸秆养分含量和释放特征,并进一步分析秸秆还田养分释放对我国小麦生产化肥减施的贡献,以期为我国农业绿色资源化生产提供理论依据。

1 研究方法与数据来源

1.1 研究区域

本研究参照中国粮食主产区划分,将中国大陆31个省、市、自治区（未包括香港、澳门、台湾和南海群岛）划分为六大农区：（1）东北农区（黑龙江、吉林和辽宁）;（2）华北农区（北京、天津、河北、河南、山东、山西）;（3）长江中下游农区（上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西）;（4）西北农区（内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆）;（5）西南农区（重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏）;（6）东南农区（福建、广东、广西、海南）。研究的作物包括水稻、小麦和玉米。

1.2 估算方法

本研究中各地区水稻、小麦和玉米的秸秆产量是指籽粒收获后所有地上部剩余的副产品,采用草谷比法进行估算。

各省份主要粮食作物秸秆产量的计算公式为：

（1）W_S=W_g×R

式中,W_S为作物秸秆产量;W_g为作物籽粒产量;R为作物草谷比。

各省份主要粮食作物秸秆养分资源量的计算公式为：

（2）W_N= W_S×N_S

式中,W_N为作物秸秆氮素（N）资源量;N_S为作物秸秆氮素（N）含量。

（3）W_P2O5 = W_S×P_S×2.29

式中,W_P2O5为作物秸秆磷素（P₂O₅）资源量;P_S为作物秸秆磷素（P）含量;2.29为单质磷转化为P₂O₅的系数。

（4）W_K2O = W_S×K_S×1.2

式中,W_K2O为作物秸秆钾素（K₂O）资源量;K_S为作物秸秆钾素（K）含量;1.2为单质钾转化为氧化钾（K₂O）的系数。

1.3 数据来源

本研究中各地区作物产量及种植面积数据来自2015—2019年国家统计局编制的《中国统计年鉴》,为避免粮食作物产量年度之间差异引起的统计不准确性,水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆产量为基于2014—2018年作物产量多年统计数据的估算值。关于草谷比的确定,本研究基于前人大量数据统计结果,加权平均计算获得（表1）。水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆养分含量及当季释放率均为近年相关研究文献大量样品统计结果。

Table 1
表1
表1不同文献中主要农作物的草谷比
Table 1The ratio of straw to grain of main crops in different literature

作物 Crop	文献 Reference^[7]	文献 Reference^[8]	文献 Reference^[9]	文献 Reference^[10]	文献 Reference^[12]	文献 Reference^[15]	加权平均值 Mean
水稻Rice	0.9(7)	—	1.0 (41)	—	1.02 (194)	1.05 (5)	1.01 (247)
小麦 Wheat	1.16(7)	—	1.17 (34)	1.27(437)	1.36 (257)	1.32 (4)	1.14 (839)
玉米Maize	1.75(6)	1.28(12)	1.04 (34)	—	1.25 (283)	1.63 (6)	1.25 (341)

表中括号内的数据为统计样本数。下同
The data in brackets indicate the number of statistical samples. The same as below

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2 结果

2.1 我国主要粮食作物秸秆资源量及分布

2014—2018年我国三大粮食作物秸秆总产量年平均为65 386.6万t（表2）,其中水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆产量分别占32.3%、22.7%和45.0%。三大粮食作物秸秆资源主要集中在我国华北、长江中下游和东北农区,占总秸秆产量的73.3%。水稻秸秆产量以长江中下游农区最高,西北农区最低,分别占全国水稻秸秆总量的50.7%和2.8%;小麦秸秆产量以华北农区最高,占全国小麦秸秆总量的59.0%,东南农区小麦秸秆年均产量最低,仅1.5万t;玉米秸秆产量以东北和华北农区最高,分别占全国玉米秸秆总量的33.7%和30.4%,以东南农区最低,仅占全国玉米秸秆总量的1.5%。

Table 2
表2
表2我国不同农区主要粮食作物秸秆产量
Table 2Straw yields of main grain crops in different agricultural regions of China (×10⁴t)

农区 Agricultural region	水稻 Rice	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	总量 Total
东北 Northeast China	3566.7±292.3	41.6±10.6	9903.7± 809.5	13512.1±1090.1
华北North China	693.2±19.3	8752.0±281.2	8926.7±991.8	18371.9±1233.8
长江中下游 Middle and lower Yangtze River areas	10714.9±284.6	3622.7±235.1	1689.9±168.8	16027.5± 681.3
西北 Northwest China	300.4±28.5	1825.8±76.6	5558.4±420.3	7684.5±401.6
西南 Southwest China	3082.8±118.9	599.6±141.5	2872.6±345.3	6555.0±131.4
东南 Southeast China	2783.5±164.0	1.5± 0.7	450.8±26.2	3235.7±188.1
全国 The whole country	21141.5±291.2	14843.1±344.0	29402.0±2645.4	65386.6±3244.4

表中数据为平均值±标准差。下同
The data were mean ± standard deviation. The same as below

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2.2 我国主要粮食作物秸秆养分含量及资源总量

表3为根据相关文献数据^{[5-6,12,16,18-21,23-115]}统计的我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和钾（K₂O）养分含量。可知,不同文献背景下作物养分含量差异较大,其中三大作物秸秆氮素含量变异系数在28.7%—39.6%,磷素含量变异系数在69.0%—87.5%,钾素含量变异系数在43.9%—46.1%,表明作物秸秆中磷含量较氮和钾更容易受到研究条件变化的影响。我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮素（N）平均含量分别为0.78%、0.64%和0.85%,磷素（P₂O₅）平均含量分别为0.42%、0.27%和0.53%,钾素（K₂O）平均含量分别为2.31%、1.53%和1.59%,秸秆总养分含量（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）表现为水稻>玉米>小麦。

Table 3
表3
表3我国主要粮食作物秸秆养分含量
Table 3Nutrient content in straw of main grain crops in China

作物 Crop	养分 Nutrient	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval	平均值 Mean	样本数 Sample number
水稻 Rice	N	0.21	2.00	0.72-0.83	0.78	110
	P₂O₅	0.06	1.99	0.35-0.50	0.42	99
	K₂O	0.1	4.79	2.11-2.52	2.31	97
小麦 Wheat	N	0.36	1.16	0.60-0.69	0.64	60
	P₂O₅	0.06	0.87	0.21-0.30	0.27	47
	K₂O	0.25	3.58	1.32-1.74	1.53	45
玉米 Maize	N	0.32	2.30	0.79-0.91	0.85	111
	P₂O₅	0.08	2.20	0.43-0.62	0.53	90
	K₂O	0.11	3.87	1.44-1.75	1.59	88

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依据上述秸秆养分平均含量对我国不同农区主要粮食作物秸秆养分资源量的估算值见表4。2014—2018年,我国三大粮食作物秸秆养分年资源总量为509.8万t（N）、284.7 万t（P₂O₅）和1 183.0 万t（K₂O）,其中水稻秸秆养分资源量占年资源总量的32.3%（N）、31.2%（P₂O₅）和41.3%（K₂O）,小麦秸秆养分资源量占年资源总量的18.6%（N）、14.1%（P₂O₅）和19.2%（K₂O）,玉米秸秆养分资源量占年资源总量的49.0%（N）、54.7%（P₂O₅）和39.5% （K₂O）。三大粮食作物秸秆N、P₂O₅和K₂O资源量在我国不同农区的分布规律一致,总养分量表现为长江中下游（26.0%）>华北（25.4%）>东北（21.3%）>西北（11.1%）>西南（10.5%）>东南（5.6%）,其中72.6%的养分资源量集中我国长江中下游、华北和东北农区。玉米是东北和华北农区养分资源主要来源,分别占70.0%和52.7%;水稻是长江中下游农区秸秆养分资源主要来源,占73.1%。

Table 4
表4
表4我国不同农区主要粮食作物秸秆养分资源量
Table 4Straw nutrient resources quantities of main grain crops in different agricultural regions of China

农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	养分资源量 Nutrient resources quantity (×10⁴t)
农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
东北 Northeast China	水稻 Rice	27.8±2.3	15.0±1.2	82.4±6.8
	小麦 Wheat	0.3±0.1	0.1±0.0	0.6±0.2
	玉米 Maize	84.2±6.9	52.5±4.3	157.5±12.9
华北North China	水稻 Rice	5.4±0.2	2.9±0.1	16.0±0.4
	小麦 Wheat	56.0±1.8	23.6±0.8	133.9±4.3
	玉米 Maize	75.9±8.4	47.3±5.3	141.9±15.8
长江中下游 Middle and lower Yangtze River areas	水稻 Rice	83.6±2.2	45.0±1.2	247.5±6.6
	小麦 Wheat	23.2±1.5	9.8±0.6	55.4±3.6
	玉米 Maize	14.4±1.4	9.0±0.9	26.9±2.7
西北 Northwest China	水稻 Rice	2.3±0.2	1.3±0.1	6.9±0.7
	小麦 Wheat	11.7±0.5	4.9±0.2	27.9±1.2
	玉米 Maize	47.2±3.6	29.5±2.2	88.4±6.7
西南 Southwest China	水稻 Rice	24.0±0.9	12.9±0.5	71.2±2.7
	小麦 Wheat	3.8±0.9	1.6±0.4	9.2±2.2
	玉米 Maize	24.4±2.9	15.2±1.8	45.7±5.5
东南 Southeast China	水稻 Rice	21.7±1.3	11.7±0.7	64.3±3.8
	小麦 Wheat	—	—	—
	玉米 Maize	3.8±0.2	2.4±0.1	7.2±0.4
全国 The whole country	水稻 Rice	164.9±2.3	88.8±1.2	488.4±6.7
	小麦 Wheat	95.0±2.2	40.1±0.9	227.1±5.3
	玉米 Maize	249.9±22.5	155.8±14.0	467.5±42.1
	总计Total	509.8±26.7	284.7±16.1	1183.0±53.5

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2.3 我国主要粮食作物秸秆养分释放率及当季归还量

作物秸秆覆盖或翻压还田后,秸秆腐解率和养分释放率因秸秆物质组成、土壤环境条件不同而具有一定差异性。通过文献数据^{[19-24,96-128]}分析表明（表5）,我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆在下季作物生长过程中的腐解率统计值分别为58.6%、60.0%和57.9%,平均为58.8%;氮素当季释放率分别为54.9%、51.4%和61.9%,平均为56.1%;磷素当季释放率分别为60.9%、65.3%和73.0%,平均为66.4%;钾素当季释放率分别为90.1%、93.3%和92.3%,平均为91.9%。

Table 5
表5
表5我国主要粮食作物秸秆当季养分释放率
Table 5Nutrients release rate of main grain crop straw during the next crop growth period in China

秸秆腐解及养分释放率 Rate of straw decomposition and nutrients release	水稻 Rice	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize
秸秆腐解率 Straw decomposition rate (%)	58.6±11.8(29)	60.0±10.0(23)	57.9±16.9(75)
氮释放率 N release rate (%)	54.9±14.4(30)	51.4±8.8(21)	61.9±18.5(55)
磷释放率 P release rate (%)	60.9±22.4(28)	65.3±15.7(21)	73.0±18.4(55)
钾释放率 K release rate (%)	90.1±11.6(27)	93.3±8.3(20)	92.4± 6.8(54)

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依据上述文献统计的秸秆养分释放率,对我国不同农区秸秆养分当季归还量的估算值见表6。2014—2018年,我国三大粮食作物秸秆还田养分当季归还量（化肥可替代量）年均值为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）,总量为1 572万t,其中水稻秸秆养分当季归还量占当季养分总归还量的30.8%（N）、27.9%（P₂O₅）和40.6%（K₂O）,小麦秸秆养分当季归还量占当季养分总归还量的16.6%（N）、13.5%（P₂O₅）和19.5%（K₂O）,玉米秸秆养分当季归还量占当季养分总归还量的52.6%（N）、58.6%（P₂O₅）和39.9%（K₂O）。

Table 6
表6
表6我国不同农区主要粮食作物秸秆养分当季归还量
Table 6Straw nutrient-returning quantities of main grain crops in different agricultural regions of China

农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	养分归还量 Nutrient-returning amount (×10⁴t)
农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
东北 Northeast China	水稻 Rice	15.3±1.3	9.1±0.7	74.2±6.1
	小麦 Wheat	0.1±0.0	0.1±0.0	0.6±0.2
	玉米 Maize	52.1±4.3	38.3±3.1	145.5±11.9
华北North China	水稻 Rice	3.0±0.1	1.8±0.0	14.4±0.4
	小麦 Wheat	28.8±0.9	15.4±0.5	124.9±4.0
	玉米 Maize	47.0±5.2	34.5±3.8	131.1±14.6
长江中下游 Middle and lower Yangtze River areas	水稻 Rice	45.9±1.2	27.4±0.7	223.0±5.9
	小麦 Wheat	11.9±0.8	6.4±0.4	51.7±3.4
	玉米 Maize	8.9±0.9	6.5±0.7	24.8±2.5
西北 Northwest China	水稻 Rice	1.3±0.1	0.8±0.1	6.3±0.6
	小麦 Wheat	6.0±0.3	3.2±0.1	26.1±1.1
	玉米 Maize	29.2±2.2	21.5±1.6	81.7±6.2
西南 Southwest China	水稻 Rice	13.2±0.5	7.9±0.3	64.2±2.5
	小麦 Wheat	2.0±0.5	1.1±0.2	8.6±2.0
	玉米 Maize	15.1±1.8	11.1±1.3	42.2±5.1
东南 Southeast China	水稻 Rice	11.9±0.7	7.1±0.4	57.9±3.4
	小麦 Wheat	—	—	—
	玉米 Maize	2.4±0.1	1.7±0.1	6.6±0.4
全国 The whole country	水稻 Rice	90.5±1.2	54.1±0.7	440.0±6.1
	小麦 Wheat	48.8±1.1	26.2±0.6	211.9±4.9
	玉米 Maize	154.7±13.9	113.8±10.2	432.0±38.9
	总计Total	294.0±16.2	194.1±11.5	1083.9±49.3

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我国不同农区三大粮食作物秸秆N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季归还量分布规律一致,其中72.7%当季归还量集中在长江中下游、华北和东北地区。

2.4 小麦生产中秸秆还田及化肥减量分析

表7是我国不同小麦种植制度下前茬作物秸秆全量还田当季化肥投入替代量。本研究中小麦一年一作区单位面积秸秆产量是基于我国北方旱作小麦平均产量的计算值^[129],另外以我国玉米和水稻单位面积秸秆产量分别作为小麦玉米轮作区和稻麦轮作区的前茬作物秸秆量,前茬作物秸秆量表现为玉米（7 482.2 kg·hm^-2）>水稻（6 971.0 kg·hm^-2）>小麦（4 448.3 kg·hm^-2）。

Table 7
表7
表7我国不同小麦种植制度下秸秆替代化肥养分量
Table 7Nutrients substitution quantities through straw-returning under different wheat cropping systems in China (kg·hm^-2)

小麦种植制度 Wheat cropping systems	前茬作物秸秆量 Straw quantities from previous crop	秸秆还田养分替代量 Nutrients substitution quantities through straw-returning
小麦种植制度 Wheat cropping systems	前茬作物秸秆量 Straw quantities from previous crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
一年一作小麦（北方旱作麦区） Wheat monoculture (Dryland wheat production region in north China )	4448.3	14.6	7.8	63.5
小麦玉米轮作 Wheat-maize rotation	7482.2	39.4	28.9	109.9
稻麦轮作 Rice-wheat rotation	6971.0	29.9	17.8	145.1

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结合不同种植制度下小麦的推荐施肥量（表8）可知,在小麦一年一作区,秸秆全量还田当季可释放14.6 kg N·hm^-2、7.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和65.3 kg K₂O·hm^-2, 理论上可替代小麦生产中7.6%—48.7%（N）、8.9%—60.0%（P₂O₅）和58.8%—100%（K₂O）的化肥投入量;小麦玉米轮作区,玉米秸秆全量还田当季可释放39.4 kg N·hm^-2、28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和109.9 kg K₂O·hm^-2,理论上可替代小麦生产中21.4%—22.5%（N）、18.1%—57.8%（P₂O₅）和100%（K₂O）的化肥投入量;稻麦轮作区,水稻秸秆全量还田当季可释放29.9 kg N·hm^-2、17.8 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和145.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2, 理论上可替代小麦生产中13.3%—19.9%（N）、12.7%—50.9%（P₂O₅）和100%（K₂O）的化肥投入量。可见,由于我国不同地区土壤养分含量、水分状况、小麦品种及其他气候环境条件等不同,小麦产量水平和理论施肥量具有较大的区域差异性,对应秸秆还田替代化肥比例差异较大。因此,在具体小麦生产过程中,化肥减施比例要结合实际秸秆还田量及施肥量确定。

Table 8
表8
表8我国不同种植制度下基于土壤养分含量的小麦推荐施肥量
Table 8Recommended fertilization rate of wheat based on soil nutrient content under different wheat cropping systems in China

