秸秆还田后效对玉米氮肥利用率的影响

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邹文秀^,, 韩晓增, 陆欣春, 陈旭, 郝翔翔, 严君^,中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,哈尔滨150081

Effect of Maize Straw Return Aftereffect on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize

ZOU WenXiu^,, HAN XiaoZeng, LU XinChun, CHEN Xu, HAO XiangXiang, YAN Jun^,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081

通讯作者: 严君,Tel:0451-87061443;E-mail: yanjun@ia.ac.cn

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-02-10接受日期:2020-03-12网络出版日期:2020-10-16

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2016YFD0200309-6
国家重点研发计划.2017YFD0300605
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项.CARS04
国家自然科学基金.41771327
国家自然科学基金.41807085
国家自然科学基金.41671299
黑龙江省应用技术研究与开发计划.GY2017ZB006
黑龙江省应用技术研究与开发计划.GA19B10
中国科学院野外台站联盟项目.KFJ-SW-YW035-4

Received:2020-02-10Accepted:2020-03-12Online:2020-10-16
作者简介 About authors
邹文秀,E-mail: zouwenxiu@iga.ac.cn。

摘要
【目的】玉米秸秆还田已经成为培肥土壤的重要农艺措施之一,研究玉米秸秆还田后效对氮肥利用率的影响,旨在为提出提高氮肥利用率的秸秆还田方式提供理论依据。【方法】以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站为研究平台,以质地黏重的黑土为研究对象,运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,以2011年进行秸秆还田的田间试验为基础,于2016年开展不同秸秆还田方式后效对化肥氮利用率影响的研究。以未进行秸秆还田的处理为对照（CK）,在同等秸秆还田量下（10 000 kg·hm^-2）设置免耕秸秆覆盖（D₀）,粉碎后的秸秆均匀混于0—20 cm土层（D_0-20）、0—35 cm土层（D_0-35）和20—35 cm土层（D_20-35）,秸秆平铺于35 cm深度（D₃₅）和50 cm深度（D₅₀）7个处理。【结果】不同秸秆还田方式后效通过促进玉米干物质积累,提高玉米对氮素的吸收,增加玉米的氮素积累进而提高氮素利用率。不同处理对玉米各器官干物质积累的影响表现为D_0-35>D_20-35>D_0-20>CK≥D₀>D₃₅>D₅₀,其中D_0-35和D_20-35（秸秆深混还田后效）处理比其他处理分别显著提高了7.1%—47.7%和2.0%—39.1%（P<0.05）（叶子除外）。不同秸秆还田方式后效对玉米各器官氮含量没有显著影响（P>0.05）,但是D_0-35、D_20-35和D_0-20处理显著增加了玉米各器官氮素积累量（P<0.05）,与CK、D₀、D₃₅、D₅₀处理相比分别提高了15.8%—20.2%、8.5%—18.2%和27.9%—39.5%（P<0.05）。与其他处理相比,D_0-35和D_20-35处理玉米各器官¹⁵N累积量分别显著提高了5.1%—38.4%和9.3%—31.8%。74.1%以上的¹⁵N累积在玉米的籽粒中,不同秸秆还田方式后效没有显著影响¹⁵N在玉米各器官的分配比例,说明玉米秸秆还田后效通过促进玉米植株整体对肥料氮的吸收来提高氮肥的利用率。D_0-35处理氮肥利用率和¹⁵N肥料氮的残留率与其他处理相比分别提高了1.9—12.7个百分点和6.9—21.2个百分点,而氮肥损失率则降低了8.8—31.3个百分点;但是与CK处理相比,D₀、D₃₅和D₅₀（秸秆层铺后效）处理没有显著增加氮肥利用率,同时D₀和D₅₀处理氮素损失率提高了3.6和4.4个百分点;说明秸秆层铺后效有增加氮素损失的风险,而通过秸秆深混还田后效构建肥沃耕层是一种提高氮肥利用率的有效地途径。与CK处理相比,D_20-35、D₃₅和D₅₀处理的氮肥贡献率分别显著提高了3.74、4.26、3.79和4.51个百分点（P<0.05）,但是不同秸秆还田方式后效之间没有显著查差异（P>0.05）。Pearson相关分析结果表明秸秆还田后效通过促进玉米根系生长、增加土壤中轻组有机碳含量及改善土壤物理性质来提高氮肥利用率。【结论】对于质地黏重的黑土,可以通过增加秸秆还田混合深度,构建肥沃耕层提升土壤肥力和改善土壤结构,能够有效提高氮肥的利用率。
关键词： 玉米;秸秆还田后效;氮肥利用率;干物质积累;氮素积累

Abstract

【Objective】Maize straw return has been one of agronomic practices for improving soil fertility. The effect of straw return aftereffect on Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was considered, with the objective of suppling the theoretical guidance for proposing the straw return patterns being favorable to enhance the NUE.【Method】Based on the black soil with heavy clay content in the Hailun agro-ecosystem experimental station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the micro-plot experiment was carried out using ¹⁵N isotope techniques in 2016 under the treatment of the straw return (10 000 kg·hm^-2) only once established in 2011. Seven treatments were set up, including control without maize straw return (CK), maize straw cover (D₀), maize straw incorporated within 0-20 cm soil depth (D_0-20), 0-35 cm soil depth (D_0-35), 20-35 cm soil depth (D_20-35), respectively, as well as maize straw placed on the 35 cm depth (D₃₅) and 50 cm depth (D₅₀).【Result】The aftereffect of maize straw return increased NUE by enhancing the cumulation of dry biomass and nitrogen in maize organs. The maize dry biomass shown in the decreasing trend of D_0-35>D_20-35>D_0-20>CK≥D₀>D₃₅>D₅₀, D_0-35 and D_20-35 treatments (Maize straw incorporated within deep soil) significantly increased by 7.1%-47.7% and 2.0%-39.1% (with exception of leaf), respectively (P<0.05), compared with other treatments. The different treatments didn’t impact the nitrogen (N) contents of maize organs, but D_0-35, D_20-35 and D_0-20 treatments significantly increased the N cumulation in maize organs (P<0.05) with the increase of 15.8%-20.2%, 8.5%-18.2% and 27.9%-39.5%, respectively (P<0.05), compared with CK, D₀, D₃₅, and D₅₀. The cumulation of ¹⁵N under D_0-35and D_20-35treatments significantly increased by 5.1%-38.4% and 9.3%-31.8%, respectively, compared with other treatments. ¹⁵N of more than 74.1% were accumulated in the grain, different treatments didn’t impact the ¹⁵N distribution in maize organs, indicating that NUE was increased by improving the N uptake of whole maize. The NUE and N retention rate reached the largest value under D_0-35 with the increase of 1.9-12.7 percentage and 6.9-21.2 percentage, respectively, However, the N loss under D_0-35 reached the lowest value with the decrease of 8.8-31.3 percentage. D₀, D₃₅ and D₅₀ treatments (straw return in some soil layer) didn’t significantly increased the NUE compared with CK treatment, meanwhile the N loss was higher 3.6 and 4.4 percentages than that in CK treatment. The result indicated that straw return in some soil layer had potential risk in the increase of N loss, constructing fertile cultivated soil layer by straw incorporation within deep soil depth was effective agronomic practice with high NUE. The correlation analysis demonstrated that root biomass, light fraction organic carbon and soil physical properties contributed the increase of NUE in study site. N contribution rate was significantly higher 3.74, 4.26, 3.79 and 4.51percentages in D_20-35, D₃₅ and D₅₀ treatments than that in CK treatment, no significantly difference was observed among treatments with straw return. 【Conclusion】NUE could be increased by enhancing soil fertility and improving soil structure under maize straw incorporated within deep soil, and constructing fertile soil layer in black soil with heavy clay content.

