郑福丽^,, 刘苹, 李国生, 张柏松, 李燕, 魏建林, 谭德水^,山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室/山东省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,济南 250100

Organic-Inorganic Coordinated Regulation to Wheat-Maize Double Crop Yield and Soil Fertility

ZHENG FuLi^,, LIU Ping, LI GuoSheng, ZHANG BoSong, LI Yan, WEI JianLin, TAN DeShui^,Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ji’nan 250100

通讯作者: 谭德水,E-mail：tandeshui@163.com

责任编辑: 杨鑫浩
收稿日期:2020-05-11接受日期:2020-07-29网络出版日期:2020-11-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2017YFD0301002 国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0200600 国家自然科学基金.41877100 山东省技术创新引导计划.2018YFD0200603 山东省重大科技创新工程.2019JZZY010716

Received:2020-05-11Accepted:2020-07-29Online:2020-11-01
作者简介 About authors
郑福丽,E-mail：miss_xin@126.com









摘要
【目的】 在小麦-玉米两季秸秆全还田条件下,探索不同有机-无机运筹模式对作物产量、氮效率和土壤养分的影响,为小麦-玉米一年两季种植合理利用有机养分资源和科学培肥地力提供理论支撑。【方法】通过设计化肥与不同用量有机肥配合并结合施用秸秆腐熟剂措施,研究不同有机无机运筹模式对产量构成、氮养分吸收、土壤有机质及团聚体等特征的影响。试验共设6个处理,分别为F处理（单施化肥）,FA处理（化肥配秸秆腐熟剂）,FM1处理（化肥配1 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM3处理（化肥配4 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FAM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂）。 【结果】（1）与单施化肥相比,施用不同用量有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂均可显著增加小麦-玉米籽粒产量,其中FM3处理产量最高,小麦增产20.6%,玉米增产10.6%,FAM2处理小麦增产19.5%,玉米增产8.2%。产量增加源于产量各构成要素的协同提高,小麦以公顷穗数和穗粒数增加较为显著,玉米以行粒数增加最为显著。（2）增施有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂可以促进氮素向籽粒运移,提高氮素收获指数,随有机肥用量增加,小麦和玉米氮素积累量均增加,其中FM3处理和FAM2处理籽粒氮素累积量和收获指数均较高,与F处理达显著差异。配合施用秸秆腐熟剂的FA和FAM2处理较不施菌剂处理周年氮肥偏生产力提高了1.3—1.6 kg·kg^-1。（3）增施有机肥和施用秸秆腐熟剂显著增加土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量,其中FM3处理土壤全氮和有机质含量最高,施用2年后相比F处理全氮增加0.17 g·kg^-1,有机质增加1.97 g·kg^-1。各有机无机配施模式显著降低土壤容重、提高孔隙度和水稳性团聚体比例。 【结论】连续2年试验表明,增施有机肥、配施秸秆腐熟剂可以增加小麦-玉米产量,促进籽粒氮素吸收和转运,改善土壤结构和培肥地力,推荐FAM2处理作为本地区小麦-玉米轮作模式下有效的增产及土壤培肥技术模式。
关键词： 有机无机协同;秸秆腐熟剂;产量;氮素效率;土壤肥力

