陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益

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张欣欣^,¹, 石磊², 何刚^,¹, 王朝辉^,¹

¹西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

²陕西省农业农村厅/陕西省耕地质量与农业环境保护工作站,西安710003

Potential of Fertilizer Reduction and Benefits of Environment and Economic for Cereal Crops Production in Shaanxi Province

ZHANG XinXin^,¹, SHI Lei², HE Gang^,¹, WANG ZhaoHui^,¹

¹College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

²Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province/Cultivated Land Quality and Agricultural Environmental Protection Station in Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710003

通讯作者: 何刚,E-mail： hegang029@nwafu.edu.cn;王朝辉,E-mail： w-zhaohui@263.net

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2019-12-4接受日期:2020-03-3网络出版日期:2020-10-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划.2018YFD0200408
国家自然科学基金.31902120
西北农林科技大学科研启动项目.2452018110

Received:2019-12-4Accepted:2020-03-3Online:2020-10-01
作者简介 About authors
张欣欣,E-mail： zhangxinxin029@126.com。

摘要
【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县（市、区）的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm^-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm^-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 893 kg·hm^-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm^-2、102 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和37 kg K₂O·hm^-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm^-2、103 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和47 kg K₂O·hm^-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm^-2、88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和64 kg K₂O·hm^-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%—33%、31%—50%和4%—38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 元/hm²,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543 元/hm²,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。
关键词： 农户行为;养分管理;粮食作物;产量;环境代价;经济效益;陕西

Abstract

【Objective】The management of farmers is the main mode of agricultural production in China, and the unreasonable application of fertilizer resources is the crucial factor in limiting the production of crops. This study was aimed to assess the potential of fertilizer reduction and benefits of environment and economic, which was very important for agricultural sustainable development in the main crop production regions.【Method】In 2018, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the production of major crops in counties (cities and districts) of Shaanxi Province. The three major crops were taken as research objects to evaluate farmers’ fertilization status, fertilizer reduction potential, environmental costs and economic benefits based on yield level.【Result】There were significant differences in farmers’ crop yields. The average yield of wheat was 4 573 kg·hm^-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 2 619 kg·hm^-2; the average yield of maize was 7 319 kg·hm^-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 5 388 kg·hm^-2; the average yield of rice was 8 340 kg·hm^-2, and the difference between high and low yield was 2 893 kg·hm^-2. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium rate of wheat was 177 kg N·hm^-2, 102 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 37 kg K₂O·hm^-2, respectively; maize was 247 kg N·hm^-2, 103 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 47 kg K₂O·hm^-2; rice was 186 kg N·hm^-2, 88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 and 64 kg K₂O·hm^-2. There is no significant relationship between yield and fertilizer application. The problems of excessive application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, excessive and insufficient potassium fertilizer coexist, and excessive fertilization in low-yield farmers was serious. The reduction potential of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in wheat was 41%, 59% and 59%, respectively; maize was 55%, 73% and 66%, respectively; for rice, it was 38%, 64% and 58%, respectively. The forms of fertilizers applied showed that nitrogen was mainly chemical fertilizers and supplemented by compound fertilizers; phosphorus and potassium were mainly compound fertilizers; the organic manure supplied very low nutrient. The application of basal fertilizer usually received more attention, while topdressing was often overlooked on fertilizer structure, nitrogen was mainly based on basal application and supplemented by topdressing; phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were rarely applied topdressing. Losses of reactive nitrogen to produce 1.0 t wheat, maize and rice were 6.9, 3.8 and 3.3 kg N, respectively. Compared with the high-yield group, the reactive nitrogen loss intensity of wheat, maize and rice in the low-yield group increased by 52%, 85% and 74%; the potential of loss reduction ranges of wheat, maize and rice in low-yield group were 16%-33%, 31%-50% and 4%-38%, respectively. The economic benefits of wheat, maize and rice production were 4 468, 9 091 and 20 020 yuan/hm², respectively. Compared with the low-yield group, the economic benefits of wheat, maize and rice in high-yield group increased 455%, 128% and 52%, respectively. The benefit increases were 4 919, 9 905 and 20 543 yuan/hm². Compared with the low-yield group, the benefit increases of wheat, maize and rice in high-yield group increased 290%, 106% and 48%, respectively.【Conclusion】The household production behavior was analyzed deeply based on the production level in Shaanxi province. The low and middle yield levels were the focus of fertilizer reduction and benefit improvement. The average reduction potential of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers for the three crops was 45%, 65% and 61%, respectively, reducing the potential of active nitrogen loss were 26%, 45% and 18%, respectively. The potential to improve environment economic benefits were 10%, 9% and 3%, respectively.

Keywords：household behavior;nutrients management;cereal crops;yield;environmental cost;economic benefit;Shaanxi Province

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本文引用格式
张欣欣, 石磊, 何刚, 王朝辉. 陕西省粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.014
ZHANG XinXin, SHI Lei, HE Gang, WANG ZhaoHui. Potential of Fertilizer Reduction and Benefits of Environment and Economic for Cereal Crops Production in Shaanxi Province[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4010-4023 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.014