Keywords：maize;maize straw return aftereffect;nitrogen use efficiency;dry biomass cumulation;maize straw incorporated within deep soil;nitrogen accumulation

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本文引用格式
邹文秀, 韩晓增, 陆欣春, 陈旭, 郝翔翔, 严君. 秸秆还田后效对玉米氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(20): 4237-4247 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.20.012
ZOU WenXiu, HAN XiaoZeng, LU XinChun, CHEN Xu, HAO XiangXiang, YAN Jun. Effect of Maize Straw Return Aftereffect on Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(20): 4237-4247 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.20.012

0 引言

【研究意义】氮素是玉米生长发育必需的大量营养元素,土壤能够供给玉米生长的氮素非常有限^[1],通过施肥的方式补充土壤氮素是实现玉米高产的有效措施,但是随着氮肥施用量的不断增加,导致氮肥利用率下降^[2];未被利用的氮通过淋溶、氨挥发、硝化反硝化和径流等途径^[3]进入环境,导致环境污染;仅有少部分能够残留在土壤中供给下一季作物吸收利用^[4,5]。世界范围内玉米的氮肥利用率是25%—50%^[6],平均值为33%,然而中国玉米氮肥利用率<25%,低于发达国家^[7]。所以长期以来,如何提高氮肥利用率,一直是科学家们关注的热点问题。前人已经从施肥、耕作和土壤肥力等方面,持续解析了农艺措施与氮肥利用率之间的内在关系,获得了一系列的研究结果^[8,9],然而目前我国农业生产方式发生了改变,玉米秸秆还田作为重要培肥方式,已经成为主要的农艺措施。据统计我国秸秆还田的面积已经达到了0.51亿hm^2[9],因此研究玉米秸秆还田与氮肥利用率之间关系是非常必要的。田间试验研究结果表明秸秆还田能够改善土壤物理性质和提高土壤肥力,并且具有一定的时间效应^[10],进而影响氮肥利用率。因此,探明秸秆还田后效对氮肥利用率的影响对秸秆还田方式的优化具有重大的理论意义和重要的应用价值。【前人研究进展】玉米秸秆还田方式包括直接还田和间接还田,其中直接还田有表面覆盖、与土壤混合（混合还田）和以秸秆层的形式填埋入土壤某一深度（层埋还田）^[10]。秸秆覆盖包括表覆盖免耕和覆盖条耕^[11,12],秸秆与土壤混合主要包括浅层混合（深度为0—15 cm）、深层混合（深度为0—35 cm）、亚耕层混合（20—35 cm）^[13,14,15]和翻埋还田（秸秆还到某一土层以下）^[16]。长期定位试验研究发现,秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质含量^[17],提高水稳性大团聚体含量及土壤结构的稳定性^[18,19],改善了土壤物理性质,提高了玉米的产量^[13,20]。秸秆还田后土壤中的总氨基糖增加了4.4%—8.4%^[21],过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著增加^[22]。辽宁省西部棕壤区秸秆翻埋还田研究结果表明试验2年后玉米产量增加了1.1%—11.6%,氮肥的农学利用率提高了40.9%^[23]。在半湿润易旱区免耕覆盖通过调节土壤水热变化,提高氮肥的利用率^[24]。在东北黑土区的研究发现秸秆覆盖免耕后玉米的氮肥利用率降低了16%—27%,其原因主要是秸秆覆盖降低了作物生长早期的地温和土壤中氮的有效性^[25];但是秸秆深埋还田后氮肥利用率提高了13.3%^[26]。利用¹⁵N标记示踪技术研究发现玉米秸秆还田后能够增加秸秆和根系吸收的氮素中来自于¹⁵N标记秸秆氮的比例,提高氮肥的利用率^[27]。【本研究切入点】目前关于秸秆还田对玉米氮肥利用率影响的大部分研究关注了当季秸秆还田的影响,但是对秸秆还田后效对玉米氮肥利用率影响的研究较少;同时对不同秸秆还田方式,即秸秆覆盖还田、混合还田和层埋还田对玉米氮肥利用率的影响缺乏对比研究。【拟解决的关键问题】本文采用田间定位试验,利用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术研究秸秆覆盖、混合和层埋等还田方式对¹⁵N标记氮肥利用率的影响,明确不同秸秆还田方式后效对氮肥利用率的影响及其机制,为优化秸秆还田方式和提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验设在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站内,该站位于我国典型黑土区的中部,地势平坦,属于温带大陆性季风气候区,全年平均气温1.5℃,夏季极端最高温度为37℃,冬季极端最低温度为-39.5℃;近50年平均降水量为550 mm,主要集中在7—9月份;年均>10℃有效积温2 450℃,年均日照时数约为2 700 h,无霜期为125 d。土壤按发生分类属于中厚层黑土类型,质地为黏壤土,是在第四纪黄土状母质上发育起来的地带性土壤,土壤物理性黏粒含量>40%,黑土层（A）较厚,在50 cm以上,过渡层（AB）>60 cm,无碳酸盐反应,地下水埋深在20—30 m。

1.2 试验设计

本试验设置于2011年5月,共包括7个处理。（1）对照,农民常规耕作（CK）;（2）免耕秸秆均匀覆盖（D₀）;（3）粉碎后的秸秆均匀混于0—20 cm土层（D_0-20）;（4）粉碎后的秸秆均匀深混于0—35 cm土层（D_0-35）;（5）将0—20 cm土层剥开,秸秆均匀混于20—35 cm土层,然后将0—20 cm土层回填（D_20-35）;（6）将0—20 cm和20—35 cm土层分层剥开,在35 cm深处集中深埋,形成秸秆层,然后分层回填（D₃₅）;（7）将0—20 cm、20—35 cm和35—50 cm土层分层剥开,在50 cm处集中深埋,形成秸秆层,然后分层回填（D₅₀）,所有秸秆还田小区仅在2011年进行了一次秸秆还田操作,秸秆还田量为10 000 kg?hm^-2。小区面积1.4 m²（长1.0 m,宽1.4 m）,4次重复,随机区组排列。2016年在秸秆短期还田后效的试验小区内进行¹⁵N标记同位素示踪研究。2011年试验开始前土壤基本化学性质为有机质含量45.4 g?kg^-1, 全氮2.1 g?kg^-1,全磷0.8 g?kg^-1,全钾24.5 g?kg^-1,速效氮236.0 mg?kg^-1,速效磷18.2 mg?kg^-1,速效钾219.0 mg?kg^-1,pH 6.3。玉米品种为德美亚3号,氮肥¹⁵N 标记尿素含N 46%,丰度为10.17%（上海化工研究院）,磷肥为磷酸二氢钾（KH₂PO₅）,含磷23.3%,含钾28.6%。

1.3 试验方法

2016年春季播种前在试验小区中间的垄上插入一个高50 cm、半径20 cm PVC桶,PVC桶露出地面5 cm,插入地下45 cm。5月2日在每个桶内播种3株玉米,出苗后留1株壮苗。每桶施用氮肥1.88 g（¹⁵N标记的尿素）,磷酸二氢钾（化学试剂纯级别）1.60 g,30%的氮肥与全部磷酸二氢钾在播种时作为基肥施用,剩下70%的氮肥在玉米9叶期作为追肥施用。9月29日收获时,按照根、茎（包括雄穗）、叶（包括包皮）、轴和籽粒分开,然后在鼓风烘箱内105℃下杀青30 min,80℃烘干至恒重,冷却至室温后分别测定各部位干物质重量,然后用样品粉碎机磨碎后过0.5 mm筛,备用。

1.4 样品分析

植株各器官全氮含量采用开氏定氮仪测定（FOSS Kjeltec 8400）。¹⁵N丰度采用FLASHEA-DELTA V联用仪/Flash-2000 Delta V ADVADTAGE/S-090433型同位素质谱仪检测。土壤轻组有机碳、容重、田间持水量和饱和持水量的分析方法见参考文献[28,29]。

1.5 计算方法

植株吸收肥料氮量占植株总氮量百分率Ndff=植株样品中¹⁵N原子百分超/标记肥料中¹⁵N原子百分超×100%;

植株氮素来自¹⁵N肥料氮的量=玉米植株吸氮量×Ndff;

¹⁵N标记肥料氮的利用率（%）=植株氮素来自¹⁵N肥料氮的量/¹⁵N肥料氮施用总量×100;