Abstract
【Objective】The objectives of this study were to discuss the effects of different organic-inorganic operation modes on crop yield, nitrogen efficiency and soil nutrients characteristics under the condition that wheat-maize straw returning to the field completely in two seasons, so as to provide a theoretical support for rational utilization of organic nutrient resources and scientific soil fertility culture in a wheat-maize cropping system.【Method】The experiment studied effects of different organic-inorganic operation modes on yield composition, nitrogen nutrient absorption, soil organic matter and stable aggregate, through designing the combination of chemical fertilizer with different amounts of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant. Six experiment treatments were designed: F treatment was only chemical fertilizer, FA treatment was chemical fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculants, FM1 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 1 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FM2 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FM3 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer, FAM2 treatment was chemical fertilizer and 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculants.【Result】(1)Compared with single chemical fertilizer, application organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could significantly increase grain yield of wheat-maize. The yield of chemical fertilizer combined with 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer was the highest, wheat increased by 20.6%, maize by 10.6%. Combined chemical fertilizer with 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant, the yield of wheat and maize increased by 19.5% and 8.2%, respectively. The increase of yield was due to the synergistic improvement of various components. The number of ears and grains per ear of wheat increased significantly and the number of grains per row increased most significantly in maize. (2) The increasing of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could promote the migration of nitrogen to the grain, improve the nitrogen harvest index, and increase the nitrogen accumulation in wheat and maize. The nitrogen accumulation and harvest index for both of FM3 treatment (application with 4 500 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer) and FAM2 treatment (application with 3 000 kg·hm^-2 organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant) were significantly higher than F treatment with single application of chemical fertilizer. Compared the treatment with non-bacterial, the NPFP of FA and FAM2 treatments that combined with straw-decomposing inoculant increased by 1.3-1.6 kg·kg^-1. (3) The content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and organic matter in the soil were significantly increased by increasing the organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant. The content of total nitrogen and organic matter in soil of FM3 treatment was the highest, and the annual total nitrogen increased by 0.17 g·kg^-1 and the organic matter increased by 1.97 g·kg^-1 compared with F treatment after two years. Different organic and inorganic application modes significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased soil porosity and water-stable aggregates. 【Conclusion】By two years field experiments, the application of organic fertilizer and straw-decomposing inoculant could increase the yield of wheat and maize, promote nitrogen absorption and transport, and improve soil structure and soil fertility. Under the conditions of this experiment, FAM2 treatment was recommended as an effective fertilization technology model for wheat-maize rotation in this region.
Keywords：organic-inorganic synergy;straw-decomposing inoculants;yield;nitrogen efficiency;soil fertility


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本文引用格式
郑福丽, 刘苹, 李国生, 张柏松, 李燕, 魏建林, 谭德水. 有机-无机肥协同调控小麦-玉米两熟作物产量及土壤培肥效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(21): 4355-4364 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.005
ZHENG FuLi, LIU Ping, LI GuoSheng, ZHANG BoSong, LI Yan, WEI JianLin, TAN DeShui. Organic-Inorganic Coordinated Regulation to Wheat-Maize Double Crop Yield and Soil Fertility[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(21): 4355-4364 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.005

0 引言

【研究意义】土壤肥力是农业可持续发展的基础资源,土壤培肥是建立科学施肥制度的重要内容^[1,2]。有机肥投入是一项重要的土壤培肥措施,中国畜禽有机肥及秸秆资源丰富,每年排放2.7×10⁹ t 畜禽粪便,其中仅有40%被处理或利用^[3];中国主要粮食作物秸秆年平均产量为4.9×10⁸ t,粮食秸秆露天焚烧量平均为0.98×10⁸ t,约占粮食作物秸秆总量的19%^[4]。合理有效利用有机废弃物养分,可以大大降低化肥的施用量。从保护环境、提高土壤肥力、资源充分利用等各方面考虑,有机无机配施是实现土壤可持续利用的科学施肥方式。【前人研究进展】有机无机肥配施具有培肥土壤、防止土壤酸化和盐渍化、提高产量、消纳有机排泄物、保护环境和节约资源等诸多积极作用^{[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]}。YADAV等^[8]和MANNA等^[9]研究表明,有机无机肥配施对作物的增产效果显著高于氮、磷、钾化肥处理。有机无机肥配施有利于作物稳产高产,提高土壤肥力和提高氮肥的利用率;有利于农业废弃物资源的综合利用。蔡泽江^[13]和徐明岗等^[14]研究表明,施用有机肥减少化肥用量,可以增加玉米、水稻产量和肥料利用率,还可以培肥土壤。张娟等^[15]对小麦的研究表明,秸秆预处理后可以改善土壤环境,增加小麦产量。【本研究切入点】关于有机无机肥料配施的肥效研究多关注于当季作物,对后茬作物或者综合评价周年种植体系的研究较少,有机肥与秸秆配合施用的研究更少。秸秆腐熟剂能使秸秆等有机废弃物快速腐熟,释放秸秆中磷、钾等元素,产生大量有益微生物。在秸秆还田条件下,如何利用秸秆腐熟剂加速秸秆养分释放,同时配合有机肥施用来改善土壤条件、提高土壤肥力、增加作物产量日趋重要。但有机肥的适宜用量及与秸秆腐熟剂配施的应用效果因地而异,其作用机制还需要进一步研究探明。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究在小麦玉米秸秆还田条件下,在山东半岛丘陵地区设置不同有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂与化肥的协同运筹模式,研究不同模式对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响,筛选出适合该地区的最佳养分管理方式,为本地区小麦-玉米轮作增产和建立合理的培肥模式提供技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地设在山东省安丘市辉渠镇夏坡村,118°44′—119°27′E,36°05′—36°38′N,地处山东半岛的中部,属暖温带大陆性季风气候,常年平均降水量646.3 mm,平均气温12.2℃,平均光照2 502.1 h。试验地土壤类型为砂质棕壤,土壤偏酸性,为旱地丘陵非水浇地。0—30 cm土壤基本理化性状为土壤全氮0.99 g·kg^-1、水解性氮65.3 mg·kg^-1、有效磷10.8 mg·kg^-1、速效钾93.0 mg·kg^-1、有机质12.59 g·kg^-1、pH 5.75,容重1.43 g·cm^-3、孔隙度44.6%。