0 引言

【研究意义】我国占世界7%的耕地面积而消耗了全球近1/3的化肥^[1],化肥过量使用产生一系列的环境问题,如大气、水体、土壤污染,破坏生态环境^[2,3]。陕西是农业大省,2017年小麦、玉米和水稻的播种面积分别占粮食作物的35%、38%和4%^[4]。农户是粮食作物生产的主体,由于大多数农户存在“多投入多产出”的观点,通常导致化肥投入过量、养分利用率不高^[5]。因此,理解农户的施肥行为是采取科学施肥措施,进而提高肥料利用率、保护生态环境的重要前提。【前人研究进展】2002—2015年,我国三大粮食作物过量施肥程度介于33%—43%^[6],全国粮食主产区氮肥利用率<30%的样本占总样本的60%以上^[7],肥料大多未经作物吸收而残留在土壤或进入大气、水体,严重影响生态系统动态平衡^[8]。农户是耕地管理的主体,全球25亿小农户在管理着60%的耕地的同时,也显著影响着粮食生产、资源消耗和生态平衡^[9]。农户养分管理主要依据经验,2006—2013年在渭北旱塬的调研结果显示小麦氮磷钾肥用量分别介于102—268 kg N·hm^-2、57—167 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和0—74 kg K₂O·hm^-2[10],肥料用量差异很大,施肥不合理现象普遍发生。近年来,由于施肥技术、肥料价格、栽培制度等变化,农户的施肥情况也应发生一定改变。进行大规模的农户调研是理解区域尺度施肥现状的基础,是指导农户合理施肥的关键,是评价施肥综合效益的基本,为此2018年在陕西省各县（市、区）组织了大范围的入户调研。活性氮是氮循环过程中重要一环,大量活性氮损失到大气、陆地和水生生态系统中会影响其生产力、功能和生物多样性^[11]。而氮肥是活性氮损失的基础物质,施氮量与活性氮损失呈正相关关系^[12]。例如,当氮肥用量为148 kg N·hm^-2时,活性氮损失为33.6 kg N·hm^-2,而当氮肥用量为279 kg N·hm^-2时,活性氮损失量增加到84.9 kg N·hm^-2[13]。以往研究的环境代价评估大多集中在田间定位试验,而对基于农户调研评价省域尺度上粮食作物生产的环境代价及减排潜力的研究较少。经济效益关系着农户的生计,是决策前必须考虑的核心指标,不同作物的经济效益由于投入与产出不同而差异较大。1990年以来,我国粮食作物的总成本由于土地和生产成本的增加而增加,水稻一直高于大致相当的小麦和玉米,三者经济效益表现出周期性波动^[14]。投入成本中,全国小麦、玉米和水稻的平均肥料费为2 191 元/hm²,占总成本的14%,而陕西省的肥料费较小,分别为1 686、1 846和1 657 元/hm²,占总成本的11%、10%和7%^[15]。此外,生产资料与产品市场价格的变动也影响农户的经济收入。2012—2017年间,尽管小麦单价上涨7.6%（0.17 元/kg）,但机械作业费、人工成本等的上涨抵消了小麦价格上涨,导致农户经济效益下降^[15]。【本研究切入点】目前进行的大多数农户调研评价主要集中在特定区域单一作物,而对省域尺度主要粮食作物的生产情况关心较少。此外,面向三大粮食作物和氮磷钾三大肥料元素进行实际调研,基于产量分析其节肥节本增效潜力,对精准施肥、资源高效和生态环境友好具有重要意义。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究利用2018年在陕西省组织的大规模实地调研,通过对现阶段农户主要粮食作物生产的产量与施肥状况、减肥潜力、环境代价与经济效益评价分析,以期更准确地理解农户生产行为并为节本增收增效和农业可持续发展提供科学指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 调研区域概况

陕西省位于我国西北部,南北长880 km、东西宽160—490 km,耕地面积301万hm²。气候差异大,由北向南渐次过渡为温带、暖温带和北亚热带,整体属大陆季风性气候。年平均气温介于8—16℃,年平均降水量介于275—1 270 mm,主要集中在7—9月份。

1.2 农户调研

2018年10—12月在陕西省各县（市、区）对当地种植面积666.7 hm²以上的作物以入户形式开展面对面调研。每县每种作物选择10个种植经验丰富,代表性强的典型农户进行调研,一户一表。调研问卷的指标包括作物类型、产量、户种植面积、当年销售价格、肥料类型、肥料用量、养分含量、施肥时期等。此次调研获得的有效问卷共计2 156份,包括农产品有粮食作物（小麦、玉米、水稻、荞麦、穈子、高粱）、油料、蔬菜、烤烟等,经济作物有茶、桑、果、中药材等。本研究以三大粮食作物为研究对象,样本量分别为：小麦312份、玉米514份、水稻150份,共计976份,调研样本分布见图1。

图1

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图1调研地点分布图

Fig. 1Distribution of the survey sites

1.3 产量分级标准

调研农户小麦的产量介于1 800—7 500 kg·hm^-2,90%的农户产量集中在2 700—6 375 kg·hm^-2。以产量的第5%分位数（2 700 kg·hm^-2）和95%分位数（6 450 kg·hm^-2）为最低和最高限求极差（3 750 kg·hm^-2）,然后以等产量间距（1 250 kg·hm^-2）分成低产、中产和高产3个范围。小麦产量水平从低到高依次为<3 950 kg·hm^-2（低产）,3 950—5 200 kg·hm^-2（中产）,>5 200 kg·hm^-2（高产）。类似方法划分的玉米产量水平依次为<6 750 kg·hm^-2（低产）,6 750—9 000 kg·hm^-2（中产）,>9 000 kg·hm^-2（高产）;水稻依次为<7 400 kg·hm^-2（低产）,7 400—8 800 kg·hm^-2（中产）,>8 800 kg·hm^-2（高产）（表1）。

Table 1
表1
表1主要粮食作物产量及施肥量
Table 1Production and fertilizer application of major cereal crops