土壤Ndff =土壤样品中¹⁵N原子百分超/肥料中¹⁵N原子百分超×100;

¹⁵N肥料氮的土壤残留量=土壤干重×土壤全N%×土壤Ndff;

0—35 cm土层¹⁵N肥料氮的残留率（%）=¹⁵N肥料氮的土壤残留量/¹⁵N肥料氮施用总量×100;

¹⁵N肥料氮的贡献率（%）=植株吸收¹⁵N肥料氮的量/玉米植株吸氮总量×100;

¹⁵N肥料氮的损失率（%）=100-¹⁵N标记肥料氮的利用率（%）-土壤中¹⁵N标记肥料氮残留率（%）（0—35 cm土层）。

1.6 数据处理与分析

所有数据采用SPSS17.0进行单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）,分析秸秆还田后效对玉米干物质积累、氮素积累和氮肥利用率等的影响,多重比较采用Duncan法（P=0.05）,平均值在P<0.05水平下的任何差异具有统计学意义。采用SPSS17.0进行玉米氮肥利用率与土壤理化性质的Pearson相关性分析。

2 结果

2.1 秸秆还田后效对玉米干物质积累的影响

秸秆还田后效显著影响了成熟期玉米植株各器官干物质积累（表1）（P<0.05）。除了叶以外,D_0-35和D_20-35处理玉米各器官干物质量显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）;D₅₀处理各器官干物质积累量最小,与秸秆混合施用处理（D_0-20、D_0-35和D_20-35）和CK对照各器官干物质积累量差异达到了显著水平（P<0.05）;不同处理干物质总量表现为D_0-35>D_20-35>D_0-20>CK≥D₀>D₃₅>D₅₀,整体上表现为秸秆混合还田后效促进了玉米的干物质积累。各处理籽粒占总干物质积累量的40.5%—41.8%,是积累量最大的器官;其次是叶和茎,其占总干物质积累量的比例分别为17.3%—18.8%和16.9%—18.8%,玉米轴所占比例最小为9.9%—10.4%;根系占干物质总量的比例相对较小。秸秆还田后效显著影响了根系的干物质积累（P<0.05）,秸秆深混处理（D_0-35和D_20-35）促进了玉米根系的发育,同时玉米植株的地上部生物量和籽粒也相对较高,说明秸秆混合还田能够协同促进玉米植株营养生长和生殖生长,达到高效的“库”“源”转换。

2.2 秸秆还田后效对玉米植株各器官吸收¹⁵N化肥的影响

虽然秸秆还田后效显著影响了玉米各器官的干物质积累（表1）,但是对玉米各器官氮含量没有显著的影响（P>0.05）（表2）,说明了在氮肥施用量和施用方式相同的情况下,不同秸秆还田方式后效并不能改变氮在玉米各器官中的含量。秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官氮素积累总量表现为D_0-35≥D_20-35≥D_0-20>D₀≥CK≥D₃₅>D₅₀（表3）,其中秸秆混合还田处理（D_0-35、D_20-35和D_0-20）与CK、覆盖还田（D₀）和层铺还田（D₃₅和D₅₀）的差异达到了显著水平（P<0.05）。与其他处理相比,D_0-35提高了成熟期各器官氮素积累量（除了根以外）,其中籽粒、茎和轴氮素积累量差异达到了显著水平（P<0.05）,说明秸秆深混还田能够通过促进植株的生长,进而增加氮素积累量。

Table 1
表1
表1秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官干物质积累量的影响
Table 1Dry biomass accumulation of maize under straw return aftereffect (g/plant)

处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	根 Root	茎 Steam	叶 Leaf	轴 Cob	总量 Total biomass
CK	129.6±3.5 d	39.1±2.7 d	55.7±1.8 c	54.5±2.9 d	31.1±1.3 d	310.0±4.9 d
D₀	127.7±5.7 d	31.8±2.9 e	57.7±0.7 c	57.6±1.9 c	31.8±0.9 d	306.6±8.2 d
D_0-20	139.1±2.2 c	41.6±1.9 c	62.1±0.6 b	63.8±0.9 b	34.0±0.4 c	340.5±4.0 c
D_0-35	156.9±3.7 a	46.2±2.9 ab	66.5±2.2 a	66.9±1.9 a	37.7±0.6 a	374.1±4.3 a
D_20-35	147.8±1.8 b	50.9±4.3 a	63.4±3.7 b	62.4±2.9 b	35.7±0.8 b	360.1±5.4 b
D₃₅	114.2±1.8 e	42.7±5.4 c	47.9±1.6 d	48.9±1.9 e	28.5±1.2 e	282.3±5.5 e
D₅₀	106.2±1.7 f	32.5±1.7 de	45.5±0.9 d	45.1±1.1 f	26.1±1.3 f	255.3±2.2 f

同一列数据后的不同小写字母代表差异显著（P<0.05）。下同
Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference for the results in the same column (P<0.05). The same as below

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Table 2
表2
表2秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官全氮含量的影响
Table 2Nitrogen contents in different organs of maize under different straw return aftereffect

处理 Treatment	全氮含量The contents of total nitrogen (g?kg^-1)
处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	根 Root	茎 Steam	叶 Leaf	轴 Cob
CK	12.1±0.78 a	3.2±0.25 a	1.7±0.04 a	3.5±0.06 a	3.4±0.07 a
D₀	12.2±1.12 a	3.5±0.46 a	1.8±0.05 a	3.5±0.05 a	3.6±0.26 a
D_0-20	12.4±0.28 a	3.3±0.35 a	1.8±0.03 a	3.6±0.03 a	3.6±0.02 a
D_0-35	12.6±0.97 a	3.3±0.11 a	1.8±0.05 a	3.5±0.09 a	3.5±0.04 a
D_20-35	12.4±1.33 a	3.2±0.36 a	1.8±0.06 a	3.5±0.03 a	3.5±0.06 a
D₃₅	13.0±1.93 a	3.1±0.31 a	1.8±0.03 a	3.5±0.04 a	3.5±0.06 a
D₅₀	12.6±0.23 a	3.1±0.16 a	1.8±0.06 a	3.5±0.03 a	3.5±0.01 a

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Table 3
表3
表3秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官氮素累积量的影响
Table 3Nitrogen accumulation in different organs of maize under different straw return aftereffect

处理 Treatment	氮素累积量Nitrogen accumulation (mg/plant)
处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	根 Root	茎 Steam	叶 Leaf	轴 Cob	总量 Total
CK	1568.2±139.0 cd	125.7±17.4 bc	96.0±4.4 b	189.0±9.7 b	106. 9±3.0 d	2085.7±135.1 c
D₀	1558.4 ±179.1 cd	135.1±16.2 ab	101.0±3.3 b	199.3±8.0 b	114.1±9.3 cd	2107.9 ±166.1 c
D_0-20	1722.2±64.7 bc	137.0±10.9 ab	108.8±1.5 a	228.7 ±17.4 a	117.8±1.5 bc	2314.5±39.8 b
D_0-35	1975.8±136.1 a	150.1±12.9 ab	116.0±5.2 a	234.4±12.6 a	129.8±3.1 a	2606.1±135.7 a
D_20-35	1828.0±180.4 ab	162.1±29.2 a	111.6±9.6 a	218.2±11.6 a	123. 7±3.5 ab	2443.5±171.5 ab
D₃₅	1487.9±209.5 d	134.3±20.9 ab	84.3±4.0 c	169.5±5.2 c	98.4±5.6 e	1974.3±199.0 c
D₅₀	1335.8±29.2 d	99.8±6.3 c	80.1±2.7 c	156.1±4.3 c	89.9±4.7 f	1761.6±25.6 d

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2.3 秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官¹⁵N积累量及分配率的影响

D_0-35和D_20-35处理下玉米各器官¹⁵N累积量显著高于其他处理（根除外）（P<0.05）,与其他处理相比,分别提高5.1%—38.4%和9.3%—31.8%（表4）。从玉米各器官¹⁵N积累量占植株¹⁵N积累总量的比例可以得出,74.1%以上的¹⁵N累积在籽粒中,8.1%—9.3%的¹⁵N累积在叶中,剩余的5.9%—7.8%、2.5%—3.8%和3.8%—6.5%分别分配在轴、茎和根,不同处理间没有显著性差异,说明玉米秸秆还田对氮肥利用的影响是促进了玉米植株整体对肥料氮的吸收。