1.2 试验设计

本试验种植制度为小麦-玉米周年轮作,于2017年10月开始,2019年10月结束,连续进行2年。试验设置6个处理,3个重复,随机区组排列,共计18个小区,小区面积50 m²（表1）。所施有机肥为腐熟鸡粪,主要养分含量为N 2.17%、P₂O₅ 1.48%、K₂O 2.35%、有机质45.78%、pH 8.05,有机肥全部于小麦季作为底肥一次性施入,玉米季不再施有机肥。秸秆腐熟剂为河南省沃宝生物科技有限公司生产,有效活菌数100亿/g,产品含芽孢杆菌、霉菌等有益菌株,分解秸秆中的纤维素、木质素、半纤维素。玉米秸秆还田量在9 000 kg·hm^-2左右,玉米秸秆粉碎还田后有机肥均匀撒施在试验小区,腐熟剂拌土后撒施在试验小区,结合深耕翻地,使有机肥、菌剂、土壤和秸秆混合更均匀。小麦分别于2017年10月10日和2018年10月12日播种,品种为济麦22,播种量为225 kg·hm^-2,播种基施复合肥（15-15-15） 750 kg·hm^-2,拔节追施225 kg·hm^-2尿素,分别于2018年6月8日和2019年6月10日收获。小麦收获后,秸秆全部粉碎还田,秸秆还田量在7 500 kg·hm^-2左右,秸秆腐熟剂拌土后撒施在试验小区秸秆表面,玉米品种为奥原8号,分别于2018年6月15日和2019年6月18日播种,行距75 cm,株距30 cm,分别于2018年10月4号和2019年10月5号收获。玉米季统一施肥,播种施肥开沟一次性进行,基施缓控释肥料（26-6-8）750 kg·hm^-2,生育后期不追肥。大田试验按正常田间管理措施进行。

Table 1
表1
表1试验设计
Table 1Experiment design

处理 Treatment	有机肥量Organic fertilizer consumption (kg·hm-2)	有机肥NPK量 Organic fertilizer (kg·hm-2)			小麦季化肥NPK量 Wheat-chemical fertilizer (kg·hm-2)			玉米季化肥NPK量 Maize-chemical fertilizer (kg·hm-2)			小麦季秸秆腐熟剂 Wheat-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm-2)	玉米季秸秆腐熟剂Maize-straw- decomposing inoculant (kg·hm-2)
		N	P2O5	K2O	N	P2O5	K2O	N	P2O5	K2O
F	0	0	0	0	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FA	0	0	0	0	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	15	15
FM1	1500	32.55	22.20	35.25	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FM2	3000	65.10	44.40	70.50	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FM3	4500	97.65	66.60	105.75	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	0	0
FAM2	3000	65.10	44.40	70.50	216	112.5	112.5	195	45	60	15	15

有机肥量为有机肥的实物用量。本试验按照常规施肥习惯,在统一施用等量化肥和秸秆全部还田的基础上,设计不同的有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂调控措施,所有处理化肥用量和秸秆用量相同,未统计秸秆养分影响
The organic fertilizer amount refers to the actual amount of organic fertilizer, on the basis of applying the same amount of chemical fertilizer and returning the straw to the field, different regulation measures of organic fertilizer and straw spoilage agent were designed; All treatments used the same amount of fertilizer and straw, no statistical effect of straw nutrient was made