作物 Crop	产量水平 Yield level	等级范围 Yield range (kg·hm^-2)	样本数 Sample amount	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	施氮量 N rate (kg N·hm^-2)	施磷量 P rate (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	施钾量 K rate (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
小麦 Wheat	低产 Low	<3950	100	3227c	152b	112a	35a
	中产 Mid	3950-5200	103	4534b	183a	95a	35a
	高产 High	>5200	109	5846a	193a	99a	42a
	平均 Mean	—	—	4573	177	102	37
玉米 Maize	低产 Low	<6750	224	5327c	237a	85c	42b
	中产 Mid	6750-9000	178	7688b	257a	107b	43b
	高产 High	>9000	112	10715a	251a	132a	64a
	平均 Mean	—	—	7319	247	103	47
水稻 Rice	低产 Low	<7400	24	6446c	218a	63b	59a
	中产 Mid	7400-8800	55	7878b	178b	102a	55a
	高产 High	>8800	71	9339a	182b	86ab	73a
	平均 Mean	—	—	8340	186	88	64

Data of yield, NPK rates are average. In same column of a region, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between means of different yield levels at P<5%. The same as below
表中产量、施氮磷钾量为平均值,同一列不同小写字母表示不同作物不同产量水平间差异达5%的显著水平。下同

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1.4 合理施肥及小农户施肥等级评价方法

施肥的目的不仅是使作物高产,还需培肥土壤。因此在维持或提升土壤肥力水平上,考虑作物产量对养分的需求,基于输入输出平衡的推荐方法确定不同产量等级的合理施肥量^[16,17]。

（1）合理施肥量（Rec）= 产量×养分需求量×调整系数

式中,产量为调研农户的实际产量;养分需求量指小麦、玉米和水稻的百公斤籽粒养分需求量。受环境和人为因素的影响,区域间作物的养分需求量各异,西北地区冬小麦氮磷钾需求量分别为2.8 kg N·hm^-2、0.7 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和2.4 kg K₂O·hm^-2[18];玉米分别为1.74 kg N·hm^-2、0.32 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和1.53 K₂O·hm^-2[19,20,21];水稻分别为1.71 kg N·hm^-2、0.34 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和1.84 kg K₂O·hm^-2[22]。调整系数指根据研究区域土壤养分供应能力确定的调整施肥数量高低的参数,西北地区氮、磷和钾的调整系数分别为1.0、1.5和0.3^[16]。

对于农户施肥等级评价分类方法,以合理施肥量的40%为变幅,施肥等级从低到高依次为0—0.8 Rec（不足）;0.8—1.2 Rec（适中）;>1.2 Rec（过量）。

1.5 数据计算

1.5.1 活性氮损失量的估算粮食作物生产系统中,化学氮肥的施用导致N₂O排放、NH₃挥发以及NO₃^-淋溶是活性氮（Nr）损失的主要途径,本研究采用CUI等^[9]提出西北地区的经验模式,以N₂O排放、NH₃挥发以及NO₃^-淋溶之和估算活性氮损失。

N₂O排放（kg N·hm^-2）：

（2）小麦：Y=0.26e^0.0045N;玉米：Y=0.68e^0.0035N;水稻：Y=0.32e^0.0029N

NH₃挥发（kg N·hm^-2）：

（3）小麦：Y=3.21+0.068N;玉米：Y=2.53+0.058N;水稻：Y=3.83+0.10N

NO₃^-淋溶（kg N·hm^-2）：

（4）小麦：Y=4.93e^0.0057N;玉米：Y=2.38e^0.0041N;水稻：Y=2.25e^0.0033N

式中,N表示化学氮肥用量（kg N·hm^-2）。活性氮损失强度为活性氮损失量与产量的比值。

1.5.2 经济效益的估算按照农作物生长过程中的原料、种植、农资和运输四类进行成本—效益分析,

计算三大粮食作物的经济效益情况。

（5）投入（yuan/hm²）=种子费+农药费+机械费+肥料费

（6）产出（yuan/hm²）=当年销售价格（yuan/kg）×产量（kg·hm^-2）

（7）经济效益（yuan/hm²）=产出-投入

式中,投入的肥料按种类分为单质肥、复合肥和有机肥,单质肥中纯氮磷钾肥单价分别为3.8、4.5、5.8元/kg,复合肥单价为3.0元/kg,商品有机肥为1.36元/kg,农家肥为0.3元/kg;小麦、玉米和水稻的种子费分别为954、974和892元/hm²;农药费分别为279、212和197元/hm²;机械作业费分别为2 376、1 607和2 080元/hm²。以上数据均来源全国农产品成本收益汇编（2018版)^[15]。

1.6 数据处理与统计分析

对于肥料养分,单质肥按照养分含量标准计算、复合肥按照实际调查记录值计算、有机肥按照《中国有机肥养分志》折算,用折合的纯养分用量表示。数据采用Microsoft Excel 2010进行汇总、计算、整理;采用IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0进行单因素分析;采用SigmaPlot 12.5进行相关性分析;采用ArcMap 10.5和Origin 9.1绘图。

2 结果

2.1 主要粮食作物的产量与施肥现状

调研农户的作物产量组间差异显著（表1）。小麦、玉米和水稻的平均产量分别为4 573、7 319和8 340 kg·hm^-2,小麦中高产组比低产组分别高41%和81%;玉米分别高44%和101%;水稻分别高22%和45%。3种作物不同产量组间肥料用量差异显著。小麦的氮磷钾肥分别为177 kg N·hm^-2、102 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和37 kg K₂O·hm^-2,高产组的氮肥用量比低产组增加27%,高中低产组的磷钾肥用量无显著差异;玉米的氮磷钾肥分别为247 kg N·hm^-2、103 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和47 kg K₂O·hm^-2,高产组的磷钾肥用量比中产组分别增加23%和49%,比低产组分别增加55%和52%,氮肥用量无显著差异;水稻的氮磷钾肥分别为186 kg N·hm^-2、88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和64 kg K₂O·hm^-2,中高产组比低产组氮肥用量分别减少18%和17%,磷肥用量分别增加62%和37%,钾肥用量无显著差异。由此可见,小麦高产组的氮肥比平均值投入较高,玉米高产组的磷肥较高,水稻高产组未增加肥料投入。