Table 4
表4
表4秸秆还田后效对玉米各器官¹⁵N积累量及分配率的影响
Table 4¹⁵N accumulation and distribution in different organs of maize under straw return aftereffect

处理 Treatment	累积量 Accumulation (mg/plant)					比例 Proportion (%)
处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	根 Root	茎 Steam	叶 Leaf	轴 Cob	籽粒 Grain	根 Root	茎 Steam	叶 Leaf	轴 Cob
CK	408.8±29.4 d	20.6±0.9 b	18.8±0.9 b	45.2±1.6 d	37.7±1.2 cd	77.0	3.8	3.6	8.5	7.1
D₀	438.8±34.1 cd	37.3±9.9 a	14.8±1.6 c	47.0±1.5 cd	39.8±3.3 c	76.0	6.5	2.5	8.1	6.9
D_0-20	491.3±22.4 bc	33.0±2.9 a	16.8±1.3 bc	57.7±4.8 bc	45.8±1.2 b	76.2	5.1	2.6	9.0	7.1
D_0-35	564.0±14.9 a	38.1±0.9 a	28.2±1.7 a	70.8±7.2 a	59.3±2.2 a	74.2	5.0	3.7	9.3	7.8
D_20-35	537.1±18.8 ab	36.4±2.5 a	27.4±2.4 a	68.1±9.5 ab	56.4±1.2 a	74.1	5.0	3.8	9.3	7.8
D₃₅	451.7±16.1 cd	21.7±0.8 b	19.5±0.8 b	47.5±1.3 cd	33.9±0.8 de	78.7	3.8	3.4	8.1	5.9
D₅₀	407.5±19.6 d	20.4±0.9 b	18.0±0.9 bc	44.3±0.7 d	318.0±0.4 e	78.1	3.9	3.5	8.4	6.1

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2.4 秸秆还田后效对肥料氮利用率、贡献率、残留率和损失率的影响

不同秸秆还田方式后效均提高了玉米的氮肥利用率（表5）,CK与D_0-20、D_0-35和D_20-35的差异到达了显著水平（P<0.05）;CK、D₀、D₃₅和D₅₀处理间没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。D_0-35和D_20-35处理的玉米氮肥利用率显著高于D_0-20处理（P<0.05）,分别提高了6.2和4.3个百分点,说明秸秆深混和亚耕层混合施用是一种有效提高氮肥利用率的途径。土壤残留的化肥氮能够为下一季作物生长提供氮源,D_0-35和D_20-35处理显著提高了¹⁵N肥料氮的残留率,与其他处理相比分别提高了14.7—21.2个百分点和8.0—14.3个百分点。¹⁵N肥料氮损失率最高的处理是D₀和D₅₀处理,显著高于秸秆混合还田的3个处理（P<0.05）;D_0-20、D_0-35和D_20-35之间差异显著（P<0.05）,其中D_0-35的¹⁵N肥料氮损失率最低为10.6%;D₀、D₃₅和D₅₀与CK之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）。与CK相比,D_0-35、D_20-35、D₃₅和D₅₀处理¹⁵N肥料氮贡献率分别显著提高了3.7、4.3、3.8和4.5个百分点（P<0.05）;不同处理之间没有显著查差异（P>0.05）。

Table 5
表5
表5秸秆还田后效对玉米植株¹⁵N利用率的影响
Table 5Nitrogen use efficiency of maize under different straw return aftereffect (%)

处理 Treatment	氮肥利用率 N use efficiency	氮素残留率 N retention rate	氮素损失率 N loss	氮肥贡献率 N contribution rate
CK	28.3±1.7 c	34.2±4.5 bc	37.5±5.4 ab	25.5±1.2 b
D₀	30.3±2.3 c	27.8±3.6 c	41.9±3.9 a	27.0±1.4 ab
D_0-20	34.3±1.0 b	33.6±3.6 bc	32.1±3.3 b	27.8±0. 6 ab
D_0-35	40.5±1.2 a	48.9±2.1 a	10.6±1.1 d	29.2±1.7 a
D_20-35	38.6±1.8 a	42.0±4.1 a	19.4±2.1 c	29.8±1.6 a
D₃₅	30.5±1.0 c	34.0±8.5 bc	35.4±4.3 ab	29.8±2.7 a
D₅₀	27.8±1.0 c	31.1±5.2 c	41.2±5.9 a	29.6±1.0 a

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2.5 氮肥利用率与土壤理化性质之间的关系

大量的研究已经证明秸秆还田能够影响土壤理化指标^[28,29]。本研究中在测定了不同处理土壤轻组有机碳、>0.25 mm团聚体、容重、持水量后,分析了氮肥利用率与氮肥贡献率和土壤上述指标之间的相关性（表6）。氮肥利用率和氮肥贡献率与土壤轻组有机碳、>0.25 mm团聚体含量、饱和含水量和田间持水量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）;同时根重也是影响氮肥利用率和氮肥贡献率的重要因素。

Table 6
表6
表6玉米氮肥利用率与土壤理化性质的相关性分析
Table 6The relationship between N use efficiency and selected soil properties

项目 Items	根重 Root biomass	轻组有机碳 Light fraction organic carbon	>0.25 mm团聚体 >0.25 mm aggregate	容重 Bulk density	饱和含水量 Saturated water capacity	田间持水量 Field water capacity
氮肥利用率 N use efficiency	0.72**	0.98**	0.99**	-0.85**	0.96**	0.97**
氮肥贡献率 N contribution rate	0.41*	0.75*	0.77**	-0.70**	0.74**	0.76**

*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上显著相关
* and** represent significant correlation at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively

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3 讨论

秸秆还田通过影响土壤肥力进而调控作物的生长^[13,20]。定位试验研究表明秸秆深混还田对0—35 cm土层的土壤容重、轻组有机碳和氮、磷、钾含量的影响可以延续到6年^[30],证明秸秆还田对土壤的物理化学性质具有明显的后效。但是不同秸秆还田方式后效对土壤性质的影响存在一定的差异^[20,31]。对于黏粒含量较高的土壤,秸秆深混还田后在微生物的分解过程中显著改善了深层土体的肥力属性^[29],其产生的后效能够促进作物前期生长发育,提高作物对氮肥的利用率。秸秆深混合能够使秸秆尽可能均匀地分布在土壤中,从而增加土壤微生物与秸秆的接触面积,进而促进秸秆分解释放养分进入土壤供给作物吸收利用^[29],同时秸秆还田还能刺激微生物分泌参与土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关的水解酶,随着秸秆腐解,提高了土壤中养分含量,进而促进作物的生长^[31]。郑金玉等研究表明秸秆深混还田能够增加玉米单株叶面积,提高干物质积累^[32],免耕显著减低了成熟期玉米地上部的干物质量^[33]。本研究中与农民常规耕作方式相比,秸秆混合还田后效增加了玉米的干物质积累（表1）,其中秸秆深混还田和亚耕层混还田后效效果最佳,而秸秆覆盖和层施的后效则限制了玉米干物质的积累。秸秆混合还田和35 cm土层平铺秸秆处理的根系生物量显著高于其他处理（表1）,其原因在于秸秆还田后在微生物的作用下能够向土壤中释放速效养分供作物根系吸收利用,进而影响作物根系的生长^[34]。同时说明当秸秆还田深度≤35 cm时能够影响玉米根系的生长（无论平铺和还是深混）,但是当秸秆深铺在土层50 cm处时则对玉米根系的生长没有促进作用。D_0-35和D_20-35的根系生物量比D₂₀处理分别增加了11.0%和22.3%,主要是由于在秸秆深混和亚耕层混施过程中能够通过打破犁底层,减小耕作层的贯穿阻力,增加深层土壤孔隙度,促进作物根系垂直下扎生长^[35,36]。隋鹏祥等研究表明与旋耕相比,翻耕能够增加土壤中的根长密度、根表面积和根干重密度,秸秆还田的根干重密度增加了20.6%^[14]。免耕秸秆覆盖由于土壤自然沉降和农机具压实双重作用导致土壤压实,增加了土壤容重和紧实度,减小了土壤孔隙,从而增加了土壤机械组力,限制根系生长^[37,38,39]。