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1.3 测定项目与方法

种植前和小麦玉米收获后分别取0—30 cm土壤,用于测定土壤的理化性状指标;环刀取土壤样品,用于测定土壤容重和土壤孔隙度^[16]。

小麦收获时每个小区收取3个样方,每个样方1 m²。贴地表收获,进行小麦考种,统计穗数、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,然后将小麦分成叶片、籽粒和其他3个部分,分别测定干物质量和氮含量;玉米收获时每个小区连续收取双行20穗,风干籽粒后考种,统计穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数和千粒重。取10个代表性植株,按照叶片、籽粒和其他3个部分分开,105℃杀青30 min后,80℃烘干至恒重,测定干物质量和氮含量。小麦和玉米小区全部收获计算产量。植株氮含量测定方法参考土壤农化分析方法^[16]。根据文献^[17],计算方法如下：

氮素积累量（kg·hm^-2）=籽粒或秸秆产量×籽粒或秸秆含氮量;

氮收获指数（%）=籽粒吸氮量/地上部总吸氮量×100;

肥料氮偏生产力NPFP（kg·kg^-1）=Y/F。

式中,Y指作物产量,kg·hm^-2;F指氮肥投入量,kg·hm^-2;NPFP指投入单位氮肥（包括化肥氮和有机肥氮）所生产的作物产量。

1.4 数据处理

利用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据预处理,采用DPS18.10软件进行统计方差分析。

2 结果

2.1 不同有机无机协同模式对小麦-玉米产量的影响

化肥基础上增施有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,其中FM3处理和FAM2处理产量均显著高于其他4个处理,较F处理增产18%（2018）和22%（2019）。小麦季增施有机肥,对玉米也有一定的增产效果,但是增产幅度不如小麦明显,随有机肥用量增加玉米产量也增加,其中FM3处理的产量与其他5个处理产量达显著差异,较F处理增产8.8%（2018）和12.4%（2019）。连续施用2年有机肥的小麦玉米产量比施用1年有机肥的产量可以提高3%—4%。通过FA和F处理可知,施用秸秆腐熟剂比不施秸秆腐熟剂,小麦和玉米产量可以提高3个百分点左右（表2）。

Table 2
表2
表2小麦-玉米产量分析
Table 2Yield analysis of wheat and maize

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat				玉米 Maize
	2018		2019		2018		2019
	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	增产 Increase (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	增产 Increase (%)
F	8820.7c	—	8909.3c	—	7309.0c	—	7362.3c	—
FA	9124.5bc	3.5	9204.0bc	3.3	7551.1bc	3.3	7612.8bc	3.4
FM1	9300.7b	5.4	9680.3b	8.7	7712.3b	5.5	8027.1b	9.0
FM2	9722.7ab	10.2	10160.4ab	14	7737.7b	5.9	8033.1b	9.1
FM3	10479.4a	18.8	10907.1a	22.4	7949.4a	8.8	8273.8a	12.4
FAM2	10335.0a	17.2	10852.5a	21.8	7783.9b	6.5	8081.2b	9.8

同列不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。下同
Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different at 0.05 level. The same as below

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有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂应用对小麦玉米产量构成要素均有促进作用,小麦季FM3处理公顷穗数和FAM2处理穗粒数、小穗数均与F处理达显著差异;施用秸秆腐熟剂的FA和FAM2处理的玉米穗行数最高,FM1处理的玉米行粒数和穗长最高,与F处理差异显著,FAM2处理的玉米穗粗最高,与F处理显著差异（表3）。

Table 3
表3
表3不同有机无机协同模式下小麦-玉米产量构成要素分析
Table 3Effects of different organic-inorganic cooperative models on wheat-maize yield factor