粮食作物生产的肥料种类表现为,氮肥以单质肥为主,磷钾肥以复合肥为主（表2）。对于小麦、玉米和水稻,单质肥分别占氮肥总投入的48%、61%和56%;复合肥分别占磷肥总投入的67%、64%和57%,占钾肥总投入的66%、60%和70%。表明肥料投入中,单质肥主要是氮肥,磷肥次之,钾肥最少;复合肥以磷钾肥为主,氮肥次之;有机肥的养分供应量很低。粮食作物生产的施肥方式表现为,氮肥以基施为主,小麦的氮肥基追比为8﹕1,玉米为7﹕5,水稻为5﹕2;磷钾肥多以基施形式施用。

Table 2
表2
表2肥料种类、用量及其基追比
Table 2Fertilizer’s types, application rates and ratio of fertilizer in different periods

作物 Crop	肥料种类 Fertilizer type	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer				磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer				钾肥 Potassium fertilizer
		基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)	追肥 Top-dressing (kg N·hm^-2)	总和All		基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	追肥Top-dressing (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	总和All		基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	追肥Topdressing (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	总和All
		基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg N·hm^-2)	追肥 Top-dressing (kg N·hm^-2)	平均Average	比例Ratio (%)	基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	追肥Top-dressing (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	平均值Average (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)	比例Ratio (%)	基肥 Basal fertilizer (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	追肥Topdressing (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	平均值Average (kg K₂O·hm^-2)	比例Ratio (%)
小麦Wheat	单质肥 ECF	66	20	83a	48	22	0	22b	22	3	0	3c	8
	复合肥 CF	76	0.2	75a	44	69	0.3	68a	67	25	0.3	25a	66
	有机肥 OM	15	0	14b	8	11	0	11c	11	10	0	10b	26
	总和All	157 #	20 &	—	—	102 #	0.3 &	—	—	37 #	0.3 &	—	—
玉米Maize	单质肥 ECF	51	99	151a	61	18	1	19b	18	1	0.2	1c	2
	复合肥 CF	68	4	72b	29	62	4	66a	64	23	2	28a	60
	有机肥 OM	23	1	24c	10	18	1	18b	18	18	1	18b	38
	总和All	142 #	104 &	—	—	97 #	6 &	—	—	44 #	3 &	—	—
水稻Rice	单质肥 ECF	55	50	105a	57	21	0	21b	24	3	0	3c	5
	复合肥 CF	54	3	56b	30	48	2	50a	57	43	1	44a	70
	有机肥 OM	25	0	25 c	13	17	0	17b	19	16	0	16b	25
	总和All	134 #	52 &	—	—	86 #	2 &	—	—	63 #	1 &	—	—

In same column of a region, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different fertilizer types about different crops at P<5%; In same row of a region, different Chinese symbols indicate significant differences between different fertilizer ratio about different crops at P<5%. ECF: Elemental chemical fertilizer; CF: Compound fertilizer; OM: Organic manure. The same as below
表中同一列不同小写字母表示不同作物不同肥料种类间差异达5%的显著水平;同一行不同中文符号表示不同作物不同肥料基追比间差异达5%的显著水平。ECF指单质肥;CF指复合肥;OM指有机肥。下同

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2.2 主要粮食作物的养分投入分布

分析小麦产量和施肥量发现（图2）,氮肥用量36—465 kg N·hm^-2,平均177 kg N·hm^-2;磷肥0—454 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,平均102 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2;钾肥0—279 kg K₂O·hm^-2,平均37 kg K₂O·hm^-2。氮磷钾肥用量变异很大,变异系数依次为38%、62%和112%,产量与施肥量间无相关性。通过产量对应的肥料合理用量评估实际施肥量显示（图3）,不足、适中和过量施氮的农户依次为11%、32%和57%;施磷依次为10%、7%和83%;施钾依次为44%、21%和35%。分析不同产量水平农户的施肥量可知,随产量提高,过量施氮农户由74%降低到34%、适中施氮农户由13%增加到49%,过量施钾农户由47%降低到19%、适中施钾农户由4%增加到43%,过量施磷农户仍然占77%—88%,无显著变化。

图2

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图2小麦、玉米和水稻的产量与施肥量关系

图中横虚线分别代表小麦、玉米和水稻的平均产量,竖虚线分别代表氮磷钾肥的平均用量
Fig. 2Relationships between grain yields and N, P and K fertilizers about wheat, maize and rice

The horizontal dashed line represents yield mean value of wheat, maize and rice. The vertical dashed line represents N rate, P rate and K rate used by local farmers, respectively

图3

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图3小麦、玉米和水稻的养分投入分布图

Fig. 3Distribution of nutrient inputs in wheat, maize, and rice

分析玉米发现（图2）,氮肥用量为32—695 kg N·hm^-2,平均247 kg N·hm^-2;磷肥用量为0—606 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,平均103 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2;钾肥用量为0—324 kg K₂O·hm^-2,平均47 kg K₂O·hm^-2。氮磷钾肥用量变异很大,变异系数依次为45%、86%和126%,产量与施肥量间无相关性。通过产量对应的肥料合理用量评估实际施肥量显示（图3）,不足、适中和过量施氮的农户依次为10%、9%和81%;施磷依次为13%、13%和74%;施钾依次为45%、14%和41%。分析不同产量水平农户的施肥量可知,随产量提高,过量施氮农户由93%降低到54%、适中施氮农户由4%增加到19%,过量施钾农户由50%降低到31%、适中施钾农户由4%增加到11%,过量施磷农户仍然占59%— 78%,无显著变化。