在相同氮肥施用量的情况下,不同秸秆还田方式的后效没有显著影响玉米各器官的全氮含量（表2）,但是通过影响干物质积累进而影响了氮素积累量（表3）。DUAN等统计分析了来自于北京昌平、湖南祁阳、河南郑州和陕西杨凌4个试验点的相同氮肥施用情况下不同有机肥处理对玉米全氮含量的影响,结果表明有机肥的施用没有显著影响玉米的全氮含量,而氮素的累积量主要受干物质积累量影响^[33]。秸秆施用后通过在作物生长季养分缓慢释放和供给产生后效,增加作物对氮肥的吸收,提高玉米产量和土壤肥力^[40]。GENG等研究表明秸秆还田显著增加了玉米不同生育时期的物质积累,相应的增加了玉米植株中的氮的累积^[41]。有机物料的投入通过改善土壤结构来影响作物根系的生长和分布^[42],进而影响作物对氮肥的吸收,单施化肥玉米的氮肥吸收量是1.3 g/株,而化肥有机肥配施处理玉米的氮肥吸收量是2.4 g/株^[43]。本研究得到了相似的结果,秸秆混合还田（D_0-35和D_20-35）后效增加了根系的生物量,促进了根系对土壤中氮的吸收,进而植株氮累积量显著高于其他处理。而免耕处理由于限制了作物根系的生长,进而限制了对氮素的吸收^[38],导致对氮的累积与对照之间没有显著差异。秸秆在35 cm土层处层施,与农民常规相比显著增加了根系的生物量,但是并没有增加干物质积累,导致氮的累积量偏低;秸秆在50 cm土层处层施处理氮的累积量最小,主要是由于玉米生长前期根系主要分布在0—35 cm土层,秸秆层铺在50 cm对作物前期生长没有起到直接的调控作用,在作物生长后期还增加了氮素淋溶的风险,降低了植物对氮素的累积量^[44]。前人研究已经表明有机物料的施用能够增加土壤中粘粒和团聚体含量,进而增加土壤中的阳离子交换量和NO₃^--N的固定,减少了NO₃^--N淋溶的风险,同时有机物料的施用通过促进根系的生长进而增加了根系对NO₃^--N的吸收^[44,45]。

化肥施用以后在土壤中进行转化、迁移并被作物吸收利用,土壤肥力和障碍因子通过影响土壤蓄纳和稳定养分的能力,微生物活性和根系生长,进而影响土壤-植物系统中的化肥的高效循环利用^[46]。长期的不合理耕作和大量化肥投入导致黑土土壤结构破坏、耕作层变薄^[47],降低了土壤的养分库容,抑制作物根系对养分的吸收利用,降低化肥的利用率。本研究利用¹⁵N同位示踪技术研究发现常规耕作方式氮肥利用率显著低于秸秆混合还田产生后效的处理（D_0-20、D_0-35和D_20-35）。表6显示氮肥的利用率与土壤中轻组有机碳、>0.25 mm团聚体、持水量呈显著正相关关系,与容重呈负相关关系,说明秸秆还田后通过改善土壤理化性质,维持和提高土壤的肥力^[48],向作物供给更多的养分^[44],同时减少氮的损失^[45]来提高氮肥利用率。王振华等研究表明,秸秆还田后玉米氮肥表观利用率比单施化肥提高4.3%^[49]。秸秆深混入0—35 cm和混入亚耕层20—35 cm比秸秆浅混入0—20 cm氮肥利用率显著提高了6.2和4.3个百分点,说明增加培肥的土层深度能够进一步提高氮肥利用率,证明在土壤培肥过程中构建肥沃耕层的重要性。通过构建肥沃耕层能够增加深层土壤的速效养分含量,促进养分在深层土壤的积累^[29],更重要的是肥沃耕层构后能够显著改善土壤的结构,特别是增加亚耕层中土壤孔隙度和水稳性团聚体等含量,有利于根系下扎^[13],使玉米后期生长能够保持较高的根系活力,从而维持较高的氮素吸收能力。本研究表明秸秆深混还田后效构建的肥沃耕层可以促进玉米对土壤中氮素的吸收利用（表2和3）,进而提高氮肥利用率。值得注意的是,本研究证明了秸秆还田6年的后效对氮肥利用率具有明显的促进作用而秸秆层铺于土层35和50 cm与农民常规相比没有显著的差异,主要是因为层铺秸秆即没有增加耕作层深度,也没有改善耕作层的土壤结构,对玉米根系生长没有显著的促进作用。在东北黑土区免耕秸秆覆盖由于降低春季的土壤温度,导致玉米生育期迟缓,籽粒灌浆收到影响,进而降低产量^[25];同时由于免耕秸秆覆盖增加了土壤容重,增加了土壤紧实度^[37],限制了玉米根系的生长^[50],而影响对土壤中氮素的吸收^[51],导致氮肥利用率较低。因此,通过秸秆深混还田构建肥沃耕层的方法培育和提升耕地地力有望成为长期稳定提高化肥利用率、实现藏肥于土与耕地大面积均衡减肥的根本途径。

4 结论

秸秆还田后效能够影响玉米生长及对化肥氮的吸收与利用。不同秸秆还田方式后效对玉米生物量和各器官氮素积累总量表现为秸秆混合还田>秸秆表层覆盖>秸秆层铺,其中秸秆深混还田效果最佳。D_0-35和D_20-35处理促进了玉米各器官¹⁵N的积累,但是不同处理对¹⁵N在玉米各器官的分配没有影响。与常规耕作相比,秸秆深层和亚耕层混合的后效显著提高了玉米的氮素利用率和¹⁵N肥料氮的残留率,而降低了¹⁵N肥料氮的损失率。相关性分析表明秸秆还田后效通过促进作物根系生长、增加土壤的轻组有机碳和改善物理性质进而提高氮肥利用率。因此,对于质地黏重的黑土,通过增加秸秆还田混合深度,构建肥沃耕层培育和提升耕地地力,能够有效提高氮肥的利用率。

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[17]

DING X

, YUAN Y

, LIANG

, LI L J

, HAN X

. Impact of long-term application of manure, crop residue, and mineral fertilizer on organic carbon pools and crop yields in a Mollisol
Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2014,14:854-859.

DOI:10.1007/s11368-013-0840-x URL [本文引用: 1]

Purpose While the influence of integrated fertility management systems on yield and N cycling in Mollisols is documented, its effect on soil C sequestration remains to be determined. We examined the response of organic C pools and crop yields to 21 years' organic amendments applied at relatively low rates in a high-C Mollisol to optimize win-win management practices that balance agronomic and environmental interests.
Materials and methods This study was based on five treatments: CK (unfertilized control), NPK (chemical fertilizer alone), NPKS1 (NPK plus crop residues), NPKS2 (NPK plus double amounts of crop residues), and NPKM (NPK plus pig manure). Crop yield was determined by harvesting a defined area. Organic C was quantified by dry combustion. A two-step acid hydrolysis technique was used to quantify hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable C fractions.
Results and discussion All organic-treated plots produced significantly higher crop yields than the NPK plots, but only the manure treatment resulted in a significant increase in SOC compared with the NPK treatment after 21 years of experiment. It seems that the effects of organic amendments on SOC depend primarily on the type of organic materials when the application rates were relatively low. This indicated that organic amendments offer relatively short-term soil benefits for plant growth. The pig manure builds SOC over the long term, which provides secondary benefits while also sequestering C.
Conclusions Overall, manure integrated with mineral fertilizer should be recommended to maintain the SOC content and increase crop yield in the Mollisols.