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat										玉米 Maize
	穗数 Ears per hectare		穗粒数 Grains per spiker		小穗数 spikelet number		千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)		穗行数 Ear row number		行粒数 Kernel seeds per row		穗长 Ear length (cm)		穗粗 Ear thickness (cm)		百粒重 Hundred-grain weight (g)
	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
F	510.0b	513.0b	41.6b	41.8b	17.0b	16.9b	41.2a	41.3a	18.6a	18.8a	24.8b	25.0b	13.6b	13.7b	5.1b	5.1b	32.62a	32.78a
FA	526.5b	529.5b	42.1b	42.2b	18.1a	18.2a	42.1a	42.4a	19.5a	19.6a	25.5b	25.8b	14.5ab	14.6ab	5.2ab	5.4ab	31.43a	31.48a
FM1	519.0b	523.5b	42.7b	42.9b	18.4a	18.5a	42.2a	42.4a	18.2a	18.2a	32.0a	32.2a	16.2a	16.4a	5.0b	5.2b	30.02b	30.07b
FM2	552.0a	556.5a	42.0b	42.1b	18.2a	18.1a	42.3a	42.5a	18.3a	18.4a	28.1ab	28.0ab	15.4ab	15.5ab	5.2ab	5.3ab	32.03a	32.13a
FM3	556.5a	561.0a	43.3b	43.6b	17.2ab	17.4ab	43.1a	43.7a	18.1a	18.4a	29.3ab	29.6ab	15.8a	15.9a	5.1b	5.2b	31.11a	31.24a
FAM2	543.0ab	547.5ab	44.6a	45.8a	18.3a	18.4a	42.5a	42.7a	19.2a	19.6a	25.5b	25.7b	14.5ab	14.6ab	5.5a	5.6a	32.05a	32.09a

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2.2 不同有机无机协同模式对氮素积累及氮素效率的影响

通过对2年小麦玉米氮素积累分析可知（表4）,小麦玉米地上部的氮素主要集中在籽粒部分,茎叶中占比很少,化肥基础上增施有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂可以促进氮素向籽粒的运移。随有机肥用量增加,小麦氮素收获指数增加,小麦氮素向籽粒运移增加,籽粒氮素积累量增大,其中FM3处理小麦氮素收获指数最高,小麦籽粒氮素积累量最大,与其他处理差异显著。FM3处理的玉米籽粒氮素积累量最大,与F处理差异显著。

Table 4
表4
表4小麦玉米不同部位氮素积累分布
Table 4Nitrogen accumulation and distribution in different parts of wheat -maize

处理 Treatment	小麦 Wheat								玉米 Maize
	籽粒氮素累积量 Grain nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		叶片氮素累积量Leaf nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		茎部氮素累积量Stem nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		氮素收获 指数 NHI (%)		籽粒氮素累积量 Grain nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		叶片氮素累积量Leaf nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		茎部氮素累积量Stem nitrogen accumulation (kg·hm-2)		氮素收获 指数 NHI (%)
	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
F	164.3c	167.5c	6.2b	6.3b	25.2ab	25.6ab	84.0c	84.0c	125.3c	126.4c	26.1b	26.3b	25.2c	25.5b	70.9b	70.9b
FA	172.4bc	173.8bc	5.8b	5.9b	26.2a	26.5a	84.2c	84.3c	136.7b	138.9b	26.8b	27.1b	26.4bc	26.7b	72.0a	72.1a
FM1	182.8b	194.8b	6.0b	6.1b	24.5b	25.4ab	86.1b	86.1b	139.4ab	145.3ab	29.2a	30.4a	27.4b	28.6ab	71.0b	71.1ab
FM2	184.3b	195.4ab	5.6b	5.8b	24.7b	25.9a	86.2b	86.1b	142.4a	147.7ab	29.8a	31.1a	29.8a	30.1a	70.9b	70.7b
FM3	207.6a	215.7a	5.7b	5.8b	23.2b	24.0b	87.7a	87.8a	144.9a	151.3a	30.1a	31.4a	28.0ab	29.3a	71.2b	71.4ab
FAM2	200.0a	208.9ab	7.8a	8.2a	25.3a	26.7a	85.4bc	85.3bc	143.7a	149.1a	28.4a	29.7ab	27.4b	28.7a	72.1a	71.9a

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不同的有机无机协同模式对氮素在小麦-玉米中的积累影响不同,小麦季FAM2处理的小麦茎叶中氮素积累最高,玉米季FM3处理的玉米茎叶中氮素积累最高,玉米季各处理对氮素收获指数影响不大。