小麦种植制度 Wheat cropping systems	小麦产量水平 Yield level of wheat (kg·hm^-2)	土壤养分含量 Soil nutrient content			小麦推荐施肥量 Recommended fertilization rate of wheat (kg·hm^-2)
小麦种植制度 Wheat cropping systems	小麦产量水平 Yield level of wheat (kg·hm^-2)	土壤硝态氮 Soil nitrate nitrogen (kg·hm^-2)	土壤有效磷 Soil available P (P, mg·kg^-1)	土壤速效钾 Soil available K (K, mg·kg^-1)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
一年一作小麦^[130,131] （北方旱作麦区） Wheat monoculture (Dryland wheat production region in north China)	4000	<50	<5	<120	192	88	108
		50—100	5—10	120—150	147	66.0	54
		100—150	10—15	150—200	97	44.0	32
		150—200	15—20	>200	47	22.0	0
		>200	>20	—	30	13	—
小麦玉米轮作^[5,131-133] Wheat-maize rotation	7500	—	<7	<90	175—184	160	60
		—	7—14	90—120		130	30
		—	14—30	120—150		100	0
		—	30—40	>150		50	0
		—	>40	—		0	—
稻麦轮作^[131-133,5] Rice-wheat rotation	6000	—	<5	<50	150—225	140	120
		—	5—10	50—100		105	90
		—	10—20	100—130		70	60
		—	20—30	130—160		35	30
		—	>30	>160		0	0

一年一作小麦区,土壤硝态氮是指小麦播种前1 m土体硝态氮贮量,土壤有效磷和土壤速效钾是0—40 cm土层Olsen-P和速效钾的含量;小麦玉米轮作区和稻麦轮作区,土壤有效磷和土壤速效钾是0—20 cm土层有效磷和速效钾的含量
In wheat monoculture area, the value of soil nitrate nitrogen is the accumulation of NO₃^--N in 1 m soil before sowing, the value of soil available P and available K is the content of soil Olsen-P and NH₄OAc-K in 0-40 cm soil layer; in wheat-maize rotation and rice-wheat rotation area, the value of soil available P and available K is the content of soil Olsen-P and NH₄OAc-K in 0-20 cm soil layer

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3 讨论

3.1 我国主要粮食作物秸秆产量估算

秸秆作为粮食作物生产的副产品,区域范围内资源量并没有准确的统计数据,国内外研究通用方法是采用草谷比与作物产量进行估算。不同文献中我国作物产量统计口径主要依据《中国统计年鉴》或《中国农业统计年鉴》,差异总体不大,但草谷比的取值是影响秸秆产量估算结果的关键因素。宋大利等^[5]对我国2015年水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆资源量的估算结果为6.2亿t;从宏斌等^[134]统计表明,2017年我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆资源量为7.1亿t;而柴如山等^[15]对我国2013—2017年主要粮食作物秸秆产量统计结果表明,我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆年均产量分别为2.3、1.7和4.0亿t,总量为8.0亿t。上述研究秸秆估算量的差异与文献中所选取草谷比具有很大关系。本研究中为了避免参考单一文献草谷比值带来的统计误差,文中草谷比为前人大量样本统计值的加权平均值,水稻、小麦和玉米的草谷比分别为1.01（n=247）、1.14（n=839）和1.25（n=341）,大样本统计结果更具有科学性和可信度。本研究结果表明2014—2018年我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆年均产量分别为2.1、1.5和2.9亿t,总量为6.5亿t。另外本研究发现,2014—2018年期间我国玉米秸秆产量的变异系数较大,原因是近年来我国玉米种植面积在不断加大,2018年全国玉米总产量较2014年增加了14%。

3.2 秸秆养分含量及变化特征

作物地上部对养分的吸收累积和转运分配受基因和环境因素共同作用^[135,136]。例如,磷高效作物品种对磷的吸收转运能力相对较高^[137];增加光照条件下,氮、磷和钾等养分向籽粒分配的比例就会增加^[138]。本研究发现不同文献研究背景下我国三大粮食作物秸秆氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）和（K₂O）养分含量变异较大,除上述原因,一定程度上还与作物体内氮、磷和钾移动性和可再利用程度高有关。本研究中,三大粮食作物秸秆中养分含量均表现为K₂O>N>P₂O₅,不同文献背景下秸秆磷含量的变异系数最高,可能原因是秸秆中磷素含量最低,环境条件改变引起秸秆磷含量变幅可能会更大。另外,作物秸秆养分含量也存在区域性差异特征,黄宁等^[139]研究表明黄淮南片麦区,高产品种茎叶含磷量较低,含钾量较高;而长江中下游麦区,高产品种的含磷钾量均相对较高。高伟^[18]研究表明我国北方地区玉米秸秆中钾含量表现为西北地区>华北地区>东北地区。不同生态条件下稻草中氮的含量也会出现显著差异^[140]。

本研究中我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮含量较1999年全国农业技术推广服务中心编制的《中国有机肥料养分志》降低了1.5%—14.3%,而磷和钾含量则分别提高了41.1%—54.3%和1.0%—11.4%,秸秆磷钾含量增加可能与近年来化肥施用量增加有关,而秸秆中氮含量的降低则可能更大程度与近年我国科研对作物氮素利用效率关注度高有关,氮高效利用品种选育及管理措施优化研究和应用进一步提高了作物秸秆氮素向籽粒的转移。例如地膜覆盖和适宜的氮肥用量协同作用促进了营养器官氮素向籽粒的转移率,从而提高作物氮收获指数^[141,142]。

另外,本研究表明我国三大粮食作物秸秆养分年均资源量为509.8万t（N）、 284.7万t（P₂O₅）和1 183.0万t（K₂O）,其中钾素资源量和宋大利等^[5]和柴如山等^[6]估算值相近,氮素资源量估算值低于宋大利等^[5]估算值（625.6万t）,磷素资源量高于宋大利等^[5]估算值（197.9万t）,这与秸秆氮、磷含量取值有很大关系,但研究均表明我国秸秆养分资源量主要集中在长江中下游、华北和东北农区。

3.3 秸秆还田养分释放特征

秸秆直接还田后,秸秆养分伴随着秸秆腐解过程逐步释放,因此在研究秸秆还田替代化肥时应考虑秸秆还田后养分的当季有效性^[12]。秸秆腐解过程受到秸秆碳氮比、土壤水肥条件、通气性及温度等环境因素影响^[1]。目前秸秆腐解研究多采用尼龙网袋原位法,且大量研究表明,秸秆养分释放表现为前期快、后期慢,大概在100—150 d达到稳定停滞状态,养分释放率一般表现为钾>磷>氮^{[12,19-24,112,115]}。本文对大量相关文献统计分析表明,当还田秸秆进入腐解停滞期,水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮的释放率平均为54.9%、51.4%和61.9%,磷释放率平均为60.9%、65.3%和73.0%,钾释放率平均为90.1%、93.3%和92.3%。秸秆中钾主要以离子态存在,研究发现秸秆浸泡2 d后,90%的钾就可释放出来^[20]。而秸秆中氮素主要为难降解的结构性氮素,所以秸秆氮的释放率最低^[1]。腐解菌剂的添加可以进一步提高秸秆氮和磷的释放率^{[1,47, 143]}。

本研究表明,我国三大粮食作物秸秆还田养分当季归还量（化肥可替代量）年均值为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）,总量为1 572万t,其中72.7%当季归还量集中在长江中下游、华北和东北地区,且三大粮食作物中以玉米秸秆养分（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）当季归还量最高,占当季养分总归还量的44.6%。水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆全部还田,其养分当季释放量相当于我国2018年农用氮肥（N）施用量（2 065.4万t）的14.2%,农用磷肥施用量（728.9万t）的26.6%,农用钾肥施用量为（590.3万t）的1.8倍（2019年中国统计年鉴）。秸秆还田不仅可替代部分化肥用量,同时由于其养分逐步释放特征,起到了缓释肥的效果。

3.4 秸秆还田替代化肥当量及肥效特征

我国秸秆综合利用主要包括肥料化、饲料化、燃料化、基料化、原料化利用。据统计,2015年我国秸秆利用量达到7.2亿t,资源综合利用率为80.1%,其中秸秆肥料化利用率为43.2%^{[4, 144]}。鉴于目前农田土壤化肥减施有机替代的生态需求,秸秆作为成本最低的有机肥源,其肥料化利用逐渐被加以重视^[145]。本研究中以小麦生产为例,在小麦一年一作区、小麦玉米轮作区和稻麦轮作区,上季秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季 4.6—39.4 kg N·hm^-2、7.8—28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和65.3—145.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2的化肥投入量。以4元/kg N、7元/kg P₂O₅和8元/kg K₂O肥料价格计算,可产生595—1 521元/hm²的肥料成本效应。

秸秆还田在减施化肥基础上,还可以改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥效^[145]。YAN等^[146]在华北地区基于10年水稻秸秆还田定位试验研究表明,秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,并增加参与土壤碳循环微生物的相对丰度。赵士诚等^[147]研究表明长期秸秆还田增加了土壤碳固持,并可增加酸解氨基酸态氮含量,降低铵态氮的晶格固定。但另一方面我们也必须意识到秸秆还田不当会产生一些负面影响,秸秆不能及时腐解会影响根系生长,产生病虫害以及与作物争夺氮素的问题^[145,148]。周延辉等^[149]通过文献数据对中国地区小麦产量与秸秆还田响应关系分析表明,稻秆还田量小于5 000 kg·hm^-2、玉米秸秆还田小于 6 000 kg·hm^-2时,小麦增产效果比较好。

4 结论

我国主要粮食作物秸秆资源丰富,2014—2018年三大粮食作物秸秆年均产量为65 386.6万t,其中水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆分别占32.3%、22.7%和45.0%,秸秆资源量的73.3%分布在我国华北、长江中下游和东北农区。我国三大粮食作物秸秆养分资源年均量为509.8万t（N）、 284.7万t（P₂O₅）和1 183.0万t（K₂O）,秸秆还田当季养分释放量为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）。在小麦生产区,前茬作物秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季 4.6—39.4 kg N·hm^-2、7.8—28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和65.3—145.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2的化肥投入量。秸秆还田对于补充土壤养分,减少化肥用量,提高土壤肥力具有重要意义。但由于我国不同农区气候及土壤条件相差较大,秸秆还田腐解养分释放效应不同,因此合理的秸秆还田量及还田方式需进一步做区域尺度上的定量研究,以推进我国农业绿色高效生产。

（责任编辑李云霞）

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

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There are some problems such as statistics lacking, unsuitability of the ratio of main product output to that of by-product of the crops in the estimation of straw resources. The paper chooses the revised ratio of main product output to that of by-product of crops and estimates the quantity of straw resource comprehensively and systematically. The estimation results show that the total straw yield in China has a generally increasing trend with the improvement of agricultural comprehensive production capacity, and China is the biggest country in straw resources that its total output of straw resources in 2005 reached 841 831 200 t, which the straw of food crops was the main source. It has a great potential for rice husk, corncob, bagasse to develop new energy.

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中国农作物秸秆资源丰富，但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源数量、还田利用状况以及随时间的变化特征仍不清楚。该研究基于官方统计数据和文献资料，分析了中国不同年代各省秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源量及其还田利用状况，为秸秆养分资源的合理利用和化肥零增长下作物养分管理提供科学依据和参考。结果表明：从1980s到2010s，中国秸秆及其养分资源总量分别增长了85.5%和104%，西北地区以及西藏、黑龙江增幅明显。华北、长江中下游、四川盆地以及黑龙江地区的秸秆及其养分资源占全国的2/3以上。到2010s秸秆资源和氮磷钾养分资源分别达到9.01×108和2 485.63×104 t，相当于单位耕地面积上6 665.52和183.91 kg/hm2，比1980s分别增加1 601.18和56.85 kg/hm2。各种作物秸秆及其养分资源所占比例各地区差异较大，2010s谷类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占全国的69.86%和56.47%，东北地区谷类作物秸秆比例最高；果蔬类作物秸秆及其养分资源分别占9.67%和21.99%，东南地区果蔬类作物秸秆比例最高；豆类、薯类、油料类、棉麻纤维类和其他类作物秸秆及其养分资源占比相对较小。从1980s到2010s，秸秆直接还田量持续增加，燃烧还田量从1980s到2000s增加，2010s则下降。然而，秸秆养分还田量持续增加，氮磷钾还田总量从1980s的583.92×104 t（N 97.81×104 t、P2O5 40.10×104 t和K2O 446.01×104 t）增加到2010s的1 770.66×104 t（N 574.53×104 t、P2O5 105.53×104 t和K2O 1 090.60×104 t），相当于单位耕地面积从60.89 kg/hm2（N 10.20 kg/hm2、P2O5 4.18 kg/hm2、K2O 46.51 kg/hm2）增加到131.02 kg/hm2（N 42.51 kg/hm2、P2O5 7.81 kg/hm2、K2O 80.70 kg/hm2）。1980s、1990s、2000s、2010s秸秆氮磷钾养分还田率分别为47.92%、56.16%、60.11%和71.24%。内蒙古、新疆、黑龙江省秸秆养分还田率增加明显，但华北、长江中下游和四川盆地秸秆养分还田量占全国秸秆养分还田总量的2/3以上。

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可再生能源, 2007(6):80-83.

URL [本文引用: 1]

农作物秸秆中含有丰富的有机质,是个巨大的能源库,对其的准确定量是秸秆综合利用的前提条件.文章以2005年中国农作物秸秆资源为例,结合农作物秸秆的能源转化方式,定量估算了中国农作物秸秆能源化的潜力,为秸秆综合利用提供参考资料.结果表明,中国每年约有3.995×108 t农作物秸秆可作为能源利用,这些秸秆若全部以直接燃烧、锅炉燃烧、压缩成型燃烧、沼气供热、沼气发电、气化供热以及气化发电等不同转化方式加以利用,则其能源化产品可分别替代化石燃料0.291×108,0.5×108,2.039×108,0.815×108,0.258×108,2.217×108和0.5987×108 t标煤.其中气化供热能源转化效率最高,可达60.37%,其次为压缩成型燃烧,能源转化效率达58.26%.秸秆资源用于气化供热和压缩成型燃烧潜力巨大.

ZHANG P

, YANG Y

, LI G

, LI X

. Energy potentiality of crop straw recourses in China
Renewable Energy Resources, 2007(6):80-83. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

高利伟, 马林, 张卫峰, 王方浩, 马文奇, 张福锁 . 中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况
农业工程学报, 2009,25(7):173-179.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Based on agricultural statistics, investigating data of farmer and a number of data published in the literatures, the amount of crop straw and its nutrient resources were estimated in 2006, and the utilization situation of crop straw and its nutrient resources were analyzed in China. The results showed that there was more than 760 million tons crop straws in 2006, which included the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) nutrient were 7.76 million tons, 2.49 million tons, 13.42 million tons, respectively. Four kinds of crop straw fate appeared as follow: returned to field (including straight returning and making compost), fuel (including straight burning, setting fire and biogas), fodder and others (including raw material of industry and throwing aside), and the percentage of that were 24.3%, 29.9%, 35.3% and 10.5% in 2006, respectively. The amount of crop straw nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) nutrient returned to field were 3.05 million tons, 1.76 million tons, 9.67 million tons, respectively. And the rates of the straw nutrient returned to field were 39.3%, 70.5% and 72.0%, respectively. There were great potential of crop straw returned to field, and drastic measures would be needed to reverse the trend of straw burned.

GAO L

, MA

, ZHANG W

, WANG F

, MA W

, ZHANG F

. Estimation of nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its utilization situation in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009,25(7):173-179. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

柴如山, 王擎运, 叶新新, 江波, 赵强, 王强, 章力干, 郜红建 . 我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田替代化学氮肥潜力
农业环境科学学报, 2019,38(11):2583-2593.

[本文引用: 2]

CHAI R

, WANG Q

, YE X

, JIANG

, ZHAO

, WANG

, ZHANG L

, GAO H

. Nitrogen resource quantity of main grain crop straw in China and the potential of synthetic nitrogen substitution under straw returning
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019,38(11):2583-2593. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[16]

孙建飞, 郑聚锋, 程琨, 潘根兴 . 基于可收集的秸秆资源量估算及利用潜力分析
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018,24(2):404-413.

[本文引用: 1]

SUN J

, ZHENG J

, CHENG

, PAN G

. Estimate of the quantity of collectable straw resources and competitive utilization potential
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018,24(2):404-413. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

方放, 王飞, 石祖梁, 郑向群, 邵宇航, 李想, 邱凌 . 京津冀秸秆养分资源及秸秆焚烧气体污染物排放定量估算
农业工程学报, 2017,33(3):1-6.

URL [本文引用: 1]

为推动区域农作物秸秆综合利用，减少秸秆露天焚烧气体对环境的影响，以京津冀地区为研究对象，评估分析了各类农作物秸秆资源产生、利用状况及其应用潜力，并定量估算了该地区主要农作物秸秆露天焚烧气体污染物排放特征。结果表明，2012年京津冀地区农作物秸秆资源总产量为5 406.9万t，秸秆中氮、磷、钾养分资源总量分别达到3.7×104、7.4×104、1.0×106 t。秸秆资源化利用方式主要以还田为主，北京市、天津市、河北省还田量分别占秸秆量的67.7%、27.3%和61.2%。秸秆露天焚烧主要以小麦和玉米秸秆为主，占田间秸秆焚烧总量的93.03%，焚烧排放的污染物总量分别达到1.0×106和4.8×105 t。基于京津冀地区秸秆利用现状，建议因地制宜地推动秸秆全量化利用，并在秸秆还田机制、离田利用机制、组织管理机制、技术研发机制等方面出台系统配套的政策措施，以期为中国不同区域秸秆资源的科学利用提供参考。

FANG

, WANG

, SHI Z

, ZHENG X

, SHAO Y

, LI

, QIU

. Quantitative estimation on straw nutrient resources and emission of pollutants from straw burning in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(3):1-6. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

高伟 . 我国北方不同地区玉米(Zea mays L.)养分吸收与利用研究
[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2008.