分析水稻发现（图2）,氮肥用量为45—405 kg N·hm^-2,平均186 kg N·hm^-2;磷肥用量为0—465 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,平均88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2;钾肥用量为0—345 kg K₂O·hm^-2,平均64 kg K₂O·hm^-2。氮磷钾肥用量变异系数依次为37%、82%和95%,产量与施肥量间无相关性。通过产量对应的肥料合理用量评估实际施肥量显示（图3）,不足、适中和过量施氮的小农户依次为19%、25%和56%;施磷依次为28%、7%和65%;施钾依次为45%、7%和48%。分析不同产量水平农户的施肥量可知,随产量提高,过量施氮农户由64%降低到37%、适中施氮农户由24%增加到43%,过量施磷农户占60%—73%,过量施钾农户占40%—48%、无显著变化。综上所述,小麦、玉米和水稻氮磷肥过量施用情况严重、特别是磷肥,而钾肥过量与不足现象并存。合理施肥的占比随产量水平的提高而增加。

2.3 减肥潜力与环境代价

比较农户实际施肥量与合理施肥量发现（表3）,减少肥料投入的潜力因粮食作物种类和产量水平而异。对于小麦,氮磷钾肥用量可分别减少41%（90 kg N·hm^-2）、59%（68 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）和59%（48 kg K₂O·hm^-2）。其中,减肥主要对象为低、中产农户。低产农户的氮磷钾肥的减幅分别为48%、72%和66%,中产农户的减幅分别为40%、58%和63%。对于玉米,氮磷钾肥用量可分别减少55%（153 kg N·hm^-2）、73%（97 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）和66%（67 kg K₂O·hm^-2）。减施肥料的主要对象为低产的农户,氮磷钾肥减幅分别为63%、75%和70%。对于水稻,氮磷钾肥用量可分别减少38%（86 kg N·hm^-2）、64%（76 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）和58%（64 kg K₂O·hm^-2）。减施肥料的主要对象为低产农户,氮磷钾肥减幅分别为60%、63%和63%。由此可见,粮食作物减施肥料的主要对象为低产农户,减磷潜力最大,氮、钾肥次之。

Table 3
表3
表3小麦、玉米和水稻的减肥潜力与环境代价
Table 3The potential of fertilizer reduction and environmental costs of wheat, maize and rice

作物 Crop	产量水平 Yield level	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥过量 Excessive N rate (kg N·hm^-2)			磷肥过量 Excessive P rate (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)			钾肥过量 Excessive K rate (kg K₂O·hm^-2)			活性氮损失强度 Nr losses intensity
作物 Crop	产量水平 Yield level	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	FPex	Rec	%	FPex	Rec	%	FPex	Rec	%	平均值 Mean (kg N·t^-1)	%
小麦 Wheat	低产Low	3227	174	90	48	122	34	72	68	23	66	8.5 a	33
	适中Mid	4534	212	127	40	113	48	58	88	33	63	6.8 b	24
	高产High	5846	255	164	36	112	61	46	104	42	60	5.6 c	16
	平均Mean	4573	218	128	41	116	48	59	81	33	59	6.9	26
玉米 Maize	低产Low	5327	248	93	63	106	26	75	81	24	70	4.8 a	50
	适中Mid	7688	279	134	52	131	37	72	96	35	64	3.5 b	43
	高产High	10715	359	186	48	196	51	74	153	49	68	2.6 c	31
	平均Mean	7319	280	127	55	132	35	73	101	34	66	3.8	45
水稻 Rice	低产Low	6446	276	110	60	90	33	63	96	36	63	4.7 a	38
	适中Mid	7878	206	135	34	131	40	69	114	43	62	3.3 b	19
	高产High	9339	239	160	33	118	48	59	122	52	57	2.7 c	4
	平均Mean	8340	229	143	38	119	43	64	110	46	58	3.3	18

FPex: Fertilizer rate used by farmer practice under excessive condition; Rec: Recommended fertilizer rate; %: Potential of reducing losses (% = (fertilizer rate used by farmer practice under excessive condition-recommended fertilizer rate)/fertilizer rate used by farmer practice under excessive condition)
FPex指过量施肥下农户的施肥量;Rec指推荐施肥量;%指减少损失的潜力(% = (FPex-Rec)/FPex)

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粮食作物生产的环境代价因作物种类和产量水平而异。小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失强度分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg N·t^-1。分析不同产量组可知,活性氮损失强度随产量增加而显著降低。与低产组相比,中产组小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失强度分别降低20%、27%和30%,高产组分别降低了34%、46%和43%。通过合理施肥量对应的活性氮损失强度评估其减少损失潜力（表3）。进一步分析减少活性氮损失强度的潜力可知,中低高产组小麦、玉米和水稻的减少潜力分别为16%—33%、31%—50%和4%—38%。其中,中产组的活性氮损失减少潜力分别为24%、43%和19%。由此可见,减少活性氮损失的关键在低产组,三大作物中特别是小麦。

2.4 经济效益

粮食作物生产的经济效益因作物种类和产量水平而异（表4）。对于小麦、玉米和水稻生产,总投入分别为5 443、5 013和4 928 yuan/hm²,肥料投入分别占总投入的33%、44%和36%。总产出分别为9 953、14 104和24 947 元/hm²。三大作物的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 元/hm²,不同产量组间差异显著;减肥增效分别为4 919（10%）、9 905（9%）和20 543（3%）元/hm²。与低产组相比,小麦、玉米和水稻高产组的总投入分别增加了6%、19%和5%,总产出分别增加32%、26%和12%。经济效益分别增加459%、128%和52%。与玉米和水稻相比,小麦的总投入分别增加了9%和11%,总产出却分别减少了42%和151%,导致经济效益分别减少了50%和78%。结果显示,优化肥料用量和施肥方式、合理调整施肥结构、增加作物产量是提高经济效益的核心途径之一。