从FM1、FM2、FM3处理可知,随有机肥用量增加,肥料总氮量增加,氮肥偏生产力下降,FM3处理有机肥投入最多,氮肥偏生产力最低,与F处理差异显著,2018年比F处理降低了3.0 kg·kg^-1,2019年降低了1.9 kg·kg^-1。连续施用有机肥,氮肥偏生产力增加,2019年氮肥偏生产力比2018年提高了1.5 kg·kg^-1。

由FA和F处理以及FAM2和FM2处理对比可知,秸秆腐熟剂的施用可以提高氮肥偏生产力1.3—1.6 kg·kg^-1（表5）。

Table 5
表5
表5小麦-玉米周年氮肥偏生产力
Table 5Wheat - maize annual nitrogen fertilizer productivity

处理 Treatment	化肥氮 Fertilizer N (kg·hm-2)	有机肥氮 Organic N (kg·hm-2)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP (kg·kg-1)
			2018	2019
F	411	0	39.2b	39.6b
FA	411	0	40.6a	40.9a
FM1	411	32.55	38.4b	39.9b
FM2	411	65.10	36.7c	38.2bc
FM3	411	97.65	36.2c	37.7c
FAM2	411	65.10	38.1b	39.8b

有机肥氮指有机肥中含有的氮,本试验未考虑秸秆中有机氮的矿化
Organic fertilizer nitrogen refers to the nitrogen contained in organic fertilizer, the mineralization of organic nitrogen in straw was not considered in this experiment

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2.3 不同有机无机协同模式对土壤理化性状的影响

连续2年试验结果表明,不同有机无机协同模式均可以提升土壤中全氮、碱解氮和有机质的含量。随有机肥用量增加,土壤全氮、有机质和土壤碱解氮含量增加明显,土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度增加,水稳性团聚体占比增加,而腐熟剂的配合施用起到了很好的促进作用（表6）。

Table 6
表6
表6玉米收获后土壤理化性状（2019）
Table 6Physical and chemical characteristics of soil after maize harvest（2019）

处理 Treatment	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1)	碱解氮 Avail-nitrogen (mg·kg-1)	土壤容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3)	土壤孔隙度 Porosity (%)	水稳性大团聚体 Water-stable aggregates (%)
F	1.06b	12.90c	118.35b	1.53a	37.6b	47.2b
FA	1.09b	13.04c	123.67b	1.51a	38.7b	55.2ab
FM1	1.16b	13.72b	123.78b	1.53a	38.6b	52.3ab
FM2	1.15b	14.81a	135.67a	1.47b	40.3ab	54.1ab
FM3	1.23a	14.87a	134.84a	1.48b	42.2a	55.8ab
FAM2	1.19b	13.76b	136.43a	1.45b	42.9a	61.1a

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连续施用有机肥和菌剂2年后,土壤全氮和有机质比2017年种植前分别提高了10.3%—24.2%和3.5%—18.1%,其中FM3处理土壤全氮和有机质含量最高,与F处理和种植前土壤相比,差异均达显著水平。FM2、FM3和FAM2处理碱解氮含量较高,均比种植前土壤提高107%左右,比F处理提高15%左右。FAM2处理中,土壤容重最低,土壤孔隙度和水稳性团聚体最高,与F处理达差异显著,比种植前土壤容重降低8.2%,孔隙度提高17.1%,水稳性大团聚体增加30.4%。

2.4 不同有机无机运筹模式经济效益分析

从表7可知,随有机肥用量和菌剂增加,投入成本增加,但是周年小麦玉米产量也增加,总收入增加,农民净收益增加。单独施用菌剂,小麦-玉米周年净收益可增加549元/hm²;施用有机肥1 500—3 000 kg·hm²模式,农民净收益增加1 366—1 506元/hm²,FM3施肥模式,可使农户每年净收益增加2 720元/hm²,FAM2有机肥和菌剂混合施用模式,农户每年净收益增加2 425元/hm²。

Table 7
表7
表7周年经济效益评价
Table 7Annual economic benefit evaluation (yuan/hm²)