[本文引用: 3]

GAO

. Study on nutrient absorption and utilization of maize (Zea mays L.) in different regions in north China
[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[19]

龚振平, 邓乃榛, 宋秋来, 李中韬 . 基于长期定位试验的松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆腐解特征研究
农业工程学报, 2018,34(8):139-145.

URL [本文引用: 3]

为了研究松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆的腐解特征和养分释放规律，该试验采用尼龙网袋法，设置埋土和覆盖地表2种玉米秸秆还田方式，进行连续4 a的定位观测。结果表明：1）还田玉米秸秆的腐解速率和养分释放率都表现为埋土处理大于覆盖地表。秸秆腐解主要集中在还田的前3年，3 a累计腐解率达到91.70%和81.96%，其中第1年腐解率分别为60.63%和45.53%。2）还田玉米秸秆中养分释放的快慢顺序为K>P>C>N。埋土和覆盖处理秸秆中钾的释放主要在还田第1年，释放率达到了96.26%和84.04%；而磷、碳和氮的释放则主要集中在还田前3年，其中磷释放率为92.03%和83.29%；碳释放率为90.96%和82.06%；氮释放率为91.70%和81.96%。3）还田玉米秸秆中半纤维素的腐解速度快于纤维素，木质素最慢。其中埋土和覆盖处理秸秆半纤维素2 a腐解率为88.78%和86.30%；纤维素2 a腐解率为80.42%和70.86%；而木质素3 a累计腐解率为78.63%和66.48%。

GONG Z

, DENG N

, SONG Q

, LI Z

. Decomposing characteristics of maize straw returning in Songnen Plain in long-time located experiment
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018,34(8):139-145. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 3]

戴志刚, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 鲁明星, 杨文兵, 高祥照 . 不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验
农业工程学报, 2010,26(6):272-276.

URL [本文引用: 1]

In order to find out the proper proportions of crop straws and chemical fertilizer used in field, characteristic of nutrients release of rice straw, wheat straw and rapeseed straw were studied by method of nylon net bag under waterlogged incubation. The results showed that the decomposition rate of crop straws was much faster at the beginning stage and rapeseed straw decomposed faster than rice straw and wheat straw. And crop straws decomposition rate kept a slowly steady until the end of experiment, which had no obvious difference among three crop straws. After 124 days incubation, the cumulative decomposition rates of rice straw, wheat straw and rapeseed straw were 49.17%, 52.17% and 49.8%, respectively. The sequence of nutrients release rates of the three crop straws were K>P>C>N, while the sequence of nutrients release amount were C>K>N>P. C release rate of rice, wheat and rapeseed straw were up to 57.53, 66.58 and 52.54 percent, and N were up to 42.05, 49.26 and 57.83 percent, and P were up to 68.28, 59.93 and 67.32 percent after 124 days incubation, respectively. For all three crop straws K release rate was 98 percent within the first 12 days of incubation. It was indicated that on the basis of crop straws decomposition characteristics and nutrients release amount the application rates of K fertilizer should be decrease and used in crop growth later stage, while N and P should be maintained as usual practice at early crop growth stage.

DAI Z

, LU J

, LI X

, LU M

, YANG W

, GAO X

. Nutrient release characteristic of different crop straws manure
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010,26(6):272-276. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

刘单卿, 李顺义, 郭夏丽 . 不同还田方式下小麦秸秆的腐解特征及养分释放规律
河南农业科学, 2018,47(4):49-53.

[本文引用: 2]

LIU D

, LI S

, GUO X

. Characteristics of decomposition and nutrients release of wheat straw under different returning methods
Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2018,47(4):49-53. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[22]

张晓雨 . 秸秆还田腐解特征及其对土壤环境和小麦生长的影响
[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2014.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHANG X

. Straw decomposition law and the influence of straw returning to soil environment and wheat growth
[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

张学林, 周亚男, 李晓立, 侯小畔, 安婷婷, 王群 . 氮肥对室内和大田条件下作物秸秆分解和养分释放的影响
中国农业科学, 2019,52(10):1746-1760.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.008 URL [本文引用: 2]

【Objective】 The study was carried out to investigate factors affecting the decomposition and nutrient release of wheat and maize residue under indoor and field conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational return of crop residue and its suitable nutrient management practices. 【Method】 We conducted indoor incubation experiment with nylon bag and field experiment to study residue decomposition characteristics of wheat and maize under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer dosages (0, CK; 180 kg N·hm ^-1, N180; 360 kg N·hm ^-2, N360). In indoor environment, we focused on the effects of N dosage and soil types (Shajiang black soil: ST, Fluvo-aquic soil: FT), while in field condition, we emphasized on the effects of N dosages and burying depth (surface and 20 cm depth treatment) of the residue. 【Result】 Laboratory studies found that both residue types and soil types significantly affected residue decay constant, C, N, and P release. With the increasing of N application rate, the decay constant of wheat residue increased in both soil types, while the maize residue decreased. The N releases of maize and wheat residue decreased (the wheat residue increased in FT soil). The decay constant of wheat residue of the FT soil and the release of C, N, and P were significantly higher than those of the ST soil, while the soil types had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. Under the lab incubation condition (180d), the average C releases of wheat residue were 370 g·kg ^-1, N was 4 g·kg ^-1, and P was 3.6 g·kg ^-1; maize residue C release was 560 g·kg ^-1, N was 11 g·kg ^-1, and P was 3.3 g·kg ^-1. Under field condition, the depth of residue returning significantly affected the decay constants of wheat and maize residue and the release of C, N and P. The decay constant and nutrient releases of residues treated with 20 cm were significantly higher than that of surface treatment. For surface treatment, the decay constant and C release of wheat residue declined gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application rate, but the maize residue increased. For 20 cm treatment, the decay constant of wheat residue and the release of C, N, and P increased with the amount of N fertilizer, while maize residue showed a decreasing trend. Under field condition, surface wheat residue biomass could decompose 40% after a maize growing season (June - October 2015), releasing 150 g C·kg ^-1, 2 g N·kg ^-1and 3.5 g P·kg ^-1; burying underground to 20 cm could decompose 80%, releasing 360 g C·kg ^-1, 4 g N·kg ^-1, and 3.8 g P·kg ^-1. Maize residues biomass could only decompose 40% after a wheat growth season (October 2015-June 2016) when the residues being returned to the surface, releasing 210 g C·kg ^-1, 5 g N·kg ^-1, and 2 g P·kg ^-1, but the 20 cm treatment could decompose 60%, releasing 360 g C·kg ^-1, 6 g N·kg ^-1, and 2.5 g P·kg ^-1. Principal component analysis showed that the decay constant of wheat residue under indoor conditions was significantly positively correlated with soil inorganic N, urease and straw N content, and negatively correlated with soil sucrase and straw C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N. Under field conditions, the decay constant of wheat residue was negatively correlated with soil urease, soil invertase, residue C content, N content and residue C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N content, soil urease, invertase and residue C/N ratio, and positively correlated with residue N and P content.【Conclusion】Both indoor and field experiment showed that the decay constants and nutrient release characteristics of wheat and maize residue were different. The application of N fertilizer promoted the decomposition of wheat residue but had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. The soil types (ST and FT) significantly affected the decomposition of wheat residue, but the effects on maize residue decomposition were small. Returning crop residue to the soil could significantly promote the decomposition of wheat and maize residue and its nutrient release. In production, the crop residue should be returned to the soil, and appropriate N dosage should be adopted to soil types and residue types to promote the decomposition of straw.

ZHANG X

, ZHOU Y

, LI X

, HOU X

, AN T

, WANG

. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on crop residue decomposition and nutrient release under lab incubations
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(10):1746-1760. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.10.008 URL [本文引用: 2]

代文才, 高明, 兰木羚, 黄容, 王金柱, 王子芳, 韩晓飞 . 不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律
中国生态农业学报, 2017,25(2):188-199.

[本文引用: 3]

DAI W

, GAO

, LAN M

, HUANG

, WANG J

, WANG Z

, HAN X

. Nutrient release patterns and decomposition characteristics of different crop straws in drylands and paddy fields
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017,25(2):188-199. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[25]

MENG F

, DUNGAIT

J A J

, XU

X L

, BOL

, ZHANG

, WU

W L

. Coupled incorporation of maize (Zea mays L.) straw with nitrogen fertilizer increased soil organic carbon in Fluvic Cambisol
Geoderma, 2017,304:19-27.

DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.010 URL

[26]

Shaukat Ali

Abro

, 把余玲, 田霄鸿, 李萌, 游东海. 温度与微生物制剂对小麦秸秆腐解及土壤碳氮的影响
西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2012,40(1):115-122.

SHAUKAT

A A

, BA

Y L

, TIAN X

, LI

, YOU D

. Effect of temperature and microbial agent on wheat straw decomposition and soil carbon or nitrogen
Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition), 2012,40(1):115-122. (in Chinese)

[27]

蔡立群, 牛怡, 罗珠珠, 武均, 岳丹, 周欢, 董博, 张仁陟 . 秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化
中国生态农业学报, 2014,22(9):1047-1056.

URL

This paper used basin pot culture with plastic film method to study the dynamic characteristics of soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass during 120 d decomposition of different proportions of wheat and corn straws with different decomposing agents (F1: organic waste fermentation bacteria; F2: microbial agent; F3: "Manyuanchun" bio-fermentation). The results showed that during 120 d composition of wheat and corn straws, the increasing rates of soil organic matter, available nitrogen and total nitrogen in each treatment was rapid at the early stage and slow at the latter stage. The changes of increasing rates of soil phosphorus and potassium followed rapid-slow-rapid-slow trend. Throughout the trial stage, the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) content of wheat treatments were increased first and then decreased. However, soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) content showed an alternating changing trend. Change in SMBC content of corn straw treatments was quite different from that of wheat treatments after 100 d composition. Treatments with decomposing agents improved soil nutrients, SMBC and SMBN contents, showed significant effects on soil fertility improvement. Among three decomposing agents, F3 (containing bacillus, filamentous fungi, actinomycetes and yeasts with special features) was the best in enhancing soil nutrients contents. The performance of different straw decomposing agents for wheat and corn straws were wheat > corn for F1, wheat ≥ corn for F2 and wheat < corn for F3. Therefore, F1 (training by multiple aerobic complex strains with a strong ability to decompose the cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and other organic ingredients of organic waste) and F3 most promoted wheat and corn straw decomposition, respectively. F2 (rich in microbial flora which decomposes cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and other bio-organic substances) equally promoted wheat and corn straw decomposition. For different decomposing agents, the order of SMBC and SMBN contents in wheat treatments was F2 > F3 > F1. The orders SMBC and SMBN in corn treatments were F2 > F3 ≈ F1 and F3 > F2 ≈ F1. SMBC in each corn straw treatment was greater than that in wheat straw treatments, for SMBN it was inverse. This was consistent with the amount of C/N ratio of the straws, the greater the C/N ratio the greater the SMBC content and the smaller the SMBN content.

CAI L

, NIU

, LUO Z

, WU

, YUE

, ZHOU

, DONG

, ZHANG R

. Dynamic characteristics of soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass of field-returned straws at different decay accretion conditions
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014,22(9):1047-1056. (in Chinese)

URL

陈春梅, 谢祖彬, 朱建国, 窦森 . CO₂浓度升高对小麦秸秆性质、数量及其分解的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2007(6):1-5.

URL

The effect of CO₂ enrichment on the quality and quantity of wheat straw, wheat straw decomposition and anaerobic soil microbial biomass activity was examined in rice season. Analysis shows that elevated CO₂ significantly enhances C/N and lignin/N rations of wheat straw due primarily to decreased N content. However, elevated CO₂ has no effect on biochemical compositions (soluble fractions, semi-cellulose, cellulose and lignin) and phenol content of wheat straw. Alteration of wheat straw quality caused by elevated CO₂ has insignificant effect on wheat straw and wheat straw C decomposition, but rather significantly retardes wheat straw N decomposition. When all produced wheat straw under ambient and elevated CO₂ are added to the soil, elevated CO₂ alteration of wheat straw quantity has no obvious impact on subsequent wheat straw decomposition. Change in wheat straw quality from elevated CO₂ insignificantly affects subsequent soil microbial biomass C. This implicitly explains any lack of effect of elevated CO₂ on wheat straw quality, decomposition and C content.

CHEN C

, XIE Z

, ZHU J

, DOU

. Effects of CO₂-induced change on wheat straw quality, quantity and decomposition
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2007(6):1-5. (in Chinese)

URL

邓欧平, 谢汀, 李燕, 邓良基 . 稻麦轮作下不同还田模式对土壤酶活性的影响研究
农业环境科学学报, 2013,32(10):2027-2034.

DENG O

, XIE

, LI

, DENG L

. Effect of different residue covering mode on soil enzyme activity under rice-wheat rotation
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013,32(10):2027-2034. (in Chinese)

[30]

杜加银, 茹美, 倪吾钟 . 减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2013,19(3):523-533.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0301 URL

氮、磷用量偏大，钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育，而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验，研究减量施用氮、磷肥，稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理，每个处理重复2次。结果表明，氮钾、磷钾、氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P<0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm²、 P₂O₅ 60 kg/hm²、 K₂O 90 kg/hm²）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm²、 P₂O₅ 150 kg/hm₂、 K₂O 60 kg/hm²）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P<0.05），明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出，减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、钾含量和秸秆氮、钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P<0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、钾的积累量和氮、磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P<0.05）。适当减少氮、磷用量，增加钾肥用量能改善氮、钾营养状况，促进地上部干物质的积累，提高籽粒产量和氮、磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm²、 P₂O₅ 46.5 kg/hm²、 K₂O 90 kg/hm²的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。

DU J

, RU

, NI W

. Effects of fertilization with reducing nitrogen, controlling phosphorus and stabilizing potassium on rice yield and nutrient accumulation
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2013,19(3):523-533. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0301 URL

樊昊 . 施用不同有机物料对吉林省东部“坡改梯”农田土壤肥力的影响
[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2018.

FAN

. Effects of different organic materials on the soil fertility of new terraced fields in the east of Jilin province
[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[32]

方日尧, 同延安, 耿增超, 梁东丽 . 黄土高原区长期施用有机肥对土壤肥力及小麦产量的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2003(2):53-55.

URL

The paper reviews the effects of the applied amount and the type of nitrogen fertilizers on methane oxidation in soils by methanotrophs and the counteraction of high methane concentration on nitrogen suppression．Soils have a natural ability to fix the allowed extent of exogenous nitrogen through absorption and chelating and so on with soil colloids，etc．and ensure a constant rate of methane consumption from atmosphere．The activity and growth of methanotrophs can be stimulated by appropriate nitrogen addition into soils，but also suppressed by nitrogen more than the critical value fixed by soils．In genera1．methanotroph Type I is more sensitive to environmental disturhation than methanotroph Type．Atmospheric methane oxidation mainly affected by methanotroph Type I and methanotroph Type II in natural soils can be reduced by addition of nitrogen fertilizers into soils，which is a long-term suppression effect and is unreversible，and can not be restored by high methane ratio as such in paddy soils．

FANG R

, TONG Y

, GENG Z

, LIANG D

. Effect of a long-term organic fertilization on wheat yield and soil fertility on Loess Plateau
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2003(2):53-55. (in Chinese)

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宫亮, 孙文涛, 王聪翔, 刘艳, 汪仁 . 玉米秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响
玉米科学, 2008(2):122-124,130.

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利用田间微区方法连续3年在沈阳地区草甸土研究玉米秸秆粉碎后直接还田对土壤基本理化性质的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料不仅能够改善土壤的理化性质、培肥地力,还能增加玉米产量,增产效果没有无机肥的增产效果显著.与单施无机肥相比,无机肥配施有机物料能够增加土壤有机质含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤田间持水量和土壤孔隙度,同时改善土壤的氮、磷、钾养分状况.在等碳量的条件下,玉米秸秆对保持和提高土壤有机质含量的效果好于猪粪肥.

GONG

, SUN W

, WANG C

, LIU

, WANG

. Effects of application maize straw on soil physical characteristics and yield
Corn Science, 2008(2):122-124,130. (in Chinese)

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韩玮, 聂俊华, 李飒 . 外源纤维素酶对秸秆降解速率及土壤速效养分的影响
中国土壤与肥料, 2006(5):28-32.

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为探求促进秸秆降解的新途径,采用室内培养法研究了外源纤维素酶对秸秆降解速率及土壤速效养分的影响.结果表明,整个培养期内,小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理降解率都存在极显著差异(p＜0.01),到培养结束时小麦秸秆加酶处理降解率高出不加酶处理7.10%～11.86%,玉米秸秆高出8.01%～14.04%;整个培养期内,小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆加酶处理与不加酶处理间土壤碱解氮、速效磷、钾含量都存在极显著差异(p＜0.01),培养结束时,小麦秸秆最优处理碱解氮、速效磷、钾含量分别高出对照4.15,3.60,32.35mg/kg,玉米秸秆分别高出6.50,4.27,47.97mg/kg.结果说明添加外源纤维素酶能够提高秸秆降解速率,促进秸秆养分矿化.

HAN

, NIE J

, LI

. Influences of outer cellulose on degradation rates of straws and available nutrients of soil
Soil and Fertilizer in China, 2006(5):28-32. (in Chinese)

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杭玉浩, 王强盛, 许国春, 刘欣 . 水分管理和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作系统温室气体排放的综合效应
生态环境学报, 2017,26(11):1844-1855.