Table 4
表4
表4小麦、玉米和水稻的经济效益
Table 4Economic benefits of wheat, maize and rice

作物 Crop	产量等级 Yield level	总产出 Output (yuan/hm²)	投入 Input (yuan/hm²)				肥料占总投入 Fertilizer/ total (%)	经济效益 Benefit (yuan/hm²)	减肥增效Benefit increase
作物 Crop	产量等级 Yield level	总产出 Output (yuan/hm²)	单质肥 ECF	复合肥 CF	有机肥 OM	总投入 Total	肥料占总投入 Fertilizer/ total (%)	经济效益 Benefit (yuan/hm²)	(yuan/hm²)	(%)
小麦 Wheat	低产Low	6675c	338	1134	231	5339b	32	1336c	1984c	49
	适中Mid	10059b	546	1096	85	5335b	32	4595b	5036b	10
	高产High	13126a	434	1543	51	5655a	36	7472a	7737a	4
	平均Mean	9953	439	1258	122	5443	33	4468	4919	10
玉米 Maize	低产Low	10065c	664	888	327	4671b	40	5395c	6311c	17
	适中Mid	14413b	807	1016	212	4828b	42	9585b	10416b	9
	高产High	17834a	426	2107	216	5541a	50	12293c	12989a	6
	平均Mean	14104	632	1337	252	5013	44	9091	9905	9
水稻 Rice	低产Low	19908b	616	416	583	4784a	34	15124b	15808b	5
	适中Mid	26905a	545	1038	217	4969a	36	21936a	22444a	2
	高产High	28028a	446	1281	135	5030a	37	22999a	23378a	2
	平均Mean	24947	536	912	312	4928	36	20020	20543	3

In benefit increase, the reduction of pure nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were calculated benefits separately by the price of pure elemental fertilizers, %: potential of benefit increase through reducing fertilizer use (% = (benefit increase-benefit)/benefit)
减肥增效中,纯氮磷钾肥的减少量用纯单质肥的价格分别计算增收效益,%指减肥增效的潜力(%=(减肥增效-经济效益)/经济效益)

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3 讨论

3.1 农户粮食生产的产量与养分投入分析

分析2018年的976份农户调研数据可知,陕西省的小麦、玉米和水稻平均产量分别为4 573、7 319和8 340 kg·hm^-2。小麦产量略高于2011—2015年在渭北旱塬调研结果（4 243 kg·hm^-2）^[16];玉米产量高于2013—2016年在渭北旱塬调研结果（6 000 kg·hm^-2）^[23];水稻产量高于2006—2009年在秦巴山区调研结果（7 822 kg·hm^-2）^[24]。总的来看,粮食作物产量呈上升趋势,这利于应对粮食需求量增加、耕地面积减少带来的挑战。

分析施肥量可知,农户粮食生产氮肥投入最多（152—257 kg N·hm^-2）、磷肥次之（63—132 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、钾肥较少（35—73 kg K₂O·hm^-2）。赵护兵等^[25]2009—2012年调研渭北旱塬冬小麦生产的氮磷钾肥用量分别为195 kg N·hm^-2、128 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2和35 kg K₂O·hm^-2,也呈现出高氮、中磷、低钾的现象。施肥是提高作物产量的重要措施之一,然而本研究肥料用量与作物产量间未有显著相关性,水稻高产组的氮肥用量甚至低于低产组。近年来,伴随着肥料价格下降、特别是尿素^[26],农户为获得高产,长期过量施用化肥导致土壤养分残留量大^[27]。我国农田养分盈余问题严重,HUANG等^[28]报道我国农田氮素养分盈余2.8—6.6 Tg·a^-1,磷素盈余4.1 Tg·a^-1[29],钾素赤字2.9—3.9 Tg·a^-1[30]。土壤中大量的养分盈余破坏了施肥量与产量间的正相关关系,在降水量少的年份少施化肥甚至可以增加作物产量^[31]。另外,氮磷钾肥施用比例与作物需求不平衡,也是导致养分投入高产量却不高的重要原因。此外,调研过程还发现几乎没有农户施用微量元素肥料,这与农民对微肥重要性的认识不足有关。

分析养分来源和施肥方式可知,48%—61%的氮肥来自单质氮肥,57%—67%的磷肥和60%—70%的钾肥来自复合肥。小麦的氮肥基追比为8﹕1,玉米为7﹕5,水稻为5﹕2,磷钾肥以基肥一次性施用为主。这表明农户基肥以复合肥和单质氮肥为主,追施少量单质氮肥。通常认为,小麦的氮肥基追比以2﹕1为宜,玉米和水稻以1﹕2或2﹕3较合理^[32,33,34]。农户的基肥比例偏高、追肥偏低,究其关键原因与西北地区降水少、灌溉缺乏、追肥不易有关^[35]。本研究中施肥量与产量间未有显著的相关性,同一施肥水平下作物产量有低有高。作物产量是多因素共同作用的结果,不仅与肥料用量相关,还与肥料类型和施肥方法有关^[35]。结合调研结果,陕西省小农户粮食作物生产中存在着氮、磷肥施用过量,钾肥过量与不足并存,重基施、轻追施,重化肥、轻有机肥的普遍现象。优化肥料用量和施用方法、应用有机无机配施^[36]、调整复合肥氮磷钾比例等措施利于从省域尺度上改善施肥不合理现象。大规模的针对性培训、大面积的标准示范田展示,利于提高农户的农业知识素养以及科技应用,利于农业可持续发展。