处理 Treatment	有机肥投入 Organic fertilizer input	菌剂投入 Inoculants input	人工成本 Labor cost	总收入 Gross income	增加收益 Increase income
F	0	0	0	33795	—
FA	0	600	30	34944	519
FM1	900	0	150	36211	1366
FM2	1800	0	150	37251	1506
FM3	2700	0	150	39365	2720
FAM2	1800	600	180	38800	2425

价格核算按小麦2 240元/t、玉米1 900元/t、有机肥600元/t、菌剂20 000元/t计算。上表中“总收入”指2年小麦玉米的平均收入（不考虑成本）,由于各处理施化肥、播种管理、收获等成本都是相同的,故此未做统计。“人工成本”仅指增施有机肥和菌剂带来的人工成本。“增加收益”是指扣除有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂及人工成本后比单施化肥模式增加的收入
Price: wheat 2 240 yuan/t, maize 1 900 yuan/t, organic fertilizer 600 yuan/t, inoculants 20 000 yuan/t. The “gross income” in the above table refers to the average wheat and corn income in two years regardless of cost. Since the costs of fertilizer application, sowing, management and harvest are the same for each treatment, no statistics are made. The “labor costs” in the above table refer only to the labor costs resulting from the application of organic fertilizers and bacteriological agents. “Net income” refers to the income increased after deducting organic fertilizers and straw spoilage agents and labor costs compared with the model of single fertilizer application

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3 讨论

3.1 有机无机协同调控作物产量和养分效率

谢军等^[17]8年玉米-蔬菜轮作定位试验表明,在等氮量条件下,有机无机配施与纯化肥或纯有机肥相比可显著提高玉米产量,促进氮素吸收,高洪军等^[18]研究表明,有机氮替代部分化肥氮在黑土地上玉米增产效果较显著。本试验研究发现,化肥基础上增施有机肥对小麦玉米产量及构成因子均起到一定的促进作用,FM3处理和3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥配施秸秆腐熟剂的FAM2处理小麦比单施化肥增产18%—20%,玉米季有机肥后效明显,玉米仍可增产8%—10%,连续施用第二年比第一年小麦玉米产量可以提高3—4个百分点。唐湘文等^[19]研究表明在中低产田,增施有机肥可以很好地提高作物产量,同时秸秆腐熟剂的配合施用也可以很好地增加作物产量。大量研究也证明了有机无机的配合施用以及秸秆腐熟剂的施用均可以显著提高氮素效率,增加作物产量^[13,19-24]。如胡诚等^[23]研究结果表明,在早晚稻上秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂增加了稻谷的产量,比单施化肥最多增产1 423.2 kg·hm^-2,增幅为23.5%。刘元东等^[24]研究表明,添加秸秆腐熟剂后可使玉米秸秆提前30 d腐熟,且下轮小麦生长旺盛,分蘖和千粒重增加,小麦产量提高。

高洪军等^[25]研究表明,等氮条件下长期适宜的有机无机配施不仅能有效调节春玉米氮素积累和转运,还能提高氮肥利用效率。王小明等^[26]的研究结果显示,有机无机施氮模式能提高冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量,同时还能够提高氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率。本试验2年研究结果表明,FM3处理以及FAM2处理可以更好地提高作物对氮素的吸收,与单施化肥相比,FM3处理的小麦、玉米籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了28.7%和19.7%,FAM2处理的小麦、玉米籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了21.8%和17.9%,说明施用有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂促进了氮素向籽粒的转移,提高了氮素的利用效率,进而提高了作物产量。秸秆腐熟剂的施用比不施菌剂的处理氮肥偏生产力提高了1.3—1.6 kg·kg^-1,其原因可能是由于秸秆腐熟剂促进了秸秆的腐解进程,改善了土壤的氮素及其他元素的供应,进而作物产量得以提升。受土壤地力水平和作物品种的影响,本试验作物产量偏低,整体氮肥偏生产力偏低,并且在不减少化肥氮的基础上增加有机肥氮,整体氮肥投入量偏大,导致氮肥偏生产力低于单施化肥处理,在增施有机肥氮的同时减少化肥氮的投入,应该可以更好地提高氮肥效率和氮肥偏生产力,促进作物对氮素的吸收和运移,同时维持或提高作物产量,达到减肥增效的效果。