HANG Y

, WANG Q

, XU G

, LIU

. Effects of water regimes and straw incorporation on greenhouse gas emissions in a rice-wheat cropping system
Journal of Ecological Environment, 2017,26(11):1844-1855. (in Chinese)

[36]

郝翔翔, 杨春葆, 苑亚茹, 韩晓增, 李禄军, 江恒 . 连续秸秆还田对黑土团聚体中有机碳含量及土壤肥力的影响
中国农学通报, 2013,29(35):263-269.

HAO X

, YANG C

, YUAN Y

, HAN X

, LI L

, JIANG

. Effects of continuous straw returning on organic carbon content in aggregates and fertility of black soil
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013,29(35):263-269. (in Chinese)

[37]

侯胜鹏 . 中国主要有机养分资源利用潜力研究
[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2017.

HOU S

. The utilization potential of the main organic nutrient resources in China
[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2017. (in Chinese)

[38]

侯淑艳, 窦森, 刘建新, 曲晓晶 . 温度对玉米秸秆腐解期间腐殖质消长动态的影响
西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016,44(4):87-92.

HOU S

, DOU

, LIU J

, QU X

. Effects of temperature on dynamics of humus during corn stalk decomposition
Journal of Northwest A & F University(Natural Science Edition), 2016,44(4):87-92.(in Chinese)

[39]

侯贤清, 吴鹏年, 王艳丽, 李培富, 王西娜, 李荣 . 秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤水肥状况和玉米产量的影响
应用生态学报, 2018,29(6):1928-1934.

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201806.023 URLPMID:29974703

The study focused on the problems of lean soil and low fertility in arid area of central Ningxia. To explore the optimum rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application under straw returning, taking the treatment with straw return and no nitrogen fertilization as control, we investigated the effects of three N application levels (150, 300, 450 kg.hm(-2)) with return of total maize straw (9000 kg.hm(-2)) on soil water and nutrient status and maize yield. The results showed that the soil water storage (0-100 cm) at 300 and 450 kg N.hm(-2) in middle and late growing period of maize was significantly increased by 10.1% and 9.0%. The enhancement of soil fertility was highest at 300 kg N.hm(-2), with significant increases of the contents of soil organic matter, total N, alkali-hydrolyzable-N, available P, and available K by 12.8%, 31.6%, 11.6%, 20.6% and 74.2%, respectively. The enhancement of maize grain yield was highest at 300 and 450 kg N.hm(-2), with the value being 32.1% and 23.7%, respectively. The net income at 300 and 450 kg.hm(-2) N was significantly increased by 31.8% and 16.8%, respectively. Our results showed that straw returning plus proper quantity of N fertilizer could improve soil water and fertilizer status and enhance maize yield and net income in arid area of central Ningxia. The treatment of straw returning with 300 kg.hm(-2) N was the best one.

HOU X

, WU P

, WANG Y

, LI P

, WANG X

, LI

. Effects of returning straw with nitrogen application on soil water and nutrient status, and yield of maize
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018,29(6):1928-1934. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201806.023 URLPMID:29974703

姜超强, 沈嘉, 王火焰, 李德成, 李田, 汪文杰, 祖朝龙 . 烟杆还田对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响及其替代钾肥的效果
应用生态学报, 2016,27(12):3969-3976.

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Field trails were carried to study the effects of tobacco straw incorporation and potassium (K) fertilizer on rice yield, K uptake and use efficiency, and its substitute for K fertilizer under different paddy soil K levels in tobaccorice rotation areas. Results showed that both tobacco straw incorporation (2250 kg·hm^-2) and K fertilizer application (75 kg K₂O ·hm^-2) could increase grain yield and aboveground K uptake of rice. The treatment of tobacco straw incorporation with K fertilizer (St+NPK) got the best effect on rice yield compared with the control (NP). In this treatment (St+NPK), rice yields were increased by 13.3%, 17.1% and 13.5% for lowK soil (available potassium content < 100 mg·kg^-1), middleK soil (available potassium content 100-150 mg·kg^-1) and highK soil (available potassium content > 150 mg·kg^-1), respectively, compared with NP. Tobacco straw incorporation (St+NP) could increase K fertilizer recovery efficiency and K fertilizer agronomic efficiency. Under the current practice of applying 75 kg K2O·hm^-2, St+NPK showed no significant effect on K fertilizer recovery efficiency and K fertilizer agronomic efficiency, demonstrating that the recommended rate of K fertilizer might be more than the actual demand of rice growth. More importantly, data of tobacco straw substitute for K fertilizer showed that tobacco straw incorporation could replace 10%-22% K fertilizer during rice growing season, i.e. K fertilizer could be reduced by 7.2-16.5 kg·hm^-2 for rice under the condition of tobacco straw incorporation. Therefore, it was suggested that straw incorporation could reduce the rate of K fertilizer for highK soil, but the current K fertilizer inputs (75 kg K₂O·hm^-2) should be supplied to get high rice yield and maintain the soil potassium balance for lowK soil and middleK soil.

JIANG C

, SHEN

, WANG H

, LI D

, LI

, WANG W

, ZU Z

. Effect of tobacco straw incorporation on rice yield and nutrient absorption and its substitute for potassium fertilizer
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016,27(12):3969-3976. (in Chinese)

URL

姜禹含 . 豆科与禾本科秸秆配合还田对土壤碳固持的影响及调控机制
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2019.

JIANG Y

. Effects and regulation mechanisms of leguminous and gramineous straw returning on soil carbon sequestration
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[42]

匡恩俊, 迟凤琴, 宿庆瑞, 张久明, 金梁 . 不同还田方式下玉米秸秆腐解规律的研究
玉米科学, 2012,20(2):99-101,106.

KUANG E

, CHI F

, SU Q

, ZHANG J

, JIN

. Decomposition characteristics of maize straws under different returning methods
Corn Science, 2012,20(2):99-101,106. (in Chinese)

[43]

兰木羚, 高明 . 不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响
环境科学, 2015,36(11):4252-4259.

LAN M

, GAO

. Influence of different straws returning with landfill on soil microbial community structure under dry and water farming
Environmental Science, 2015,36(11):4252-4259. (in Chinese)

[44]

李纯燕, 杨恒山, 萨如拉, 张瑞富, 曹倩, 张丽娟 . 不同耕作措施下秸秆还田对土壤速效养分和微生物量的影响
水土保持学报, 2017,31(1):197-201,210.

LI C

, YANG H

, SA R

, ZHANG R

, CAO

, ZHANG L

. Effect of straw returning on soil available nutrients and microbe biomass under different tillage methods
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017,31(1):197-201,210. (in Chinese)

[45]

李帆, 王静, 武际, 叶寅, 刘泽, 朱宏斌 . 尿素硝酸铵调节碳氮比促进小麦秸秆堆肥腐熟
植物营养与肥料学报, 2019,25(5):832-840.

, WANG

, WU

, YE

, LIU

, ZHU H

. Fast production of wheat straw aerobic compost through regulating C/N ratio with urea ammonium nitrate solution
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019,25(5):832-840. (in Chinese)

[46]

李昊昱 . 秸秆还田模式对土壤质量及冬小麦-夏玉米产量的影响
[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2019.

LI H

. Effect of straw incorporation mode on soil quality and grain yield in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system
[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[47]

李继福, 鲁剑巍, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环, 杨文兵, 鲁明星, 刘克芝 . 麦秆还田配施不同腐秆剂对水稻产量、秸秆腐解和土壤养分的影响
中国农学通报, 2013,29(35):270-276.

[本文引用: 1]

LI J

, LU J

, LI X

, REN

, CONG R

, YANG W

, LU M

, LIU K

. Effect of wheat straw returning with different organic matter-decomposing inoculants (OMIs) on the yield of rice, the decomposition of straw and soil nutrients
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013,29(35):270-276. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[48]

李敏, 韩上, 武际, 陈峰, 桑亚松, 王慧, 唐杉 . 农作物秸秆炭化后养分变化及还田效应
中国农学通报, 2019,35(16):95-99.

, HAN

, WU

, CHEN

, SANG Y

, WANG

, TANG

. Crop straw biochar: Nutrients change and field returning effects
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019,35(16):95-99. (in Chinese)

[49]

李书田, 金继运 . 中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡
中国农业科学, 2011,44(20):4207-4229.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.009 URL

Clearance of nutrient input/output and balance in farmland in different regions of China is critical for nutrient management, scientific distribution and application of fertilizer resources, and improving nutrient use efficiency, etc. Based on existed literatures this paper systematically analyzed and discussed the current nutrient resources and application status, estimated the amount of manures, crop straws and their potential amount of nutrients NPK. The characteristics of nutrient input, output and balance in different regions of China were analyzed and evaluated.  Strategies and suggestions on nutrient management were discussed based on the existed issues of nutrient input and output.

LI S

, JIN J

. Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011,44(20):4207-4229. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.009 URL

李硕, 把余玲, 李有兵, 王淑娟, 田霄鸿, 师江澜 . 添加作物秸秆对土壤有机碳组分和酶活性的影响
西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2015,43(6):153-161.

, BA Y

, LI Y

, WANG S

, TIAN X

, SHI J

. Effects of crop straws on soil organic carbon components and enzyme activities
Journal of Northwest A & F University(Natural Science Edition), 2015,43(6):153-161. (in Chinese)

[51]

李一, 王秋兵 . 我国秸秆资源养分还田利用潜力及技术分析
中国土壤与肥料, 2020(1):119-126.

, WANG Q

. Study on potential of straw resource nutrient return to field and application technology in China
Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2020(1):119-126. (in Chinese)

[52]

李有兵, 李锦, 李硕, 田霄鸿 . 秸秆还田下减量施氮对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2015,33(1):79-84,152.

LI Y

, LI

, TIAN X

. Effects of reducing nitrogen application on crop yields, nutrients uptake and utilization with straw incorporation
Agricultural Research in Arid Areas, 2015,33(1):79-84, 152. (in Chinese)

[53]

刘芳, 王明娣, 刘世亮, 介晓磊, 刘红恩, 冯梦龙, 王代长 . 玉米秸秆腐解对石灰性褐土酶活性和有机质质量分数动态变化的影响
西北农业学报, 2012,21(4):149-153.

LIU

, WANG M

, LIU S

, JIE X

, LIU H

, FENG M

, WANG D

. Effect of maize straw decomposing on dynamic changes of soil enzyme activity and soil organic matter mass fraction in calcareous cinnamon soil
Journal of Northwest Agriculture, 2012,21(4):149-153. (in Chinese)

[54]

刘赛男, 高尚, 程效义, 鄂洋, 兰宇, 刘遵奇, 孟军 . 玉米秸秆生物炭对秸秆腐熟进程、养分含量和CO₂排放量的影响
应用生态学报, 2019,30(4):237-243.

LIU S

, GAO

, CHENG X

, E

, LAN

, LIU

Z Q

, MENG

. Effects of corn straw biochar on process, nutrient content, and CO₂ emissions of corn straw decomposition
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019,30(4):237-243. (in Chinese)

[55]

刘世平, 陈后庆, 陈文林, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 张洪程 . 稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对小麦产量和品质的影响
麦类作物学报, 2007(5):859-863.

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.05.208 URL

To investigate the effects of tillage and straw returning on wheat yield and quality,an experiment of 4 treatments(no-tillage straw mulching,NTS;no-tillage high stubble remaining,NTH;conventional tillage straw incorporation,CTS and conventional till

LIU S

, CHEN H

, CHEN W

, DAI Q

, HUO Z

, XU

, ZHANG H

. Comprehensive evaluation of tillage and straw returning on wheat yield and quality in a wheat-rice double cropping system
Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2007(5):859-863. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2007.05.208 URL

柳媛媛 . 有机物料投入对旱地土壤碳氮的后效作用及其模拟
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2018.

LIU Y

. Post-effects of organic materials input on soil carbon and nitrogen and its simulation in dryland
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[57]

马想 . 我国典型农田土壤中有机物料的腐解特征及驱动因子
[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2019.

. Decomposition characteristics and driving factors of organic materials in typical cropland in China
[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019. (in Chinese)

[58]

邵满娇, 窦森, 谢祖彬 . 等碳量玉米秸秆及其腐解、炭化材料还田对黑土腐殖质的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2018,37(10):2202-2209.

SHAO M

, DOU

, XIE Z

. Effects of corn straw and its humified and carbonized materials applying to the black soil with an equal mass of carbon on soil humus
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(10):2202-2209. (in Chinese)

[59]

舒洲 . 秸秆还田配合施肥对旱地小麦产量及土壤生物学特性影响研究
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.

SHU

. Impacts of straw returning with fertilizer on dryland wheat yield and soil biological properties
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[60]

宋蒙亚, 李忠佩, 刘明, 刘满强 . 不同有机物料组合对土壤养分和生化性状的影响
中国农业科学, 2013,46(17):3594-3603.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.17.008 URL

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to explore the effects of single type of organic matter and their combinations with various proportions of different organic materials on soil properties. The results would also provide a scientific basis and practical guidance to optimal utilization of agricultural organic wastes and achieve the aim of optimal configuration and agricultural sustainability regarding to soil quality. 【Method】 In this study, three organic materials were used, including rice straw, peanut straw and pig manure. Based on the mass ratio, the single type of organic matter only, the combination of both (rice straw and peanut straw mixing at the ratio of 7﹕3 and 3﹕7, respectively) and three ones (1﹕1). All single and mixture treatments were amended with 1% organic matters of the soil mass and cultivated for 90 days. Thereafter, soil nutrient and biochemical properties were measured. 【Result】 The results showed that different organic materials had a significant impact on soil nutrients and biochemical characteristics. Overall, mixtures of different organic materials were more effective than only single one for improving soil properties measured. The mixture treatments on soil nutrient availability showed additional effects, i.e. the nutrient release derived from mixtures were more than weighted average values of two and three materials. The additional effects of the mixtures on the activities of urease and invertase were not significant, for example, the increased effects of SZ, SHZ and 3S7H mixtures on invertase were 1.46%, 0.18% and 5.97%, respectively. Carbon mineralization rate of the mixture treatments had significant negative additional effects with the treatments of SH, SZ and 3S7H showed 9.91%, 23.54% and 22.95% lower than the weighted average values, respectively. And the corresponding decreased effects for the CO2-C production rate were 24.56%, 16.47% and 18.18%, respectively. BIOLOG analysis showed that AWCD value and carbon utilization potential of the treatments S and 7S3H were the highest among all treatments. The metabolic quotients (qCO2) in the S and 7S3H treatments were higher than those of other treatments. The materials combination of nutrient release and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had stronger positive addition. The materials combination of mineralization of organic carbon and qCO2 had stronger negative addition. 【Conclusion】 Results showed that mixing organic materials could improve soil nutrient contents enhance as well as soil biochemical activity. Compared to only one type of organic matter, materials mixture could provide more resources and favorable habitat for soil biological development, leading to acceleration of decomposition and nutrient release and finally improvement of soil fertility.

SONG M

, LI Z

, LIU

, LIU M

. Effects of mixtures of different organic materials on soil nutrient content and soil biochemical characteristics
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013,46(17):3594-3603. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.17.008 URL

汤咪咪 . 水稻秸秆还田对土壤化学性质及径流中氮磷含量的影响
[D]. 合肥: 安徽农业大学, 2018.

TANG M

. Effect of rice straw retention on soil chemical properties and content of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff
[D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[62]

汪军, 王德建, 张刚, 王灿 . 连续全量秸秆还田与氮肥用量对农田土壤养分的影响
水土保持学报, 2010,24(5):40-44, 62.

WANG

, WANG D

, ZHANG

, WANG

. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rate with continuous full amount of straw incorporated on paddy soil nutrients
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2010,24(5):40-44, 62. (in Chinese)

[63]

王景, 陈曦, 魏俊岭 . 水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆在好气和厌氧条件下的腐解规律
农业资源与环境学报, 2017,34(1):59-65.

WANG

, CHEN

, WEI J

. Decomposition of rice straw and corn straw under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2017,34(1):59-65. (in Chinese)

[64]

王喜艳, 窦森, 张恒明, 冯树成, 黄毅 . 玉米秸秆持水深埋对辽西瘠薄耕地土壤养分及玉米产量的影响
西北农业学报, 2014,23(5):76-81.

WANG X

, DOU

, ZHANG H

, FENG S

, HUANG

. Effects of water logged maize stalk deep returning on soil nutrients and maize yields of barren farmland in west Liaoning province
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2014,23(5):76-81. (in Chinese)

[65]

王小彬, 蔡典雄, 张镜清, 高绪科 . 旱地玉米秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响
中国农业科学, 2000,33(4):54-61.

URL

研究探讨了玉米秸秆还田方式 (直接或过腹还田 )与化肥配施对土壤养分变化的影响。研究表明 ,秸秆过腹还田对提高耕层土壤速效 N贡献较大 ;耕层土壤速效 P含量主要与化肥施用量有关 ;耕层土壤速效 K含量与秸秆直接还田有关。该试验条件下 ,秸秆直接还田和秸秆过腹还田的土壤有机质含量基本保持平衡。产量统计分析表明 ,化肥对提高玉米产量及水分利用效率有明显影响 ,其次为秸秆直接翻压还田。适宜的秸秆直接还田量、秸秆过腹还田量与化肥 N配比 (试验中每公顷用量分别为 60 0 0、1 50 0和 1 0 5kg) ,其产量、水分利用效率和肥料 N的利用效率较高。研究为该区玉米秸秆作为饲源和有机肥源的合理再分配利用 ,秸秆、牛粪与化肥平衡配施 ,以及秸秆还田对土壤肥力的贡献和对作物产量的影响提供了依据。

WANG X

, CAI D

, ZHANG J

, GAO X

. Effects of corn stover incorporated in dry farmland on soil fertility
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2000,33(4):54-61. (in Chinese)

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王晓斌 . 安徽省农作物秸秆养分资源及农业利用方式的调查
[D]. 合肥: 安徽农业大学, 2013.