3.2 农户粮食作物生产的减肥、减排潜力及经济效益

肥料是粮食作物生产主要的养分来源,然而施用的肥料养分未被作物吸收将残留在土壤或损失到作物生产系统外产生土壤^[37]、水体^[38]和空气污染^[3]环境问题。因此,评估施肥现状及减肥潜力对粮食生产和环境安全意义重大。研究结果显示在施肥过量条件下粮食作物生产的减氮磷钾潜力分别在33%—63%、46%—75%和57%—70%,减肥潜力巨大（表3）。进一步分析产量组的肥料用量发现,中低产组过量的氮肥用量占比为64%—93%,过量的磷肥用量占比60%—88%,过量的钾肥用量占比为33%—50%（图3）,这意味着减肥的重点在中低产组的农户。同时三大作物产量与氮磷钾肥用量间均不显著相关,表明农户减肥潜力巨大,即在陕西生态环境条件下生产小麦、玉米和水稻,增加或减少施肥不是引起产量差异的主要原因。农户是土地经营的主体,通常认为多投入肥料养分是获得高产的重要保障^[39],加之化肥补贴和市场竞争导致其价格偏低^[40],是过量施肥的重要原因。采用土壤测试方法可科学指导肥料用量^[41],然而我国土地碎片化程度高,每块土地平均0.1 hm^2[42],大规模测土后制定科学的施肥量,时间紧、难度大,同时考虑到地块间土壤基础地力差异,笔者认为基于输入输出平衡推荐法、通过产量区间来确定施肥区间更为实际。例如,农户的玉米产量在5 000—7 000 kg·hm^-2,根据合理施肥量方程推荐的氮肥用量为87—122 kg·hm^-2,推荐的磷肥用量为24—34 kg·hm^-2,推荐的钾肥用量为23—32 kg·hm^-2,实际的肥料用量农户可根据多年的经验进行微调。

分析不同产量组的环境效应可知,粮食作物生产活性氮损失减少潜力为4%—50%,高产组的减排潜力更低（表3）。尽管高产组通常有高的肥料投入量,但其氮肥利用率较高,故活性氮损失强度比低产组甚至减少34%—46%。WANG等^[43]在甘肃张掖也发现当氮肥用量从140 kg N·hm^-2提高到221 kg N·hm^-2时,并未增加单位产量的活性氮损失量。由此可见,在一定范围内增加氮肥用量以提高作物产量,并不一定提高活性氮损失强度,这说明有效提高氮肥利用效率是增产环保实现双赢的重要保障。此外,不同作物类型的活性氮损失强度差异较大,小麦的活性氮损失是玉米和水稻的1.8—2.1倍（表3）,这主要归因于小麦低的产量以及高的籽粒蛋白质含量。总的来看,通过构建综合的土壤-作物管理系统将高产栽培与合理种植相结合是减少活性氮损失的重要途径之一。CUI等^[9]证实应用综合的土壤-作物管理系统在减少氮肥用量15%—18%的同时,增加粮食平均产量11%—12%,减少氮损失13%—22%。不同作物类型和产量组间,经济效益差异显著。水稻的经济效益为小麦、玉米的2.7—4.0倍,高的单产和单价是增加收益的主要原因^[14]。然而由于生长条件的限制,陕西省水稻种植主要集中在陕南的部分地区,因此分析旱作的小麦和玉米效益是必要的。与玉米相比,小麦的经济收益减少了50%。小麦作为陕西省三大主粮食作物之一,在2000—2017年间种植面积减少了31%（47.4万hm²）,产量只提高了7%（30万t）^[15]。同时由于市场导向作用,小麦价格存在“天花板”封顶,生产成本却在“地板式”上升,压缩了小麦生产利润空间^[44,45],从而导致小麦的经济收益低于玉米。可通过政策支持、补贴等措施扩大小麦种植面积、提高小麦总产和单价,从而提高小麦生产的经济效益。

4 结论

本研究基于2018年976份调研数据,系统分析了粮食作物生产的产量和施肥现状,减肥、减排潜力及经济效益。小麦、玉米和水稻的平均产量分别为4 573、7 319和8 340 kg·hm^-2,平均施氮量分别为177、247和186 kg N·hm^-2,平均施磷量分别为102、103和88 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,平均施钾量分别为37、47和64 kg K₂O·hm^-2,产量与氮磷钾肥用量间无显著相关性。表明在陕西生态环境条件下生产三大粮食作物,增加或减少施肥不是引起产量差异的主要原因,即农户减肥潜力和活性氮减排潜力巨大。陕西省主要粮食作物减氮、磷和钾肥的潜力分别为33%—63%、46%— 75%和57%—70%,减活性氮损失潜力为4%—50%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 yuan/hm²。本研究从减肥节本高效增收为出发点,提出以低中产组农户为化肥减量和收益提升的重点,3种作物均可分别减少氮磷钾肥45%、65%和61%,从而降低26%、45%和18%的活性氮损失,提高10%、9%和3%的经济效益。

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中国农业科学, 2017, 50(14): 2758-2768. DOI: 10.3864/ j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.012.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.012 URL [本文引用: 3]