[18]

DING X

, LIANG

, ZHANG

, YUAN Y

, HAN X

. Higher rates of manure application lead to greater accumulation of both fungal and bacterial residues in macroaggregates of a clay soil
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2015,84:137-146.

DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.015 URL [本文引用: 1]

[19]

梁尧, 韩晓增, 宋春, 李海波. 不同有机物料还田对东北黑土活性有机碳的影响
中国农业科学, 2011,44(17):3536-3574.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.17.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】明确氮肥和多效唑对小麦茎秆木质素含量的影响，探讨氮肥和多效唑调节茎秆抗倒伏能力的机制。【方法】以小麦品种烟农21和藁城8901为材料，通过田间试验和室内分析，研究氮肥和多效唑对小麦不同时期茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数、木质素含量的影响以及木质素合成相关酶的活性变化。【结果】同品种条件下，与低施氮（225 kg•hm-2）处理相比，高施氮（300 kg•hm-2）处理降低了茎秆苯丙氨酸转氨酶（PAL）、酪氨酸解氨酶（TAL）、肉桂醇脱氢酶（CAD）和4-香豆酸:CoA连接酶（4CL）的活性，茎秆木质素含量、抗折力和抗倒伏指数降低。而喷施多效唑显著提高茎秆PAL、TAL和CAD的活性，木质素含量、茎秆抗折力和抗倒伏指数提高，倒伏面积和倒伏程度降低。相关分析表明，茎秆抗倒伏指数与木质素含量呈显著正相关（r=0.61，P＜0.05）；木质素含量与PAL、TAL和CAD酶活性呈显著正相关，与4CL酶活性相关不显著。【结论】高施氮量处理降低了茎秆木质素合成相关酶的活性和木质素含量，茎秆抗倒伏能力降低。而施用多效唑显著提高茎秆木质素合成相关酶的活性和木质素含量，进而增强了茎秆抗倒伏能力。

LIANG

, HAN X

, SONG

, LI H

. Impacts of returning organic materials on soil labile organic carbon fractions redistribution of mollisol in northeast china
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011,44(17):3536-3574. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.17.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

JIANG

, HAN X

, ZOU W

, HAO

, ZHAGN

. Seasonal and long-term changes in soil physical properties and organic carbon fractions as affected by manure application rates in the Mollisol region of Northeast China
Agricultural, Ecosystems and Environment, 2018,268:133-143.

DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2018.09.007 URL [本文引用: 3]

[21]

DING X

, HAN,

X Z

, ZHANG X

. Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2013,49:949-954.

DOI:10.1007/s00374-012-0768-0 URL [本文引用: 1]

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS1, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS2, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4-8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P < 0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.

[22]

矫丽娜, 李志洪, 殷程程, 王晓飞, 辛士颖, 于磊. 高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响
土壤学报, 2015,52(3):665-673.

[本文引用: 1]

JIAO L

, LI Z

, YIN C

, WANG X

, XIN S

, YU

. Effect of incorporation of crop straw on composition of soil organic matter and enzyme activity in black soil relative to depth and rate of the incorporation
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2015,52(3):665-673. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

白伟, 张立祯, 逄焕成, 牛世伟, 蔡倩, 孙占祥, 安景文. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米水氮利用效率的影响
华北农学报, 2018,33(2):224-231.

[本文引用: 1]

BAI

, ZHANG L

, PANG H

, NIU S

, CAI

, SUN Z

, AN J

. Effects of straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer on water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in Northeast China
Acta Agricultural Boreal-Sinica, 2018,33(2):224-231. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

田肖肖, 吕慎强, 张亮, 李娜, 孙晓, 景建元, 王林权, 李厚华. 免耕覆盖有效提高夏玉米产量及水氮利用效率
植物营养与肥料学报, 2017,23(3):606-614.

[本文引用: 1]

TIAN X

, Lü S

, ZHANG

, LI

, SUN

, JING J

, WANG L

, LI H

. No-tillage with straw mulching could increase grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of summer maize
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017,23(3):606-614. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[25]

LU X

, LI Z

, SUN Z H,

B Q G

. Straw mulching reduces maize yield, water, and nitrogen use in Northeast China
Agronomy Journal, 2015,107(1):406-414.

DOI:10.2134/agronj14.0454 URL [本文引用: 2]

[26]

周珂, 王晓军, 李华芝, 徐欣, 高洪生, 焦晓光. 秸秆深埋条件下不同施氮水平对玉米产量和氮吸收利用的影响
中国农学通报, 2019,35(33):6-11.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU

, WANG X

, LI H

, XU

, GAO H

, JIAO X

. The effects of different nitrogen application levels on maize yield and the absorption and utilization of nitrogen under straw deep burial
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019,35(33):6-11. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[27]

丁文成, 李书田, 黄绍敏. 氮肥管理和秸秆腐熟剂对¹⁵N标记玉米秸秆氮有效性与去向的影响
中国农业科学, 2016,49(14):2725-2736.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】研究氮肥用量、有机无机配合和添加秸秆腐熟剂对秸秆氮当季有效性、后效及去向的影响,为秸秆还田条件下的氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,采用盆栽试验连续种植一季冬小麦和两茬玉米,研究¹⁵N标记玉米秸秆（¹⁵N-秸秆）氮的生物有效性和对土壤氮库的贡献。试验推荐施氮量210 kg N·hm^-2,约0.1 g N·kg^-1土,秸秆粉碎后按3.0 g·kg^-1土掺入每盆中。设4个氮水平：不施氮；100%化肥氮；80%化肥氮；有机无机配施（80%化肥氮+20%腐熟猪粪氮）。各施氮水平下设添加和不添加秸秆腐熟剂2种情况,腐熟剂用量为0.1 g·kg^-1土。【结果】冬小麦吸氮量来自¹⁵N-秸秆氮的比例（%Ndfs）为6.30%—14.25%,施氮比不施氮减少%Ndfs,有机无机配施比单施氮肥提高%Ndfs,添加腐熟剂不影响冬小麦的%Ndfs。第一茬和第二茬玉米吸收氮的%Ndfs分别为1.13%—3.73%和1.67%—5.97%,不施氮高于施氮处理,施氮处理间无显著差异,添加腐熟剂降低%Ndfs。冬小麦对¹⁵N-秸秆氮的当季利用率为7.14%—10.32%,第一茬玉米和第二茬玉米对残留¹⁵N-秸秆的利用率分别为3.75%—5.51%和2.28%—3.18%。三茬后作物对¹⁵N-秸秆氮的利用率为13.13%—18.60%,土壤残留率55.63%—69.16%,损失率17.26%—26.09%。三茬中施氮比不施氮提高¹⁵N-秸秆氮的利用率,不同氮肥管理不影响当季利用率和第二茬后效,氮肥减量（80%推荐氮）降低¹⁵N-秸秆氮第一茬后效和总利用率,但若配施有机肥则提高利用率。添加腐熟剂提高¹⁵N-秸秆氮当季、第一茬玉米和三茬总利用率,降残留率和损失率。冬小麦和两茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮和微生物量氮含量变化较大,但其来源于¹⁵N-秸秆氮的比例都小于3%,施氮处理的影响不明显,而添加腐熟剂增加冬小麦和第一茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮%Ndfs,减少土壤微生物量氮%Ndfs,不影响第二茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮和微生物量氮%Ndfs。三茬收获后残留的¹⁵N-秸秆氮中矿质氮和微生物量氮也小于3%,说明残留在土壤中的¹⁵N-秸秆氮主要以有机态氮存在。【结论】在秸秆还田条件下,采用化肥氮与有机肥氮配施并结合施用秸秆腐熟剂是提高秸秆氮素转化和有效性的有效措施。

DING W

, LI S

, HUANG S

. Bioavailability and fate of nitrogen from ¹⁵N-labeled corn straw as affected by nitrogen management and straw microbial inoculants
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(14):2725-2736. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

韩晓增, 邹文秀, 陆欣春, 丁素荣, 尤孟阳, 严君, 陈旭, 周学超. 利用牛粪和黑土构建肥沃耕层对沙性土壤有机质及养分含量的短期影响
2018,7(4):456-464.