WANG X

. The research on straw nutrient resource and utilization strategies of Anhui province
[D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University, 2013. (in Chinese)

[67]

王晓玥, 蒋瑀霁, 隋跃宇, 孙波 . 田间条件下小麦和玉米秸秆腐解过程中微生物群落的变化—BIOLOG分析
土壤学报, 2012,49(5):1003-1011.

WANG X

, JIANG Y

, SUO Y

, SUN

. Changes of microbial communities during decomposition of wheat and maize straw: Analysis by BIOLOG
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2012,49(5):1003-1011. (in Chinese)

[68]

王砚, 李念念, 朱端卫, 周文兵, 陈焰鑫, 伍玉鹏 . 水稻秸秆预处理对猪粪高温堆肥过程的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2018,37(9):2021-2028.

WANG

, LI N

, ZHU D

, ZHOU W

, CHEN Y

, WU Y

. Influence of straw pretreatment on the thermophilic composting process with pig manure
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(9):2021-2028. (in Chinese)

[69]

王毅, 宋文静, 吴元华, 高政绪, 刘祥, 刘跃东, 管恩森, 李文丽, 张本强, 王树声 . 小麦秸秆还田对烤烟叶片发育及产质量的影响
中国烟草科学, 2018,39(2):32-38.

WANG

, SONG W

, WU Y

, GAO Z

, LIU

, LIU Y

, GUAN E

, LI W

, ZHANG B

, WANG S

. Effects of returning wheat straw to soil on leaf development, yield and quality of tobacco
Chinese Tobacco Science, 2018,39(2):32-38. (in Chinese)

[70]

王忠江, 王泽宇, 司爱龙, 张正, 吴婧, 王丽丽 . 秸秆与沼肥同步翻埋还田对秸秆腐解特性的影响
农业机械学报, 2017,48(6):271-277.

WANG Z

, WANG Z

, SI A

, ZHANG

, WU

, WANG L

. Effect of synchronously burying and returning straw and biogas slurry to soil on straw decomposition
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2017,48(6):271-277. (in Chinese)

[71]

吴艳萍, 王国栋, 赵明德 . 接种链霉菌对小麦秸秆腐解过程的影响
西北农业学报, 2010,19(1):100-103.

WU Y

, WANG G

, ZHAO M

. Effects of streptomyces thermovulgaris inoculation on wheat straw composting process
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2010,19(1):100-103. (in Chinese)

[72]

武际 . 水旱轮作条件下秸秆还田的培肥和增产效应
[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2012.

. Effects of straw return on soil fertility and crop yields in paddy-upland rotation system
[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[73]

武志杰, 张海军, 许广山, 张玉华, 刘春萍 . 玉米秸秆还田培肥土壤的效果
应用生态学报, 2002(5):539-542.

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Three year field micro plot experiment was conducted to study the effect of applying corn root stubble, corn straw, and the ordure of cattle fed with corn straw to improve soil fertility in northern Liaoning province. The results showed that chemical fertilizers could significantly increase the corn production, while organic fertilizers mainly improved the soil physical and chemical properties so as to increase soil fertility.In comparison with no fertilizer treatment, combination of chemical fertilizers and organic materials could increase soil organic matter by 3.06%～27.78%.The increments of soil organic matter by using different organic materials were in order of 100% corn straw > 50% corn straw > mixture of cattle ordure and soil > cattle ordure > 33% corn straw > corn root stubble.For maintaining and increasing soil organic matter, corn straw was better than mixture of cattle ordure and soil, and secondly better than cattle ordure if they contained the same carbon content.In addition, comparing with applying chemical fertilizers only, combination of chemical fertilizers and organic materials increased soil labile oxidization organic matter by 10.91%～20.67%, increased extractable humic acid by 1.43%～14.28%, raised slack/stable ratio of bonded humus by 0.07～019, and raised HA/FAratio by 0.07～024. Meanwhile, this combination improved the soil nutrient status of N, P, and K, and the status of soil moisture and porosity, which demonstrated the increase of activity of soil organic matter and the improvement of soil fertility.So directly adding straw into soil without removing after harvest in autumn should be actively recommended, and the amount of corn straw added into soil should be 30 to 50 percent of the total production of corn straw.

WU Z

, ZHANG H

, XU G

, ZHANG Y

, LIU C

. Effect of returning corn straw into soil on soil fertility
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002(5):539-542. (in Chinese)

URL

夏志敏, 周建斌, 梅沛沛, 王平, 桂林国, 李隆 . 玉米与蚕豆秸秆配施对秸秆分解及土壤养分含量的影响
应用生态学报, 2012,23(1):103-108.

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A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the straw decomposition and soil nutrient contents after single and combined applications of maize- and horsebean straws. With the single application of maize straw, the mineralization rates of the straw and soil organic C were lower, and the immobilization of soil mineral N sustained longest. Combined application of maize- and horsebean straws promoted the mineralization of the straws organic C and soil immobilized N. Both single and combined application of the straws increased the contents of soil microbial biomass C and N significantly. It was suggested that a combined application of gramineous and leguminous straws could promote the straws decomposition and harmonize the soil nutrient supply.

XIA Z

, ZHOU J

, MEI P

, WANG

, GUI L

, LI

. Effects of combined application of maize-and horsebean straws on the straws decomposition and soil nutrient contents
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012,23(1):103-108. (in Chinese)

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徐健程, 王晓维, 朱晓芳, 邓晓东, 杨文亭 . 不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(1):48-58.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14507 URL

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、黑麦草(YH)、肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、氮、磷、钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、磷、钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。

XU J

, WANG X

, ZHU X

, DENG X

, YANG W

. Study on decomposition of maize straw under different green manure cropping patterns
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,22(1):48-58. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14507 URL

徐秋桐, 孔樟良, 章明奎 . 不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价
应用生态学报, 2016,27(2):567-576.

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There are many problems such as low soil organic matter, available nutrients and microbial activity, compaction, and poor tillage properties for a newly reclaimed cultivated land, and the establishment of a fast, effective measure for improving soil fertility quality is of importance to enhance the quality and production performance of the newly cultivated land. A field experiment was carried out to observe the effect of organic wastes on soil fertility of a newly reclaimed cultivated land, and compared the differences of different types of urban organic wastes. The field experiment included nine treatments, i.e., pig manure, chicken manure, rice straw, vegetable harvest residue, urban sludge, biogas residue, manure+rice straw compost, garbage compost and control without organic fertilizer at annual application rate of 30 t·hm^-2, and ran for three consecutive years. The results showed that the application of each type of the eight organic wastes had obvious effects on improving soil fertility. Among them, pig manure, chicken manure, pig manure+rice straw compost, rice straw and biogas residue were the most effective to enhance the carbon pool management index of soil. The addition of pig manure+rice straw compost and biogas residue had the best effect on increasing the soil water stable aggregates and decreasing soil bulk density. Sewage sludge, pig manure+rice straw compost and garbage compost could enhance soil water holding capacity. Pig manure, chicken manure and pig manure+rice straw compost had most obvious effect on increasing soil available nutrients. All kinds of organic wastes increased the number of soil microorganisms and the activity of enzymes. There were some risk of soil heavy metals pollution for the longterm application of sludge, garbage compost and manure. However, the impact of shortterm application of the wastes on soil environmental quality was not obvious. Overall, effects of organic wastes on soil fertility decreased in the order of pig manure+rice straw compost>chicken manure>pig manure>biogas residue>garbage compost>rice straw>urban sludge>vegetable harvest residue, and the effects on soil pollution increased in the sequence of rice straw<vegetable harvest residue<pig manure+rice straw compost<biogas residue<chicken manure<pig manure<garbage compost<urban sludge.

XU Q

, KONG Z

, ZHANG M

. Comprehensive evaluation of improving effects of different organic wastes on a newly reclaimed cultivated land
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016,27(2):567-576. (in Chinese)

URL

闫超 . 水稻秸秆还田腐解规律及土壤养分特性的研究
[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2015.

YAN

. Studies on decomposition regularity of returning rice straw and soil nutrient properties
[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)

[78]

杨思存, 霍琳, 王建成 . 秸秆还田的生化他感效应研究初报
西北农业学报, 2005(1):52-56.

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2005.1.012 URL

The pot experimental results showed that horsebean stalk had distinct minus-allelopathic effect on the seedling growth of wheat and soybean,it decreased the biological yields for 50.4% and 58.2% apart.Soybean straw had minus-allelopathic effect on the seedling growth of wheat and plusallelopathic effect on soybean,it decreased the biological yield for 19.8%.The minus-allelopathic effect maize straw to wheat of was the most,it decreased the biological yield for 60.8%.But it had salience plusallelopathic effect to soybean and maize,their biological yields increased for 18.7% and 10.3% apart.Wheat straw had minus-allelopathic effect on the seedling growth of wheat,maize and soybeanall,it decreased the biological yields for 50.8%,5.1% and 24.9%.A llelopathic effect of straw were weakened along with time processing.Applied straw of horsebean can increase not only the storage capacity,but also improve the providing level of soil nutrient.The cultivating soil effect of maize and wheat straw were in the middle.Though app lied straw of soybean can increase the storage capacity of soil nutrient and nitrogen level,but the amplitude were not wide.Planting crops can evidently accelerate the effect of cultivating soil of straw and fertility providing.

YANG S

, HUO

, WANG J

. Allelopathic effect of straw returning
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2005(1):52-56. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2005.1.012 URL

杨志敏, 陈玉成, 张赟, 彭莉, 陈庆华 . 淹水条件下秸秆还田的面源污染物释放特征
生态学报, 2012,32(6):1854-1860.

DOI:10.5846/stxb201102140172 URL

通过模拟淹水实验,研究秸秆覆盖与秸秆深埋两种还田行为中N、P、COD等面源污染物的直接释放特征。结果表明,淹水条件下,上覆水TN浓度表现为淹水后一直持续下降,TP表现为急促上升后再持续下降,而COD则为缓慢上升后再下降。秸秆对TN的释放强度要高于TP;除了TP在淹水初期释放速率有所提高外,TN与COD的释放速率持续下降。秸秆覆盖时的面源污染物浓度高于秸秆翻埋;相同还田方式中,秸秆还田量越大,面源污染物浓度越高。从面源污染控制角度出发,淹水条件下秸秆TN防治的最佳时间为淹水初期,TP、COD为淹水后1-3周;最友好的还田方式为秸秆翻埋。试验结论为合理界定秸秆还田的负面效应,遏制秸秆还田造成的面源污染提供了依据。

YANG Z

, CHEN Y

, ZHANG

, PENG

, CHEN Q

. Releasing characteristics of nonpoint source pollutants from straws under submerging condition
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012,32(6):1854-1860. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.5846/stxb201102140172 URL

袁嫚嫚, 邬刚, 胡润, 孙义祥 . 秸秆还田配施化肥对稻油轮作土壤有机碳组分及产量影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(1):27-35.

YUAN M

, WU

, HU

, SUN Y

. Effects of straw returning plus fertilization on soil organic carbon components and crop yields in rice-rapeseed rotation system
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017,23(1):27-35. (in Chinese)

[81]

翟修彩 . 不同化学添加剂对秸秆腐解产物的影响及其应用研究
[D]. 南京:南京农业大学, 2012.

ZHAI X

. Studies of chemical additives on straw decomposition and the application in red soil
[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[82]

张彬, 何红波, 赵晓霞, 解宏图, 白震, 张旭东 . 秸秆还田量对免耕黑土速效养分和玉米产量的影响
玉米科学, 2010,18(2):81-84.

ZHANG

, HE H

, ZHAO X

, XIE H

, BAI

, ZHANG X

. Effects of crop-residue incorporation on no-tillage soil available nutrients and corn yield
Journal of Maize Sciences, 2010,18(2):81-84. (in Chinese)

[83]

张洪熙, 赵步洪, 杜永林, 谭长乐, 戴正元, 季红娟, 王宝和, 周长海 . 小麦秸秆还田条件下轻简栽培水稻的生长特性
中国水稻科学, 2008(6):603-609.

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With japonica rice Yangfujing 8 as material, dry matter production, yield formation and the related physiological traits of rice under simplified cultivations (direct seeding, mechanical transplanting and parachute transplanting) with wheat residue return and wheat residue removal were investigated. Compared with the rice plants under wheat residue removal, the panicle number of rice plants under wheat residue return was decreased slightly, whereas the number of grains per panicle, seedsetting rate and 1000grain weight were all increased, leading to a significant increase in grain yield. Under wheat residue return, number of stems and tillers of rice was much lower at all the growth stages, and the photosynthetic potential, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation were lower before the heading stage but higher after heading stage than those under wheat residue removal. For rice plants under wheat residue return, the rootshoot ratio was higher at all the growth stages, and the high efficient leaf area and its ratio to total leaf area at the heading stage, the grainleaf ratio, the exportation and transportation rates of carbohydrates stored in stems and sheaths and the harvest index were all higher than those for rice plants under wheat residue removal. Moreover, the root activity, root bleeding, photosynthetic rate and ATPase activity in grains of rice plants under wheat residue return were also higher than those of rice plants under wheat residue removal during grain filling stage. The physiological causes of highyielding rice under wheat residue return were discussed, and the key regulatory approaches under wheat residue return in rice were put forward.

ZHANG H

, ZHAO B

, DU Y

, TAN C

, DAI Z

, JI H

, WANG B

, ZHOU C

. Growth characteristics of rice under simplified cultivation with wheat residue return
Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2008(6):603-609. (in Chinese)

URL

张慧芳 . 免耕与秸秆还田对水稻养分吸收及土壤磷素富集的影响
[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2018.

ZHANG H

. Effects of no-tillage and straw returning on rice nutrient uptake and soil phosphorus accumulation
[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[85]

张娟 . 施用处理秸秆对土壤供氮特征及作物生长的影响
[D]. 南京:南京农业大学, 2003.

ZHANG

. The effects of application of treated rice straw on soil nitrogen supply and crop growth
[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2003. (in Chinese)

[86]

张璐, 董达, 平帆, 徐兴坤, 易倩倩, 孙雪, 吴伟祥 . 逐年全量秸秆炭化还田对水稻产量和土壤养分的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2018,37(10):2319-2326.

ZHANG

, DONG

, PING

, XU X

, YI Q

, SUN

, WU W

. The effects of successive whole-dose biochar application on rice yield and soil nutrient concentrations
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(10):2319-2326. (in Chinese)

[87]

张影, 刘星, 任秀娟, 李东方, 吴大付, 陈锡岭 . 秸秆及其生物炭对土壤碳库管理指数及有机碳矿化的影响
水土保持学报, 2019,33(3):153-159,165.

ZHANG

, LIU

, REN X

, LI D

, WU D

, CHEN X

. Effects of straw and biochar on soil carbon pool management index and organic carbon mineralization
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019,33(3):153-159,165. (in Chinese)

[88]

赵聪, 曹莹菲, 刘克, 薛泉宏, 吕家珑 . 室内模拟条件下玉米秸秆的分解特征及物质组成变化
干旱地区农业研究, 2014,32(4):183-186.

ZHAO

, CAO Y

, LIU

, XUE Q

, Lü J

. Characteristics of decomposition and variation of material composition of corn straw in laboratory simulation experiment
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2014,32(4):183-186. (in Chinese)

[89]

赵金凤, 陈静文, 张迪 , Ghosh

Saikat

. 玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆生物炭的热稳定性及化学稳定性
农业环境科学学报, 2019,38(2):458-465.