3.2 有机无机协同调控土壤肥力

相关研究证实,有机无机肥料配施之所以与单施化肥相比能提高作物产量,主要是有机无机肥料配施能改善土壤氮素供应过程,使土壤养分平稳释放,提高土壤有机质尤其是活性有机质含量,土壤有机碳累积量增加^[18,27-29]。李燕青等^[30]一年小麦玉米试验发现,施用鸡粪、猪粪处理土壤表层有效磷含量分别是单施化肥处理的5.82和7.06倍。陈贵等^[31]研究表明牛粪处理和猪粪处理的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均有不同程度提升。本研究发现,土壤全氮、有机质和碱解氮含量均与有机肥用量成正比,连续2年试验后FM3处理的土壤全氮、有机质和碱解氮含量比单施化肥处理分别提高了16.9%、15.0%和13.9%,比种植前提高了25.3%、18.1%和106.6%。

在农学上通常以直径为10—0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量判别土壤结构的好坏,其含量多表示结构好^[32],并据此判断某种耕作措施的改良效果,因为这种团聚体具有协调土壤保水、透气和调节水热状况的作用。本试验发现有机肥的施用在一定程度上降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤孔隙度,提高了水稳性团聚体的占比,而且有机肥用量越大效果越明显,连续施用2年后,与单施化肥处理相比,FM3处理容重降低3.8%,土壤孔隙度提高12.5%,水稳性团聚体占比提高18.3%,证明了有机肥具有良好的改土培肥的作用。魏宇轩等^[33]研究发现有机肥配施化肥显著增加了土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳（HAC）和胡敏素碳（HUC）含量,增加了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量。王兴祥等^[34]研究发现,施用有机肥更有利于大团聚体含量的增加,这与本研究相一致。高量有机肥可以明显提高土壤的全氮和有机碳含量,增加土壤速效氮磷钾含量,改善土壤的物理结构,提高土壤肥力,进而促进了作物对土壤养分的吸收,提高作物产量。

秸秆腐熟剂是由一群能将秸秆加速降解的微生物组成的菌剂,主要包括真菌、细菌和放线菌。腐熟剂利用这些微生物的分解代谢作用将秸秆中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等成分转化为富含营养元素的简单化合物,使秸秆降解为腐殖质物质,进而增加土壤肥力^[35]。艾天成等^[36]认为秸秆在改良土壤密度、硬度等土壤结构方面有显著效果,而饼肥、猪粪能提高土壤有机质含量。胡诚等^[22]研究结果表明,秸秆还田配施秸秆腐熟剂提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量及阳离子交换量,降低了土壤容重,秸秆还田提高了大于0. 25 mm风干团聚体、水稳性大团聚体含量。本研究发现,秸秆腐熟剂配合有机肥施用比单施秸秆腐熟剂效果更好,与单施化肥相比,秸秆腐熟剂和有机肥配施的FAM2处理周年土壤全氮提高12.3%,有机质提高6.4%,土壤碱解氮含量提高15.3%。在改善土壤物理性状方面,菌剂和3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥配合施用FAM2处理比单独施用4 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥FM3处理效果更明显,比种植前容重降低5.2%,孔隙度提高14.2%,水稳性大团聚体增加29.5%。这与前人的研究结果基本一致。众多的研究表明了秸秆腐熟剂增产的机理正是添加了秸秆腐熟剂之后可以加速秸秆的腐解,增加土壤有机质,降低土壤容重,从而改善了土壤物理化学性质,促进了秸秆和土壤中有效养分的释放,促进作物对养分的吸收,因此作物产量得以提高。

4 结论

化肥基础上增施有机肥或配施秸秆腐熟剂均可显著增加小麦和玉米产量,其中化肥配施4 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥的FM3模式产量最高,小麦产量增幅高于玉米,施用3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥配合15 kg·hm^-2秸秆腐熟剂的FAM2模式产量略低于FM3模式。3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥配合秸秆腐熟剂模式下综合提升土壤质量效果较优。FM3模式和FAM2模式均可显著增加农民收益,推荐施用3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥结合15 kg·hm^-2秸秆腐熟剂为鲁东丘陵旱地小麦-玉米生产适宜的增产培肥技术模式。

参考文献 View Option 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子

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