[本文引用: 2]

HAN X

, ZOU W

, LU X

, DING S

, YOU M

, YAN

, CHEN

, ZHOU X

. The contents of soil organic matter and nutrients as impacted by constructing fertile cultivated layers of sandy soil using cow dung and black soil in a short term experiment
Soils and Crops, 2018,7(4):456-464. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[29]

邹文秀, 韩晓增, 陆欣春, 陈旭, 郝翔翔. 玉米秸秆混合还田深度对土壤有机质及养分含量的影响
土壤与作物, 2018,7(2):139-147.

[本文引用: 5]

ZOU W

, HAN X

, LU X

, CHEN

, HAO X

. Responses of soil organic matter and nutrients contents to corn stalk incorporated into different soil depths
Soil and Crops, 2018,7(2):139-147. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 5]

[30]

邹文秀, 韩晓增, 陆欣春, 郝翔翔, 尤孟阳, 张一鹤. 施入不同土层的秸秆腐殖化特征及对玉米产量的影响
应用生态学报, 2017,28(2):563-570.

[本文引用: 1]

ZOU W

, HAN X

, LU X

, HAO X

, YOU M

, ZHANG Y

. Effects of straw incorporated to different locations in soil profile on straw humification coefficient and maize yield
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017,28(2):563-570. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

许国伟, 李帅, 赵永芳, 陈明灿, 李友军. 秸秆还田与施氮对水稻根系分泌物及氮素利用的影响研究
草业学报, 2014,23(2):140-160.

DOI:10.11686/cyxb20140217 URL [本文引用: 2]

秸秆还田及适宜的施氮水平,对于提高资源的利用效率及减少环境污染有着重要的意义,本研究以徐稻3号为材料,在盆栽条件下设置3种氮肥水平与2种秸秆处理,研究了秸秆与氮肥处理下水稻根际分泌特性的差异及其与养分吸收利用的关系。结果表明,在同一秸秆处理下,中氮(NN)增加结实期氮素的累积,提高氮(N)素的吸收利用率,同时,NN处理下根系分泌物中苹果酸、琥珀酸、有机酸总量、氨基酸的含量及根系活性上升。在同一氮肥处理下,秸秆还田提高N素吸收累积,增加根系分泌物中苹果酸、琥珀酸及草酸的含量,降低柠檬酸的含量,根系分泌物中有机酸总量、氨基酸含量及根系活性在秸秆还田后明显上升。相关分析表明,结实期根系分泌物中有机酸总量、苹果酸、琥珀酸、氨基酸的含量以及根系活性与氮素累积量及氮素吸收利用率呈显著或极显著的正相关。

XU G

, LI

, ZHAO Y

, CHEN M

, LI Y

. Effect of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application root secretion and nitrogen utilization of rice
Acta prataculturae Sinica, 2014,23(2):140-160. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11686/cyxb20140217 URL [本文引用: 2]

郑金玉, 刘武仁, 罗洋, 郑洪兵, 李瑞平. 秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及产量的影响
吉林农业科学, 2014,39(2):42-46.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHENG J

, LIU W

, LUO

, ZHENG H

, LI R

. Effects of straws returned into field on growth and development and yield of maize
Journal of Jinlin Agricultural Sciences, 2014,39(2):42-46. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[33]

DUAN Y

, XU M

, WANG B

, YANG X

, HUANG S

, GAO S

. Long-term evaluation of manure application on maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency in China
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2011,75:1562-1573.

DOI:10.2136/sssaj2010.0315 URL [本文引用: 2]

Improving N use efficiency (NUE) and reducing the negative impact of N fertilization on the environment are essential for sustaining agricultural production in many intensive farming regions around the world. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of various fertilization regimes on yield, N uptake, and NUE by maize (Zea mays L.) in long-term (15-yr) experiments performed at four sites (Changping, Zhengzhou, Yangling, and Qiyang) in China. Eight treatments were examined: unfertilized control (CK); inorganic fertilizer (manufactured source) N, N and P, N and K, and N, P, and K; inorganic N, P, and K with manure (NPKM); 1.5' the rate of NPKM (1.5NPKM); and N, P, and K with maize stover returned (NPKS). Compared with inorganic fertilization, mixed inorganic and manure fertilization (NPKM and 1.5NPKM) resulted in more stable and significantly higher yield and NUE as well as increases in soil nutrient storage at all sites, with the most significant improvement in the acid soil (pH = 5.7) at Qiyang. Phosphorous was identified as one of the most important limiting factors in maize NUE because the NUE at all four sites increased from about 20 to 45% by increasing the available P in the soil. Higher NUEs (up to 70%) were observed mostly from the continuous manure applications. We conclude that manure and P applications are the most important and effective nutrient management strategies for both the acid and alkaline soils in this study for maize production in China.

[34]

SALEQUE M

, ABEDIN M

, BHUIYAN N

, ZAMAN G

, PANSULLAH G

, PANAULLAH G

. Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice
Field Crop Research, 2004,86:53-65.

DOI:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00119-9 URL [本文引用: 1]

[35]

于晓芳, 高聚林, 张峰, 胡树平, 孙继颖, 王志刚, 谢岷. 深翻对耕层土壤物理特性及超高产春玉米根系垂直分布的影响
内蒙古农业科技, 2015(2):19-21.

[本文引用: 1]

YU X

, GAO J

, ZHAGN

, HU S

, SUN J

, WANG Z

, XIE

. The effect of moldboard plow on soil physical properties and the root vertical distribution of super-high yield maize
.Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015(2):19-21. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[36]

齐华, 刘明, 张卫健, 张振平, 李雪霏, 宋振伟, 丁吉琳, 吴亚男. 深松方式对土壤物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响
华北农学报, 2012,27(4):191-196.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.04.037 URL [本文引用: 1]

通过对不同深松方式土壤物理性状及玉米根系分布状况的分析，结果表明，隔行深松（T1）与行行深松（T2）不仅可有效打破犁底层，10～30cm土壤容重和土壤紧实度显著降低，且T2对土壤容重和紧实度的降低作用大于T1；深松增强了土壤的透水性和蓄水能力，2种深松方式土壤水分差异并不显著；由于犁底层的存在，不深松（CK）的根系大部分集中在0～20cm土层范围，且该土层的根干质量、根长密度和根系体积均明显大于T1和T2，而单株根系伤流强度则明显小于T1和T2；深松处理的根系不仅能更好地向深层土壤下扎，而且向植株两侧扩展的范围变大，20—50cm土层根干质量、根长密度和根系体积T1与T2均明显高于CK；并且T1〉T2。深松后倒伏率降低，对增产有一定的促进作用，T1与T2间产量差异并不显著。增产的主要原因是深松显著提高了百粒质量，但对穗粒数的影响并不显著。因此，通过垄间隔行深松可以构建良好的耕层结构，有利于根系的固定和下扎，使根系更好地吸收水分和养分，倒伏率降低、产量增加的同时，较行行深松减少了机械动力消耗。

, LIU

, ZHANG W

, ZHANG Z

, LI X

, SONG Z

, DING J

, WU Y

. Effect of deep loosening mode on soil physical characteristics and maize root distribution
Acta Agricultural Boreal-Sinica, 2012,27(4):191-196. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.04.037 URL [本文引用: 1]

陈强, Yuriy S

Kravchenko

, 陈渊, 李续峰, 李浩, 宋春雨, 张兴义. 少免耕土壤结构与导水能力的季节变化及其保水效果
土壤学报, 2014,51(1):11-21.

[本文引用: 2]

CHEN

, YURIY S

, CHEN

, LI X

, LI

, SONG C

, ZHANG X

. Seasonal variations of soil structures and hydraulic conductivities and their effects on soil and water conservation under no-tillage and reduced tillage
Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014,51(1):11-21. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[38]

雷金银, 吴发启, 王健, 郭建华. 保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响
农业工程学报, 2008,24(10):40-45.