ZHAO J

, CHEN J

, ZHANG

, Ghosh

. Thermal stability and oxidation resistance of biochars derived from corn stalk and wheat stalk
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019,38(2):458-465. (in Chinese)

[90]

赵雅雯, 王金洲, 王士超, 武红亮, 黄绍敏, 卢昌艾 . 潮土区小麦、玉米残体对土壤有机碳的贡献—基于改进的RothC模型
中国农业科学, 2016,49(21):4160-4168.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.21.010 URL

【Objective】 In order to explore the effect of straw retention on SOC（soil organic carbon）content, the contributions of wheat and corn residues (root and straw) to SOC under fluvo-aquic soil area were studied, which have a great significance to take technical measures to promote SOC content of winter wheat-summer corn rotation system.【Method】The optimized DPM/RPM values (the ratio of decomposable plant material to resistant plant material) of different residues in Roth C-26.3 model was adjusted on the basis of the remaining rates of different organic materials after their decomposition. The modified model was validated with the data obtained from the short-time decomposition experiment (2012.11-2013.11) and the long-term trial conducted in Zhengzhou (1990-2008). Based on the optimized DPM/RPM parameters of Roth C-26.3 model, the contributions of wheat and corn residues to SOC in winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in northern China under three different fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer CK, chemical fertilizer NPK, chemical fertilizer combined with straw NPKS) were simulated. 【Result】DPM/RPM values of wheat root (WR), wheat straw(WS), corn root (CR), corn straw (CS) were 0.89, 3.04, 4.35 and 3.25, respectively, when the model was in optimal condition. It showed that in CK treatment, the carbon input derived from wheat root and corn root were 50%, respectively, while the contributions of wheat root and corn root to newly-formed soil organic (0-20 cm) were 60% and 40%, the retention coefficients of wheat root and corn root were 15.5% and 10.8%, respectively; in NPK treatment the carbon input derived from wheat root and corn root were 60% and 40%, respectively, while the contributions of wheat root and corn root to newly-formed soil organic (0-20 cm) were 71% and 29%, the retention coefficients of wheat root and corn root were 17.5% and 11.4%, respectively; in NPKS treatment the carbon input derived from wheat root and corn root were 47%, 21% and 32%, respectively, while the contributions of wheat root and corn root to newly-formed soil organic (0-20 cm) were 50%, 22% and 28%, the retention coefficients of wheat root and corn root were 16.9%, 11.2% and 11.4%, respectively. In a word, the contribution of wheat residue (50% -71%) to newly-formed SOC was greater than corn residue (22%-40%) in winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in north China whether no fertilization, balanced fertilization or straw returned. The ratio of SOC derived from wheat to newly-formed SOC was greater than the proportion of the carbon input from wheat to total carbon input, instead of the carbon input of corn and its contribution to newly-formed SOC. The carbon efficiency of wheat root (15.5% -17.5%) was more than the carbon efficiency of corn root and corn straw (10.8% -11.4%).【Conclusion】The modified RothC model can be used to explore the contributions of wheat and corn residues to newly-formed SOC in fluvo-aquic soil area. The contribution of wheat root to SOC was greater than corn root in winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China and the retention coefficient of corn root was greater than the corn straw in NPKS treatment, so the application of root residues (especially wheat roots) could promote the soil organic carbon stock.

ZHAO Y

, WANG J

, WANG S

, WU H

, HUANG S

, LU C

. Contributions of wheat and corn residues to soil organic carbon under fluvo-aquic soil area-based on the modified RothC model
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(21):4160-4168. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.21.010 URL

周怀平, 杨治平, 李红梅, 关春林 . 秸秆还田和秋施肥对旱地玉米生长发育及水肥效应的影响
应用生态学报, 2004(7):1231-1235.

URL

A ten years location experiment of various kinds straw return to field and deep fertilization in autumn was conducted in Shouyang dryland experimental area of Shanxi Province to study their effect on the growth and yield of dryland corn,the use efficency of soil water and fertilizer,and the changes of soil fertility.The results showed that this kind of experimental method could better solve the contradiction of deep fertilization with maintaining soil moisture and keeping a full stand of seedlings in spring,and the competition of water and fertilizer between the degradation of crop remains and the seedlings.What is more,the abundant resources of crop remains were used more sufficiently,the activity of soil microorganisms was more active,and soil fertility was obviously improved,which was proved by the complete and strong seedlings and developed roots,the photosynthesis and transpiration rates were enhanced,the water use efficiency(WUE)was increased by 3.26～3.51 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,and the accumulated water consumption was decreased by 8.1～264.5 mm.During plant growth period,the utilization rate of fertilizer N and P could increase 3.9%～13.9% and 3.0%～9.1%,respectively,and the use efficiency of water and fertilizer was higher.The ten years accumulated yield increased 12.10～17.27 t·hm^-2,a rise of 25.6%～36.5%,and in the meantime,higher soil fertility and productivity were maintained.

ZHOU H

, YANG Z

, LI H

, GUAN C

. Effect of straw return to field and fertilization in autumn on dryland corn growth and on water and fertilizer efficiency
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004(7):1231-1235. (in Chinese)

URL

朱文玲, 李秀双, 田霄鸿, 陈娟, 王松 . 小麦与秋豆秸秆配施对土壤有机碳固持的影响
农业环境科学学报, 2018,37(9):1952-1960.

ZHU W

, LI X

, TIAN X

, CHEN

, WANG

. Effects of the combined amendment of wheat and huai bean straws on soil organic carbon sequestration
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018,37(9):1952-1960. (in Chinese)

[93]

朱雅琪 . 稻秆腐解影响条件优化及其对土壤养分和蔬菜生长的影响
[D]. 长安: 长安大学, 2019.

ZHU Y

. Optimization of influencing conditions of rice straw decomposition and its effects on soil nutrients and vegetable growth
[D]. Chang’an: Chang’An University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[94]

朱远芃, 金梦灿, 马超, 广敏, 高敏, 郜红建 . 外源氮肥和腐熟剂对小麦秸秆腐解的影响
生态环境学报, 2019,28(3):612-619.

ZHU Y

, JIN M

, MA

, GUANG

, GAO

, GAO H

. Impacts of exogenous nitrogen and effective microorganism on the decomposition of wheat straw residues
Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019,28(3):612-619. (in Chinese)

[95]

邹文秀, 韩晓增, 陆欣春, 郝翔翔, 尤孟阳, 张一鹤 . 施入不同土层的秸秆腐殖化特征及对玉米产量的影响
应用生态学报, 2017,28(2):563-570.

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201702.022 URLPMID:29749165

Tillage and straw incorporation are important agricultural practices that can break plough layer and improve black soil fertility. The effects of tillage and straw incorporation on straw humification coefficient, soil organic carbon (SOC), and maize yield were investigated in a field experiment. Subsoil combined with straw incorporation in 20-35 cm soil layer (ST+S) could break plough layer and decrease the bulk density by 5.7%, 3.3% and 5.7% compared with traditional til-lage (TT), subsoil (ST) and traditional tillage combined with straw incorporation (TT+S) in six experimental years, respectively, and the best effects were observed in ST and ST+S treatments in the first expe-rimental year. The rate of straw decomposition was higher in 0-20 cm (72.0%) than in 20-35 cm (59.2%), and the straw humification coefficient in 0-20 cm and 20-35 cm soil la-yers reached the peak in first experimental year with 15.9% and 12.7%, respectively. Compared with initial soil sample, SOC and light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) of TT, ST and ST+S treatments in 0-20 cm soil layer was decreased in experimental years, but was increased by 2.9% and 12.4% within TT+S, respectively. SOC and light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) of ST+S in 20-35 cm soil layer was increased by 9.2% and 9.9%, respectively. The effect of field treatments on maize yield showed in a decreasing trend of ST+S>TT+S>ST>TT, effects of tillage and straw incorporation on maize yield could continue 3 and 6 years, respectively, indicating that tillage and straw incorporation had time effect. Therefore, straw incorporated into 20-35 cm soil layer based on tillage was an effective, sustainable agricultural practice of improving black soil quality.

ZOU W

, HAN X

, LU X

, HAO X

, YOU M

, ZHANG Y

. Effects of straw incorporated to different locations in soil profile on straw humification coefficient and maize yield
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017,28(2):563-570. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201702.022 URLPMID:29749165

曹莹菲, 张红, 赵聪, 刘克, 吕家珑 . 秸秆腐解过程中结构的变化特征
农业环境科学学报, 2016,35(5):976-984.

[本文引用: 1]

CAO Y

, ZHANG

, ZHAO

, LIU

, Lü J

. Changes of organic structures of crop residues during decomposition
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016,35(5):976-984. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[97]

戴志刚 . 秸秆养分释放规律及秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响
[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2009.

DAI Z

. Study on nutrient release characteristics of crop residue and effect of crop residue returning on crop yield and soil fertility
[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2009. (in Chinese)

[98]

侯小畔 . 添加碳氮对作物秸秆腐解和土壤氮素转化的影响
[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2017.

HOU X

. Effects of carbon and nitrogen fertilizer addition on crop residue decomposition and soil nitrogen transformation
[D]. Zheng zhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[99]

黄婷苗, 王朝辉, 侯仰毅, 顾炽明, 李晓, 郑险峰 . 施氮对关中还田玉米秸秆腐解和养分释放特征的影响
应用生态学报, 2017,28(7):2261-2268.

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201707.010 URLPMID:29741058

With (15)N isotope labeled maize straw in nylon net bags and buried in the wheat field at two N rates of 0 and 200 kg N.hm(-2), the effects of nitrogen application on the decomposition of straw dry matter and the release dynamics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (C, N, P and K) after maize straw retention were investigated in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China. Results showed that N application did not affect the decomposition of the returned straw C and dry matter, but promoted the release of P and inhibited the release of N and K from straw during sowing to wintering periods of winter wheat. From the grain filling to the harvest of winter wheat, the decomposition of the returned straw and the release of N, P and K were not affected, but the release of straw C was significantly enhanced by N application. The release dynamic of straw C was synchronized with the decomposition of the dry matter, and the C/N of straw declined gradually with the extension of wheat growing. Until the harvest of winter wheat, the accumulative decomposition rate of straw dry matter was less than 50%, and the total straw C release rate was around 47.9% to 51.1%. The C/N ratio of the returned straw was decreased from 32.2 to 20.2 and 17.9, respectively at N rates of 0 and 200 kg N.hm(-2). From sowing to harvest of winter wheat, the net release of N, P and K from the straw was observed. The N release was 7.2-9.4 kg.hm(-2) and 12.7%-16.6% of the total straw N, and the P release was 1.29-1.44 kg.hm(-2) and 29.0%-32.4% of the total straw P, while a great deal of K was released quickly, with approximately 80% of the straw K released before wintering, 51.8-52.5 kg.hm(-2) and 90.5%-91.7% of the total straw K released at wheat harvest. It was suggested that the K fertilizer application should be decreased for the winter wheat due to the great amount K release from the returned maize straw, and an extra amount of N and P fertilizer should be applied under the straw retention cropping system.

HAUNG T

, WANG Z

, HOU Y

, GU Z

, LI

, ZHENG X

. Effects of nitrogen application on decomposition and nutrient release of returned maize straw in Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017,28(7):2261-2268. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201707.010 URLPMID:29741058

李昌明, 王晓玥, 孙波 . 不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素
土壤学报, 2017,54(5):1206-1217.

LI C

, WANG X

, SUN

. Characteristics of nutrient release and its affecting factors during plant residue decomposition under different climate and soil conditions
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017,54(5):1206-1217. (in Chinese)

[101]

李中韬 . 寒地旱作秸秆还田腐解规律及土壤CO₂排放的研究
[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2015.

LI Z

. Study on decomposition characteristics of straw return to soil and CO₂ emission of dry farmland soil
[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)

[102]

刘平东 . 水稻、油菜还田秸秆氮素释放与吸附特征
[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2018.

LIU P

. Characteristics of nitrogen release and absorption by rape and rice straw incorporation
[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[103]

牛怡 . 两种耕作方式下黄土高原旱作农田还田玉米秸秆腐解特征与养分释放研究
[D]. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2014.

NIU

. Study on return-field corn straw decomposition and nutrient release characteristics under two tillage methods of rainfed farmland in the Loess Plateau
[D]. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[104]

庞荔丹 . 玉米秸秆还田腐解率及其对土壤养分影响
[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2017.

PANG L

. Decomposition rate of corn straw returning and its effects on soil nutrients
[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[105]

青格尔, 于晓芳, 高聚林, 王志刚, 闹干朝鲁, 王振, 胡树平, 高琳, 胡海红 . 腐解菌剂对玉米秸秆降解效果的研究
西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016,44(12):107-116.

BORJIGIN

, YU X

, GAO J

, WANG Z

, BORJIGIN

, WANG

, HU S

, GAO

, HU H

. Study on degradation of corn stalk by decomposing microbial inoculants
Journal of Northwest A & F University(Natural Science Edition), 2016,44(12):107-116. (in Chinese)

[106]

田平, 姜英, 孙悦, 马梓淇, 隋鹏祥, 梅楠, 齐华 . 不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响
中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019,27(1):100-108.

TIAN

, JIANG

, SUN

, MA Z

, SUI P

, MEI

, QI

. Effect of straw return methods on maize straw decomposition and soil nutrients contents
Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019,27(1):100-108. (in Chinese)

[107]

武际, 郭熙盛, 鲁剑巍, 万水霞, 王允青, 许征宇, 张晓玲 . 不同水稻栽培模式下小麦秸秆腐解特征及对土壤生物学特性和养分状况的影响
生态学报, 2013,33(2):565-575.

DOI:10.5846/stxb201111201769 URL

采用尼龙网袋法于2007-2008年连续2a在水稻常规栽培和节水灌溉栽培模式下,研究小麦秸秆腐解特征、养分释放规律及对土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分状况的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田后,在0-30d腐解较快,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢。90 d时累计腐解率达到了48.9％-61.3％。秸秆中养分释放速率表现为K>P>N≈C。节水栽培模式下小麦秸秆还田腐解率和养分释放率均显著高于常规栽培。秸秆还田后,土壤微生物数量以及土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均呈现"前期迅速增加,中期急剧减少,后期缓慢减少"的变化特征,而纤维素酶活性呈现"前期剧升、中期缓增、后期骤降"的变化趋势。小麦秸秆在节水栽培模式下还田土壤微生物数量和酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。适当增加秸秆用量可以提高微生物数量和酶活性,用量过高对细菌和放线菌数量有负效应。秸秆还田可显著提高土壤有机碳和养分含量。土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量在整个试验期间均呈增加趋势。速效钾含量在秸秆还田30 d时达到最高,而后则逐渐降低。节水栽培模式下秸秆还田后土壤有机碳和养分含量的提高效应显著高于常规栽培。提高秸秆用量对土壤养分含量有显著的正效应。

, GUO X

, LU J

, WAN S

, WANG Y

, XU Z

, ZHANG X

. Decomposition characteristics of wheat straw and effects on soil biological properties and nutrient status under different rice cultivation
Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013,33(2):565-575. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.5846/stxb201111201769 URL

武际, 郭熙盛, 王允青, 许征宇, 鲁剑巍 . 不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下的油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征
中国农业科学, 2011,44(16):3351-3360.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.16.007 URL

【Objective】The decomposition characteristics and nutrient releasing patterns of rapeseed and wheat straws were studied under different rice cultivations and straw mulching models in 2007 and 2008 growing seasons, respectively.【Method】Wheat and rapeseed straws were wrapped in net nylon bags and put on the surface or embedded into the soil under conventional cultivation and water-saving cultivation models.【Result】The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw was faster in the first 30 days and then slowed down until the end of the experiment. Under water-saving cultivation model, 90 days after straws were embedded into soil, the decomposition rate was high up to 61.06%. The cumulative decomposition rates of wheat and rapeseed straw were 48.88%-59.95% and 50.88%-61.06%, respectively. Under conventional cultivation model, the straws that were mulched decomposed faster than the straws that were embedded into the soil did. With straw mulching, there was no obvious difference in decomposition rates between the two cultivation models. When straws were embedded into the soil, the straw under water-saving cultivation model decomposed faster than the straw under the conventional cultivation model. The sequence of nutrients releasing rates were K＞P＞N≈C. C releasing rates of wheat straw and rapeseed straw were up to 48.29-63.79% and 50.29-66.55%, and N were up to 48.35-52.83% and 46.48%-57.67%, and P were up to 54.83%-67.49% and 56.44%-75.64%, and K were up to 91.98%-95.99% and 92.31%-96.24% after 90 days of decomposition, respectively. The effect of cultivation model and incorporation method on N, P and C releasing patterns had almost the same trend with the decomposition of straw. K release rate was more than 90% after 30 days of decomposition. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that on the basis of straw mulching, the water-saving cultivation model can promote the straw to decompose and to release the nutrients.

, GUO X

, WANG Y

, XU Z

, LU J

. Decomposition characteristics of rapeseed and wheat straws under different rice cultivations and straw mulching models
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011,44(16):3351-3360. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.16.007 URL

席娟 . 分层覆盖下秸秆层演变规律及降解速率调控方法试验研究
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2018.

. The research on evolution mechanism of layered mulching straw and its decomposition rate regulation methods
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2018. (in Chinese)

[110]

夏东 . 不同有机物料还田的腐解特征及对黄壤养分的影响
[D]. 贵州: 贵州大学, 2019.

XIA

. Decomposition characteristics of different organic materials returning to field and their effects on nutrients in yellow soil
[D]. Guizhou: Guizhou University, 2019. (in Chinese)

[111]

闫超 . 水稻秸秆还田腐解规律及对土壤养分和酶活性的影响
[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2012.

YAN

. Decomposition regularity of rice straw returning to soil and its effect on soil nutrients and enzyme activity
[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[112]

岳丹, 蔡立群, 齐鹏, 张仁陟, 武均, 高小龙 . 小麦和玉米秸秆不同还田量下腐解特征及其养分释放规律
干旱区资源与环境, 2016,30(3):80-85.

[本文引用: 1]

YUE

, CAI L

, QI

, ZHANG R

, WU

, GAO X

. The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release laws of wheat and corn straws under different straw-returned amount
Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016,30(3):80-85. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[113]

张珺穜, 王婧, 张莉, 逄焕成, 王飞 . 理化预处理方式对玉米秸秆腐解与养分释放特征的影响
农业工程学报, 2016(23):226-232.

URL

该文采用尼龙网袋法，研究了长期培养条件下，不同预处理方式（氨化、酸化、微波、无处理）对玉米秸秆腐解与养分释放特征的影响。结果表明，培养100 d后，包括对照在内的各处理秸秆质量累积腐解率均超过50%，其中酸化、氨化处理有利于促进玉米秸秆的快速腐解；培养300 d后，氨化、酸化、微波处理玉米秸秆的累积腐解率分别为 89.22%、91.68%和82.26%，其中氨化、酸化处理显著高于对照（80.81%）。与对照相比，在秸秆快速分解期（0~100 d），酸化处理秸秆可多释放23.95%的氮、13.11%的磷、4.27%的钾；氨化处理秸秆可多释放9.69%的氮；微波处理秸秆可多释放4.28%的碳；培养结束时（300 d），酸化处理更有利于钾素、磷素的释放，比对照多释放了7.73%的钾、6.34%的磷；氨化处理更有利于氮素、磷素的释放，比对照多释放了6.16%的氮、5.41%的磷；微波处理可略增加钾素的释放，比对照提高1.61%。综上可见，玉米秸秆还田前进行适当酸化或氨化处理，可促进其腐解，提高养分释放速率，尤其酸化处理效果更好，但具体田间操作及表现仍需进一步研究。

WANG J

, WANG

, ZHANG

, PANG H

, WANG

. Effect of physical and chemical pretreatment on decomposition and nutrient release characteristics of maize straw
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016(23):226-232. (in Chinese)

URL

张亮 . 关中麦玉轮作区施氮对秸秆还田小麦产量和秸秆养分释放的影响
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2012.

ZHANG

. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on yield of winter wheat and straw decomposition under maize straw returning in Guanzhong irrigation district
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[115]

郑丹 . 不同条件下作物秸秆养分释放规律的研究
[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2012.

[本文引用: 2]

ZHENG

. The nutrient releasing regularity of crop stalks under different conditions
[D]. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[116]

陈建英, 罗超越, 邱慧珍, 邓德雷, 张春红, 郭亚军, 张建斌 . 不同施氮量对半干旱区还田玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放特征的影响
干旱地区农业研究, 2020(38):101-106.

CHEN J

, LUO C

, QIU H

, DENG D

, ZHANG C

, GUO Y

, ZHANG J

. Effects of application of different nitrogen levels on decomposition characteristics and nutrient release of returning straw
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2020(38):101-106. (in Chinese)

[117]

黄菲, 刘言, 李继福, 欧阳玲, 龙鹏, 李新涛 . 水旱轮作条件下还田秸秆腐解和养分释放特征研究
长江大学学报(自然科学版), 2017,14(18):54-60, 50.

HUANG

, LIU

, LI J

, OUYANG

, LONG

, LI X

. Characteristics of decomposing and nutrients releasing of crop straw under paddy-upland rotation
Journal of Yangtze University (Natural Science Edition), 2017,14(18):54-60, 50. (in Chinese)

[118]

李逢雨 . 秸秆还田养分释放规律及稻草化感作用研究
[D]. 成都: 四川农业大学, 2007.

LI F

. Patterns of nutrient release from straws returns to the field and the allelopathic effect of rice straw
[D]. Chengdu: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[119]

刘萌 . 全量还田麦秸秆腐解特征及对土壤理化性质和水稻产量形成的影响
[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2012.

LIU

. Nutrient release characteristics of wheat straw and effect of entire wheat straw returning on rice yield and soil fertility
[D]. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[120]

王景, 陈曦, 张雅洁, 郜红建 . 好气和厌氧条件下小麦秸秆的腐解特征研究
中国农业大学学报, 2015,20(3):161-168.

WANG

, CHEN

, ZHANG Y

, GAO H

. Characteristic of wheat straw decomposition under aerobic and anaerobic condition in soil
Journal of China Agricultural University, 2015,20(3):161-168. (in Chinese)

[121]

王旭东, 陈鲜妮, 王彩霞, 田霄鸿, 吴发启 . 农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果
农业工程学报, 2009,25(10):252-257.

URL

In order to discuss the effect of soil fertility on composition transformation and energy change of corn stalk during decomposition, carborundum tube was used to study the decomposition of corn stalk buried in different soils with high, medium and low fertility for 480 days. The decomposition rate and change of energy states of corn stalk were revealed. The results showed that the fractions of alcohol-benzene soluble and water soluble decreased with the process of decomposition. The concentration of semicellulose and cellulose increased firstly and then decreased. However, the concentration of lignin increased. The change of energy states of corn stalk throughout the whole process could be divided into three stages such as fluctuating stage, decreasing stage and stable stage. Totally, the humification was a process of energy release. For 480 days of decomposition, the decomposition rate was highest in soil with medium fertility and lowest in soil with low fertility among three type of fertility. The decomposition of water soluble factions and lignin were promoted in medium fertility soil. However, alcohol-benzene soluble fraction, and semi-cellulose and cellulose fraction were decayed acceleratedly in soil with high fertility. Furthermore, more humic substance was formed and energy states of decayed corn stalk was highest in soil with high fertility.

WANG X

, CHEN X

, WANG C

, TIAN X

, WU F

. Decomposition of corn stalk in cropland with different fertility
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009,25(10):252-257. (in Chinese)

URL

王允青, 郭熙盛 . 不同还田方式作物秸秆腐解特征研究
中国生态农业学报, 2008(3):607-610.

URL

利用网袋法模拟田间秸秆还田的3种方式，探索研究不同还田方式的小麦、油菜秸秆腐解特征和养分释放特征。结果表明，经过120d腐解后，不同还田方式的小麦、油菜秸秆土埋处理的59．5％-60．3％、露天处理的40．2％-49．8％和水泡处理的24．6％-29．8％被腐解。作物秸秆的腐解速度为土埋〉露天〉水泡。经过120d腐解后，露天处理、水泡处理和土埋处理的小麦、油菜秸秆中的氮有58．7％-61．3％、63．9％-74．9％、50．8％-58．2％释放出来，磷有92．1％-96．5％、98．6％-100％、66．5％-81．3％释放出来，钾有56．0％～64．3％、74．3％～77．6％、41．9％～46．5％释放出来。作物秸秆磷的释放率最大，氮次之，钾最小。3种还田方式作物秸秆养分释放率为水泡〉露天〉土埋。

WANG Y

, GUO X

. Decomposition characteristics of crop-stalk under different incorporation methods
Chinese Journal of Eco- Agriculture, 2008(3):607-610. (in Chinese)

URL

夏东, 王小利, 冉晓追, 赵义国 . 不同有机物料在黄壤旱地中的腐解特性及养分释放特征
山地农业生物学报, 2019,38(4):59-64.

XIA

, WANG X

, RAN X

, ZHAO Y

. Nutrient release patterns and decomposition characteristics of different organic materials in yellow soil upland
Journal of Mountain Agriculture and Biology, 2019,38(4):59-64. (in Chinese)

[124]

徐健程, 王晓维, 朱晓芳, 邓晓东, 杨文亭 . 不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,22(1):48-58.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14507 URL

XU J

, WANG X

, ZHU X

, DENG X

, YANG W

. Study on decomposition of maize straw under different green manure cropping patterns
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,22(1):48-58. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14507 URL

于寒, 谷岩, 梁烜赫, 吴春胜 . 玉米秸秆腐解规律及土壤微生物功能多样性研究
水土保持学报, 2015,29(2):305-309.

, GU

, LIANG X

, WU C

. Study on the decomposition characteristics of maize straw and soil microbial functional diversity
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015,29(2):305-309. (in Chinese)

[126]

于宗波, 杨恒山, 萨如拉, 李媛媛, 罗方, 郭晓旭 . 不同质地土壤玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂效应的研究
水土保持学报, 2019,33(4):234-240.

YU Z

, YANG H

, SA R

, LI Y

, LUO

, GUO X

. Effect of maize straw returning combined with maturation agent in different texture soils
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019,33(4):234-240. (in Chinese)

[127]

张姗, 石祖梁, 杨四军, 顾克军, 戴廷波, 王飞, 李想, 孙仁华 . 施氮和秸秆还田对晚播小麦养分平衡和产量的影响
应用生态学报, 2015,26(9):2714-2720.

URL

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, nutrient release from straw and nutrient balance in late sowing wheat. The results showed that straw returning together with appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer improved the grain yield. Dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation increased significantly as the nitrogen application rate increased. At the same nitrogen application rate (270 kg N·hm^-2), the dry matter, phosphorus and potassium accumulation of the treatment with straw returning were higher than that without straw returning, but the nitrogen accumulation was lower. Higherrate nitrogen application promoted straw decomposition and nutrient release, and decreased the proportion of the nutrient released from straw after jointing. The dry matter, phosphorus and potassium release from straw showed a reverse ‘N’ type change with the wheat growing, while nitrogen release showed a ‘V’ type change. The nutrient surplus increased significantly with the nitrogen application rate. At the nitrogen application rate for the highest grain yield, nitrogen and potassium were surplus significantly, and phosphorus input could keep balance. It could be concluded that as to late sowing wheat with straw returning, applying nitrogen at 257
kg·hm^-2 and reducing potassium fertilizer application could improve grain yield and reduce nutrients loss.

ZHANG

, SHI Z

, YANG S

, GU K

, DAI T

, WANG

, LI

, SUN R

. Effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on nutrient balance and grain yield of late sowing wheat in rice-wheat rotation
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015,26(9):2714-2720. (in Chinese)

URL

周东兴, 王广栋, 邬欣慧, 李晶, 金聪敏, 王恩泽 . 不同还田量对秸秆养分释放规律及微生物功能多样性的影响
土壤通报, 2018,49(4):848-855.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU D

, WANG G

, WU X

, LI

, JIN C

, WANG E

. Microbial community diversity and nutrient release of straws under different straw returning amounts
Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2018,49(4):848-855. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[129]

孙东宝 . 北方旱作区作物产量和水肥利用特征与提升途径
[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2017.

[本文引用: 1]

SUN D

. Yield, water and nutrient use efficiency of dryland crops in northern China
[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[130]

曹寒冰, 王朝辉, 师渊超, 杜明叶, 雷小青, 张文忠, 张璐, 蒲岳建 . 渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化
中国农业科学, 2014,47(19):3826-3838.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.19.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient factor limiting wheat yield increase on dryland. Unreasonable application of N fertilizer not only makes it difficult to increase wheat yield, but also leads to increased nitrate N (NO₃^--N) residual in soil, enhanced N losses, and reduced N use efficiency. Therefore, it is of great significance to optimize the method of N fertilizer recommendation and solve the problem of unreasonable N fertilizer application for the sustainable production of wheat on dryland.【Method】 Based on balancing N output from soil by crop production and aimed at stabilizing crop yield, improving soil fertility and regulating NO₃^--N residual, the present method for Recommendation of N fertilizer Based on Monitoring NO₃^--N in 1.0 m Soil (RNBM, N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Fertilizer N losses + Safety threshold of NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm^-2) - N input from environment - N input with straw retention - N input with seed - Soil N mineralization during winter wheat growing season - NO₃^--N in 1m soil at harvest or sowing) was optimized to be as: N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Safety threshold of NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm^-2) - NO₃^--N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing. Using the optimized RNBM, two-year field experiments on 30 plots were carried out in six counties on Weibei Arid Tableland in Shaanxi Province. 【Result】 As the result of chronically unreasonable application of N fertilizer due to the lack of normative N fertilizer recommendation methods, it was found that in this region, the NO₃^--N residual in 1.0 m soil at sowing varied largely among different sites from 34.2 kg·hm^-2to 708.4 kg·hm^-2, with the average to be 165.2 kg·hm^-2 and 17 of 30 sites higher than 110.0 kg·hm^-2. Nitrogen application rates determined by the optimized RNBM ranged from 30.0 kg·hm^-2to 247.3 kg·hm^-2, with the average of 128.4 kg·hm^-2, which was 25.2% lower compared to that (171.6 kg·hm^-2）of the farmer’s practice (FP). The averaged wheat grain yield by the optimized RNBM and FP was respectively 5 658 kg·hm^-2 and 5 489 kg·hm^-2, grain N concentration was 20.8 g·kg^-1 and 20.3 g·kg^-1, showing no significant difference. Compared to FP, the optimized RNBM significantly increased N use efficiency (NUE) and partial fertilizer productivity of N (PFPN) by 24.0% (from 46.3% to 57.3 %) and 130.1% (from 34.9 kg·kg^-1 to 80.3 kg·kg^-1), respectively. At harvest time, NO₃^--N residual in 1.0 m soil under FP was found averaged to be 70.6 kg·hm^-2(17.4 kg·hm^-2 to 203.4 kg·hm^-2), and that under the optimized RNBM was only 51.4 kg·hm^-2(15.6 kg·hm^-2 to 113.9 kg·hm^-2), a little bit lower than the expected target of 55.0 kg·hm^-2. During the rainfall intensive summer fallow, NO₃^--N leached from 0 to 100 cm soil layer under the optimized RNBM was observed to be reduced by 47.9% compared to the FP. 【Conclusion】Therefore, the optimized RNBM is able to be flexibly used to determine and effectively regulate the N fertilizer rate, stabilize wheat grain yield, increase NUE and PFPN, and minimize NO₃^--N residue and leaching in dryland soil.

CAO H

, WANG Z

, SHI Y

, DU M

, LEI X

, ZHANG W

, ZHANG

, PU Y

. Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation technology based on soil test for winter wheat on Weibei Dryland
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014,47(19):3826-3838. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.19.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

黄倩楠, 王朝辉, 黄婷苗, 侯赛宾, 张翔, 马清霞, 张欣欣 . 中国主要麦区农户小麦氮磷钾养分需求与产量的关系
中国农业科学, 2018,51(14):2722-2734.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.010 URL [本文引用: 3]

【Objective】It is of great significance to clarify relationships of NPK requirement to farmers’ wheat grain yield for reasonable fertilization and decreasing fertilizer application rates.【Method】A 2 years long on-farm survey combined with sample collection and analysis related to wheat production were carried out in the Spring Wheat (SW), Dryland Wheat (DW), Wheat-Maize (WM), Rice-Wheat regions (RW) of China, to study the relationships of NPK requirement to wheat grain yield of farmers.【Result】The mean grain yield of wheat was observed to be 6.4 t·hm^-2, and the differences were significant among the yield averages of different regions, with the grain yield average of 6.0, 4.0, 7.7, 5.5 t·hm^-2 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively. The high yield regions usually had higher above-ground biomass and spike numbers, and harvest indexes increased with grain yields. The average N requirement was 28.1 kg·Mg^-1, with the average of 28.6, 28.3, 29.3 and 25.0 kg·Mg^-1 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively, and the N requirement average decreased significantly by16.9% and 16.4% in DW and WM, tending to decrease but being not significant in SW and RW regions, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels. The average P requirement was 4.0 kg·Mg^-1, with the average of 4.5, 3.2, 4.1 and 4.1 kg·Mg^-1 in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively. P requirement average decreased significantly by 11.4% and 17.8% in WM and RW, decreased by 8.6% but not significantin DW region, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels, and even though the lowest P requirement of 3.7 kg·Mg^-1 occurred at the very low wheat yield level, it was still significantly decreased by 21.4%, when the yield was increased from the lower to the very high level. The average K requirement was 21.5 kg·Mg^-1, with the average of 26.5, 17.1, 23.3 and 18.8 kg·Mg^-1 respectively and significantly different in the four regions, and the K requirement average significantly decreased by 4.0%, 4.4%, 12.7% and 19.9% in SW, DW, WM and RW region, respectively, when the yield was increased from the very low to the very high levels, although the difference was only significant in the RW region. 【Conclusion】Wheat grain yield of farmers were significantly different among the main wheat production regions in China, relationships of NPK requirements to grain yields were also different with regions, and generally they tended to decrease with the grain yield increase. Therefore, fertilizer application recommendation should determine the reasonable nutrient requirement based on the yield levels, the crop nutrient requirement characteristics and the land soil nutrient supply capacities of farmers, in order to avoid over or insufficient fertilizer application in different regions of China.

HUANG Q

, WANG Z

, HUANG T

, HOU S

, ZHANG

, MA Q

, ZHANG X

. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(14):2722-2734. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.010 URL [本文引用: 3]

张福锁, 陈新平, 陈清 . 中国主要作物施肥指南[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2009: 13-15, 29-32.

ZHANG F

, CHEN X

, CHEN

. Fertilization guidelines of main crops in China[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009: 13-15, 29-32. (in Chinese)

[133]

吴良泉 . 基于“大配方、小调整”的中国三大粮食作物区域配肥技术研究
[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2014.

[本文引用: 2]

WU L

. Fertilizer recommendations for three major cereal crops based on regional fertilizer formula and site specific adjustment in China
[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[134]

丛宏斌, 姚宗路, 赵立欣, 孟海波, 王久臣, 霍丽丽, 袁艳文, 贾吉秀, 谢腾, 吴雨浓 . 中国农作物秸秆资源分布及其产业体系与利用路径
农业工程学报, 2019,35(22):132-140.