URL [本文引用: 2]

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的新型耕作技术。为了探讨其区域适应性，在2004～2007年期间，以毛乌素沙地南缘的靖边县北部风沙区农田为研究对象，选用了免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和传统翻耕（CK）4种措施，采用完全随机试验设计进行了田间定位试验研究。结果表明，秸秆覆盖和免耕地的地温在春播初期略比传统翻耕低0.1℃，但随后迅速回升，覆膜在玉米生长期都高于其他措施。耕作措施对播种前土壤容重没有显著影响，而对收获后土壤容重影响显著，与传统翻耕相比，免耕降低了表层土壤容重1.65%，但次层20～40 cm容重增加了1.8%。3种保护性耕作措施均增加了土壤含水量，顺序依次为秸秆覆盖＞覆膜＞免耕＞翻耕，且在作物需水关键期免耕和秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量相对稳定，保证作物需水，提高水分利用率，分别为8%、22.0%和13.3%。使作物分别增产4.44%、13.14%和19.26%。因此，保护性耕作在风沙区有利于改善农田土壤物理条件，提高作物产量，适于在风沙区推广。

LEI J

, WU F

, WANG

, GUO J

. Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical properties and corn yield
Transactions of the CSAE, 2008,24(10):40-45. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

MáRCIORN R

, JOSé E

, ELOY A

, FAGANELLO

, PINTO L F

. Effect of soil chiseling on soil structure and root growth for a clayey soil under no tillage
Geoderma, 2015,259/260:149-155.

DOI:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.06.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

[40]

ZHANG Y

, LI C

, WANG Y

, HU Y

, CHRISTIE

, ZHANG J

. Maize yield and soil fertility with combined use of compost and inorganic fertilizers on a calcareous soil on the North China Plain
Soil & Tillage Research, 2016,155:85-94.

[本文引用: 1]

[41]

GENG Y

, CAO G

, WANG L

, WANG S

. Effects of equal chemical fertilizer substitutions with organic manure on yield, dry matter, and nitrogen uptake of spring maize and soil nitrogen distribution
.PloS One, e0219512.

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0241302 URLPMID:33095829 [本文引用: 1]

Mental health and wellness research continue to be a topic of importance among veterinary students in the United States of America (US). Limited peer reviewed literature focusing on South African veterinary students is available. South African veterinary medical students might benefit from approaches to improve mental health and wellness similar to those recommended in the US. However, these recommendations may not address the underlying risk factors for mental health and wellness concerns or mismatch resources available to South African veterinary medical students. The purpose of this collaborative study was to compare the mental health and wellness among veterinary students enrolled at the University of California, Davis (UCD), and the University of Pretoria (UP), the only veterinary school in South Africa. Our primary research question was; Are the measures of mental health and wellness for students at similar stages in the veterinary curriculum different between the two schools? We hypothesized that mental health and wellness as determined by assessment of anxiety, burnout, depression, and quality of life between the two schools is different. A cross-sectional study of 102 students from UCD and 74 students from UP, at similar preclinical stages (Year 2 for UCD and Year 4 for UP) of the veterinary curriculum was performed. Anxiety, burnout, depression, and quality of life were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Short Form-8 (SF-8), respectively. Students from both schools had moderate levels of anxiety, high levels of burnout, mild to moderate levels of depression, poor mental health, and good physical health. Our results suggest that similar mental health and wellness concerns in South African veterinary students is comparable with concerns in veterinary medical students in the US. Recommendations and resources to improve mental health and wellness in US veterinary medical students might be applicable to South African veterinary medical students.

[42]

ALLETTO

, POT

, GIULIANO

, COSTES

, PERDRIEUX

, JUSTES

. Temporal variation in soil physical properties improves the water dynamics modeling in a conventional-tilled soil
Geoderma, 2015,243:18-28.

[本文引用: 1]

[43]

WEN Z

, SHEN J

, MARTIN

, LI H

, ZHAO B

, YUAN H

. Combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with manure increase maize yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth in a long-term experiment
Pedosphere, 2016,26(1):62-73.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.

[44]

盖霞普, 刘宏斌, 翟丽梅, 杨波, 任天志, 王洪媛, 武淑霞, 雷秋良. 长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响
中国农业科学, 2018,51(12):2336-2347.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.12.010 URL [本文引用: 3]

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）；氮磷钾（NPK）；氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）；氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）；氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%—50%和30%—32%；增加0—20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%—121%、107%—187%；但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%—32%、27%—41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0—20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^—-N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20—200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100—200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8—26.1 mg·kg^-1；而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0—100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6—13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。

GAI X

, LIU H

, ZHAI L

, YANG

, REN T

, WANG H

, WU S

, LEI Q

. Effects of long-term additional application of organic manure or straw incorporation on soil nitrogen leaching risk
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018,51(12):2336-2347. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.12.010 URL [本文引用: 3]

BHOGAL

, YOUNG S

, SYLVESTER-BRADLEY

. Straw incorporation and immobilization of spring-applied nitrogen
Soil Use and Management, 1997, 13:111-116.

DOI:10.1111/sum.1997.13.issue-3 URL [本文引用: 2]

[46]

孙波, 陆雅海, 张旭东, 卢升高, 韦革宏, 杨劲松, 朱安宁, 刘满强, 段英华. 耕地地力对化肥养分利用的影响机制及其调控研究进展
土壤, 2017,49(2):209-216.

[本文引用: 1]

SUN

, LU Y

, ZHANG X

, LU S

, WEI G

, YANG J

, ZHU A

, LIU M

, DUAN Y

. Research progress on impact mechanisms of cultivated land fertility on nutrient use of chemical fertilizers and their regulation
Soils, 2017,49(2):209-216. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[47]

韩晓增, 邹文秀. 我国东北黑土地保护与肥力提升的成效与建议
中国科学院院刊, 2018,33(2):206-212.

[本文引用: 1]

HAN X

, ZOU W

. Effects and suggestions of black soil protection and soil fertility increase in Northeast China
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018,33(2):206-212. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[48]

DONG

, HENGSDIJK

, TING-BO

, BOER

, QI

, CAO W

. Long-term effects of manure and inorganic fertilizers on yield and soil fertility for a winter wheat-maize system in Jiangsu, China
Pedosphere, 2006,16:25-32.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Winter wheat-maize rotations are dominant cropping systems on the North China Plain, where recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. A 20-year field experiment was conducted to 1) assess the effect of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on yield and yield trends of both winter wheat and maize, 2) monitor the changes in soil organic matter content under continuous wheat-maize cropping with different soil fertility management schemes, and 3) identify reasons for yield trends observed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, over a 20-year period. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons: a control treatment (C); three inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); and addition of farmyard manure (FYM) to these four treatments, that is, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. At the end of the experiment the MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments had the highest yields, about 7 t wheat ha^-1 and 7.5 t maize ha^-1, with each about 1 t ha^-1 more than the NPK treatments. Over 20 years with FYM soil organic matter increased by 80% compared to only 10% with NPK, which explained yield increases. However, from an environmental and agronomic perspective, manure application was not a superior strategy to NPK fertilizers. If manure was to be applied, though, it would be best applied to the wheat crop, which showed a better response than maize.

[49]

王振华, 曹国军, 耿玉辉, 李佳, 张萌. 不同农业废弃物还田对玉米氮素利用及氮平衡的影响
中国农学通报, 2015,31(23):127-133.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG Z

, CAO G

, GENG Y

, LI

, ZHANG

. Effect of different agricultural wastes returning to field on the absorption and utilization of nitrogen and nitrogen balance of maize
Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2015,31(23):127-133. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[50]

刘红亮, 李凤海, 步蕴法, 刘国玲, 曹殿云. 不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米生长发育的影响
江苏农业科学, 2017,45(8):52-54.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU H

, LI F

, BU Y

, LIU G

, CAO D

. The effect of tillage practices on soil physical properties and maize yield
Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2017,45(8):52-54. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[51]

AHMAD

, HASSAN F

, BELFORD R

. Effect of soil compaction in the sub-humid cropping environment in Pakistan on uptake of NPK and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum): I. Compaction
Field Crops Research, 2009,110(1):54-60.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2008.07.001 URL [本文引用: 1]