[本文引用: 1]

CONG H

, YAO Z

, ZHAO L

, MENG H

, WANG J

, HUO L

, YUAN Y

, JIA J

, XIE

, WU Y

. Distribution of crop straw resources and its industrial system and utilization path in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019,35(22):132-140. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[135]

王琳琳, 王平, 王振林, 孙爱清, 杨敏, 王春微, 尹燕枰 . 基因型×环境互作下小麦氮代谢相关性状的遗传和相关性分析
植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(3):549-560.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0301 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】选育氮高效的小麦品种,可有效提高氮素利用效率和生产效率,对环境安全至关重要。本文分析了小麦氮代谢相关性状的遗传效应,为小麦氮高效品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】选用7个小麦品种及其组配的12个杂交组合,进行田间盆栽试验。设置3个氮水平,利用基因型与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型,对氮代谢相关的10个性状进行遗传与相关性分析。【结果】株高、开花期和成熟期单茎干物重、开花期氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和氮素吸收总量主要受加性效应控制,花后氮素同化量受显性×环境互作效应影响较大,氮素利用效率、氮素生理效率以加性×环境互作效应为主。10个性状狭义遗传力总体不高(平均值为0.56),广义遗传力总体较高(平均值为0.881)。互作广义遗传力均达到1%显著水平,表明不同的氮水平对遗传表达有较大影响。氮素利用效率、氮素生理效率和开花期氮素积累量的互作狭义遗传力较大,表明不同氮水平对这些性状的选择效果不同。通过加性效应预测值得出,亲本DK138和JN10的氮素利用效率和氮素生理效率的加性效应为显著正效应。大多数组合的显性主效应与不同氮水平下的显性×环境互作效应在方向上不尽一致,表明小麦氮高效杂交后代的选择宜考虑特定的氮水平条件。显性效应预测值表明,组合JN10×W9903的氮素生理效率显性效应值最大且达到显著水平,是氮素生理效率较高的组合。相关分析表明,两两性状间以加性遗传相关为主。氮素生理效率与株高呈加性正相关关系,达到10%显著水平。除株高和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性外,氮素利用效率与其他性状间以显性环境互作相关为主。氮素利用效率与氮素生理效率之间的显性×环境互作相关系数达到10%显著水平。氮素利用率与氮素生理效率的表现型和基因型相关系数为正值且达1%显著水平。【结论】通过性状分析表明,株高在一定程度上可以作为氮素生理效率的间接选择性状,氮素利用效率与氮素生理效率这两个性状进行协同改良。品种DK138和JN10可作为亲本以提高后代的氮素利用效率和氮素生理效率。杂交组合LM14×W9903表现出良好的后代选育利用潜力。

WANG L

, WANG

, WANG Z

, SUN A

, YANG

, WANG C

, YIN Y

. Inheritance and correl-ation analysis of genotype × environment interaction for nitrogen metabolism-related traits of wheat
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015,21(3):549-560. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0301 URL [本文引用: 1]

HUANG L

, LIU

, WANG Z

, LIANG Z

, WANG M

, LIU

, SUAREZ D

. Interactive effects of pH, EC and nitrogen on yields and nutrient absorption of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Agricultural Water Management, 2017,194:48-57.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

[137]

史建国, 朱昆仑, 曹慧英, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 张吉旺 . 花粒期光照对夏玉米干物质积累和养分吸收的影响
应用生态学报, 2015,26(1):46-52.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Using Denghai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material, shading (S) and increasing light (L) treatments from flowering to maturity stage were designed in a field experiment to explore effects of light on dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption of summer maize. Results showed that grain yield, dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption decreased significantly after shading but increased after increasing light. Yields in S treatment from 2011 to 2013 were reduced by 59.4%, 79.0% and 60.6% compared to those in CK, while that in L treatment were increased by 16.3%, 12.9% and 6.8%, respectively. The relative N and P absorption increased to a certain extent because of the greater effect of shading on dry matter accumulation than that of N and P absorption. After shading, K absorption of whole plant corn decreased significantly to a greater extent than that of dry matter accumulation decrease. The proportion of nutrient allocated to grains decreased significantly after shading. Dry matter accumulation and N and P absorption rates increased significantly after increasing light, and effects of increasing light on N and P absorption were greater than that of dry matter accumulation. Nutrient accumulation and the proportion allocated to grain increased significantly after increasing light.

SHI J

, ZHU K

, CAO H

, DONG S

, LIU

, ZHAO

, ZHANG J

. Effect of light from flowering to maturity stage on dry matter accumulation and nutrient absorption of summer maize
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015,26(1):46-52. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

IRFAN

, AZIZ

, MAQSOOD M

, BILAL H

, SIDDIQUE

K H M

, XU

M G

. Phosphorus (P) use efficiency in rice is linked to tissue-specific biomass and P allocation pattern
Science Reports, 2020: 4278.

[本文引用: 1]

[139]

黄宁, 王朝辉, 王丽, 马清霞, 张悦悦, 张欣欣, 王瑞 . 我国主要麦区主栽高产品种产量差异及其与产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用的关系
中国农业科学, 2020,53(1):81-93.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify wheat yield variation and its relationship to yield components and nutrient uptake and utilization for major high-yielding cultivars, so as to provide guidance to close yield gap and realize high yield and high quality in wheat production. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in 2016-2017 to test the major wheat cultivars in North-Huanghuai, South-Huanghuai, and the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches of China, under local suitable agricultural cultivations. The variation of yield and its relationship to dry matter accumulation, yield components, NPK uptake and utilization were investigated for the high-yielding cultivars in the three wheat production regions. 【Result】 Large variation of grain yield existed in each wheat production region, ranging from 7 751 to 8 702 kg hm ^-2 in North-Huanghuai, 7 302 to 8 413 kg·hm ^-2 in South-Huanghuai, and 5 554 to 6 294 kg·hm ^-2 in the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches. The high-yielding cultivars in North-Huanghuai were found to have higher biomass, harvest index and spike number than that of control cultivars, the high-yielding cultivars in South-HuangHuai had higher harvest index and grain number, and the high-yielding cultivars in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had higher harvest index and thousand grain weight. Besides, in North-HuangHuai the high-yielding cultivars showed lower grain N content and N requirement, and higher N physiological efficiency than that of control, in South-HuangHuai the high-yielding cultivars showed lower straw P content and P requirement, higher P physiological efficiency and straw K content, and in the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, the high-yielding cultivars showed lower K content in grain, higher K content in straw, P content in grain and straw, and N and P uptake in shoot, and lower P physiological efficiency and higher P requirement.【Conclusion】 The elite high-yielding cultivars, such as Luyuan118, Pumai168 and Huamai7, showed higher yield performance in North-Huanghuai, South-Huanghuai and the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, respectively. In main wheat production regions of China, increasing shoot biomass and harvest index was the key factor to produce high grain yields. Also, enhancing shoot nutrient uptake and nutrient harvest index was necessary to achieve high grain nutrition quality as well as high yield.

HUANG

, WANG C

, WANG

, MA Q

, ZHANG Y

, ZHANG X

, WANG

. Yield variation of winter wheat and its relationship to yield components, NPK uptake and utilization of leading and high yielding wheat cultivars in main wheat production regions of China
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020,53(1):81-93. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.01.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

单双吕 . 不同生态条件下水稻产量形成及氮素吸收规律研究
[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2016.

[本文引用: 1]

SHAN S

. Yield formation and nutrient uptake characteristics of rice under different
[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[141]

王泽林, 白炬, 李阳, 岳善超, 李世清 . 氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米氮素吸收及分配的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2019,25(1):74-84.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG Z

, BAI

, LI

, YUE S

, LI S

. Effects of nitrogen application and plastic film mulching on nitrogen uptake and allocation in dry-land spring maize
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2019,25(1):74-84. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[142]

李廷亮, 谢英荷, 高志强, 洪坚平, 孟丽霞, 马红梅, 孟会生, 贾俊香 . 黄土高原旱地小麦覆膜增产与氮肥增效分析
中国农业科学, 2018,51(14):2735-2746.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

【Objective】The objective of the study was to determine the effects of film mulching cultivation on yield formation and nitrogen uptake-translocation of winter wheat in dry highland of Loess Plateau, so as to provide important basis for high yield and high efficiency in rainfed winter wheat production.【Method】An experiment was conducted to study the effects of interactions between different fertilization and film mulching practices on yield formation of winter wheat, aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation, soil nitrate-N residue and N balance in soil-plant system by four cultivation patterns, including farmer pattern (PF), farmer fertilization rate plus ridge mulching-furrow planting (RFSF1), monitoring fertilization plus ridge mulching-furrow planting (RFSF2) and monitoring fertilization plus whole field filming with soil covering and hole-seeding (WFFHS), during 2012-2016 in winter wheat growing region of dry highland in Southern Shanxi. 【Result】 Obtained results showed that average yield of winter wheat under traditional farmer pattern was 3 367 kg·hm^-2, which could be increased to 4 491 kg·hm^-2 by optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation. The contribution rate of optimized fertilization on yield was 14.8%, and the synergy contribution rate of mulching and optimized fertilization was up to 24.7%-42.1%. The yield formation mainly depended on spikenumberperhectare, followed by thousand kernelweight in dry high land of Loess Plateau. Due to the reasonable population construction and favorable water and nutrientconditions, the spikenumber per hectare, 1000-grain weight and yield of WFFHS treatment were the highest, with the mean value of 5.81million·hm^-2, 44.3 g and 4 785 kg·hm^-2, respectively. In terms of aboveground nitrogen translocation, a significant positive correlation was observed between nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis and biomass or grain yield, the correlation coefficients were 0.959** and 0.960**, respectively. Aboutthree quartersofN in grain were from translocation of vegetative organs before anthesis, and a quarter from root uptake after anthesis under the PF treatment, optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation remarkably increased the nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grains, the translocation contribution rate was 81.4%-88.8%. In terms of soil nitrate-N residue, the accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen of 1 m soil layer had been over 100 kg·hm^-2 on account of long-term excessive fertilization in Loess Plateau, and the peak of nitrate nitrogen accumulation was 20-60 cm layer. After successive planting of winter wheat for 4 years, the accumulation amounts of nitrate nitrogen in 2 m soil layer under traditional fertilization rate had been up to 277 kg·hm^-2, of which 75% concentrated on 0-120 cm soil layer, with a 87.7% increase since pre-sowing of 2012. However, the amounts of nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 2 m soil layer under optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation was only 15.7%-24.2% higher than that at pre-sowing in 2012. Meanwhile, it was found that nitrate nitrogen accumulation in 120-200 cm at harvest stage in 2016 was 10.2%-133.7% higher than that at pre-sowing in 2012, which indicated that the residual nitrate nitrogen had a strong leaching downward trend. With considering of aftereffect of residual N, the soil N balance for 4 years was overall analyzed, and it was observed that the N utilization efficiency was 28.8%-56.7%, the N apparent residualrate was 12.1%-28.9%, and the N apparent loss rate was 31.2%-49.6% in dry highland of Loess Plateau. Optimized fertilization combined with mulching cultivation could reduce the apparent nitrogen loss and the residual Nmin, increase the apparent mineralized nitrogen. The WFFHS treatment could utilize the residual Nmin and mineralized nitrogen ina more great extent, which accumulated in the previous years, so the WFFHS treatment had lowest nitrogen apparent loss rate (31.2%) and N apparent residualrate (12.1%), highest N utilization efficiency (56.7%) among all the treatments.【Conclusion】it was concluded that whole field filming with soil covering and hole-seeding combined with monitoring fertilization cultivation could further improve the soil water and fertilizer condition, utilize the residual Nmin, increase the aboveground nitrogen accumulation and translocation, construct reasonable population, and obtain the remarkable yield increasing effect and higher N utilization efficiency finally. So it was considered as a recommendable cultivation mode in dryland of Loess Plateau.

LI T

, XIE Y

, GAO Z

, HONG J

, MENG L

, MA H

, MENG H

, JIA J

. Analysis on yield increasing and nitrogen efficiency enhancing of winter wheat under film mulching cultivation in the Loess Plateau
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(14):2735-2746. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.14.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

GUAN X

, WEI

, TURNER N

, MA S

, YANG M

, WANG T

. Improved straw management practices promote in situ straw decomposition and nutrient release, and increase crop production
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020,250:119514.

DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119514 URL [本文引用: 1]

[144]

毕于运, 高春雨, 王红彦, 王萍, 王亚静 . 我国农作物秸秆离田多元化利用现状与策略
中国农业资源与区划, 2019,40(9):1-11.

[本文引用: 1]

BI Y

, GAO C

, WANG H

, WANG

, WANG Y

. Research on the present situation and corresponding strategies of off-field straw collection and comprehensive utilization in China
Agricultural Resources and Regionalization in China, 2019,40(9):1-11. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[145]

YIN H

, ZHAO W

, LI

, CHENG X

, LIU

. Balancing straw returning and chemical fertilizers in China: Role of straw nutrient resources
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018,81:2695-2702.

DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.076 URL [本文引用: 3]

[146]

YAN S

, SONG J

, FAN J

, YAN

, DONG S

, MA C

, GONG Z

. Changes in soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community under rice straw return in Northeast China
Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020,22:e00962.

DOI:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00962 URL [本文引用: 1]

[147]

赵士诚, 曹彩云, 李科江, 仇少君, 周卫, 何萍 . 长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响
植物营养与肥料学报, 2014,20(6):1441-1449.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0614 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】近年,华北小麦-玉米轮作系统秸秆全量还田已逐步普及,但秸秆还田下土壤氮库组成的变化并不清楚。本文利用肥料定位试验,研究了长期秸秆还田(32年)对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分和作物产量的影响。【方法】研究选用河北省衡水旱作试验站长期定位试验的不施肥(对照CK)和等量氮、磷肥用量下的0kg/hm²(S0)、 2250kg/hm²(S1)、 4500kg/hm²(S2)和9000kg/hm²(S3)秸秆还田处理。于2012年小麦收获后采集各处理0—20 cm土样,利用新鲜土样测定微生物量氮、 NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N;风干土壤用常规方法测定氮磷钾全养分、有机质和pH,用Bremner法测定有机氮(酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮),用Silver-Bremner法测定固定态铵。同时结合长期试验数据, 分析长期秸秆还田下有机质和作物产量的变化。【结果】与试验开始前(1981年)相比,长期施用化肥处理的土壤全磷和有机质显著增加,全氮没有明显变化,而全钾出现降低趋势(-3.2%);秸秆用量的增加提高了全氮、全磷和有机质,降低了pH值,但对全钾没有影响。酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮和未知态氮为潮土有机氮的主要组分;与CK相比,长期施肥提高了土壤有机氮含量,酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮和氨基糖氮均随秸秆用量的增加而增加,而不同施肥处理对酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮没有明显影响。长期化肥施用提高了微生物量氮和晶格固定态铵,秸秆用量的增加进一步提高了微生物量氮,但降低了固定碳铵。施肥没有明显影响NH⁺₄-N含量,但长期施用化肥提高了NO^-₃-N含量,且高量秸秆还田对NO^-₃-N含量的提高具有促进作用。施肥显著提高了作物产量,在施用化肥基础上增施秸秆进一步提高了小麦和玉米产量,且玉米产量随秸秆用量的增加而增加,而高量秸秆还田对小麦产量并没有显著影响。【结论】长期化肥(氮、磷肥)和秸秆结合施用提高了土壤肥力(主要为氮、磷), 增加了土壤碳固持,但仅玉米秸秆还田导致了土壤钾消耗,增加钾肥投入维持土壤钾平衡是必要的。长期秸秆还田对酸解氨基酸态氮的贡献高于酸解氨态氮;高量秸秆还田提高了微生物量氮和NO^-₃-N含量,但降低了固定态铵含量。长期秸秆还田提高了作物产量,而为保证秸秆还田后茬的作物高产,与之配套的还田方法和田间管理是很必要的。

ZHAO S

, CAO C

, LI K

, QIU S

, ZHOU

, HE

. Effects of long-term straw return on soil fertility, nitrogen pool fractions and crop yields on a fluvo-aquic soil in North China
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014,20(6):1441-1449. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2014.0614 URL [本文引用: 1]

王如芳, 张吉旺, 董树亭, 刘鹏 . 我国玉米主产区秸秆资源利用现状及其效果
应用生态学报, 2011,22(6):1504-1510.

URL [本文引用: 1]

A survey was carried out in three main maize production regions in Northeast, North, and Southwest China, including 720 villages of 125 counties, withthe purpose of investigating the present situation of maize straw resource utilization and its effect. Among the present utilization ways of maize straw resource, the main ones were returning to soil, feeding livestock, and using as fuel, their proportions being 30.8%, 26.2%, and 24.6%, respectively. In Northeast China, the top three utilization ways were fuel, livestock feed, and returning tosoil, with the proportions being 35.4%, 30.8% and 19.8%; in North China, thetop three were returning to soil, livestock feed, and fuel, with the proportions being 43.6%, 19.9%, and 17.9%; and in Southwest China, they were returning to soil, livestock feed, and fuel, with the proportions being 29.0%, 27.9%, and 20.5%, respectively. In the survey areas, the proportion of using maize strawas fuel was smaller (128%), and that of using as industrial raw material was only 0.7%. Returning maize straw to soil increased maize yield (the increment in Northeast, North, and Southwest China was 632.0, 371.6, and 290.4 kg·hm^-2, respectively), improved soil condition, and decreased the application rates of manure, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 20%-30%, 16%-30%, 24%-34%, and 33%-38%,respectively. The maize yield increased with increasing straw mass and its returning amount and proportion. However, because of wanting complete sets of available machines, straw returning was low in quality, which increased the difficultyin weed controlling and promoted the occurrence of some diseases and insect pests, giving impacts on maize seedlings growth. It would be necessary to strengthen the researches on the related complete set maize straw returning techniques.

WANG R

, ZHANG J

, DONG S

, LIU

. Present situation of maize straw resource utilization and its effect in main maize production regions of China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011,22(6):1504-1510. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

周延辉, 朱新开, 郭文善, 封超年 . 中国地区小麦产量及产量要素对秸秆还田响应的整合分析
核农学报, 2019,33(1):129-137.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU Y

, ZHU X

, GUO W

, FENG C

. Meta-analysis of the response of wheat yield and yield components to straw returning in China
Journal of Nuclear Agriculture, 2019,33(1):129-137. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]