【Objective】It is of great significance to clarify the farmers’ nutrient input situation for the realization of stable yield, high yield, and high nutrient use efficiency in dryland wheat production.【Method】A 5-yr long farm survey of 1 261 farmers was carried out to analyze and evaluate their fertilizer applications and the fertilizer reduction potential in Weibei dryland, based on the nutrient requirement determined by the corresponding wheat grain yields and sustainable development of dryland wheat production.【Result】Obtained results showed the farmers’ wheat yields ranged from 750 to 9 000 kg hm^-2, with the average of 4 243 kg·hm^-2, and they were allocated into five groups as: very low (<2 640 kg·hm^-2), low (2 640-3 780 kg·hm^-2), moderate (3 780-4 920 kg·hm^-2), high (4 920-6 060 kg·hm^-2) and very high (>6 060 kg·hm^-2), respectively, accounting for 22.0%, 22.2%, 19.3%, 22.8% and 13.6% of the total. Farmers’ nitrogen (N) application rates ranged from 33 to 454 kg N·hm^-2 with an average of 188 kg N·hm^-2, phosphorus (P) ranged from 0 to 435 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2 with an average of 125 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and potassium ranged from 0 to 201 kg K₂O·hm^-2 with an average of 19 kg K₂O·hm^-2. However, farmers’ yields showed no significant correlations with the N, P, and K rates, respectively. With the increase of grain yield levels, the proportion of N over application farmers decreased from 97.8% in the very low yield group to 18.0% in very high group, but that of N deficient application farmers increased from 0.7% to 45.9%, correspondingly. Similar to N, the proportion of P over application farmers decreased from 99.3% in very low yield group to 70.9% in very high yield group, and this means P over application was practiced by more than 70.0% of farmers in each yield group. Different from N and P, K deficient application was practiced by more than 60.0% of farmers in each yield group. Therefore, for N, farmers in very low and low yield groups were recommended to reduce 24-144 kg N·hm^-2, 28%-73% from their high or very high N application rates, and farmers in moderate, high and very high yield groups were recommended to reduce 50-181 kg N·hm^-2, 26%-51% of their high or very high N rates and add 38-134 kg N·hm^-2, 41%-345% more to the low or very low N rates. For P, farmers in different yield groups should reduce 7-31 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 23%-33% from the high P rates, and reduce 85-118 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 61%-85% from the very high P rates. For K, farmers with no or very low K input in different yield groups were suggested to use 13-50 kg K₂O·hm^-2, and add 7-18 kg K₂O·hm^-2, 35%-78% for those with low K rates. 【Conclusion】 Compared with the conventional method, which adopted an uniform fertilization rate as the criterion to evaluate the famers’ fertilizer application with variable yields, the present work proposed a yield based approach. This approach is proved to be suitable for the small scale household farming in China, and enable to objectively and accurately understand the arbitrary and over application of fertilizer, and to provide a scientific basis for the effective regulation of farmers’ fertilizer application.

CAO

H B

, WANG

Z H

, ZHAO

H B

, MA

X L

, SHE

, ZHANG

, PU

Y J

, YANG

Z Z

, Lü

, SHI

Y C

, DU

M Y

. Yield based evaluation on fertilizer application and analysis of its reduction potential in Weibei dryland wheat production
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(14): 2758-2768. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017. 14.012. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.14.012 URL [本文引用: 3]

张亦涛, 王洪媛, 雷秋良, 张继宗, 翟丽梅, 任天志, 刘宏斌. 农田合理施氮量的推荐方法
中国农业科学, 2018, 51(15): 2937-2947. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.009.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

In order to obtain high crop yield and low environmental nitrogen (N) pollution risk simultaneously, identifying the optimal N application rate is one of the most effective methods. Based on the theory of optimal N application and the present situation of N fertilizer application in China, we summarized the recommended methods for optimal N rate used in current research. The existing recommended methods for optimal N rate were soil nutrient regulation during crop growth, N application effect curve, balance of N input and output, and the critical N rate based on standard nitrate-N of leaching water from farmland. The first three methods, which focused on agronomy effect firstly and then assessed its environmental effect, were for the purpose of obtaining better agronomic benefits. All of these three methods were scientific and reasonable, which had proved their application in practice. The forth method focused on environmental effect firstly and then estimates its effect on yield intending to prevent nitrate pollution of groundwater, which could quantify the actual environmental effect of optimal N application rate. However, the critical N application rate of the forth method has some uncertainty because of many influencing factors, and its variation under different years, different regions and different soil types need be further studied.

ZHANG

Y T

, WANG

H Y

, LEI

Q L

, ZHANG

J Z

, ZHAI

L M

, REN

T Z

, LIU

H B

. Recommended methods for optimal nitrogen application rate
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(15): 2937-2947. DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.009. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.15.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

曹寒冰. 渭北旱地冬小麦监控施肥技术的优化
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2014.

[本文引用: 1]

CAO

H B

. Optimization of fertilizer recommendation technology based on soil test for winter wheat on Weibei dayland
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2014. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[19]

HOU

, GAO

, XIE

R Z

, LI

S K

, MENG

Q F

, KIRKBY

E A

, ROMHELD

, MULLER

, ZHANG

F S

, CUI

Z L

, CHEN

X P

. Grain yields in relation to N requirement: Optimizing nitrogen management for spring maize grown in China
Field Crops Research, 2012, 129: 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.006.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

The overestimation of nitrogen (N) uptake requirement under a high-yield cropping system with maize (Zen mays L.) has been a driving force in the overuse of N fertilization and environmental pollution in China. A database comprising 1246 measurements collected between 2005 and 2009 from 105 on-farm and station experiments conducted in the spring maize domains of the Northeast. Northwest of China and the North China Plain, was used to evaluate N uptake requirement in relation to grain yield. Field experiments with different maize cultivars and N management forms were also carried out to assess this relationship. Across all the sites, maize yield averaged 11.1 Mg ha(-1) which was more than twice that of the national maize grain yield average of China of 5.3 Mg ha(-1) and the world average of 4.5 Mg ha(-1). Nitrogen uptake requirement per Mg grain yield averaged 17.4 kg. Considering 6 ranges of grain yield (<7.5 Mg ha(-1), 7.5-9 Mg ha(-1), 9-10.5 Mg ha(-1), 10.5-12 Mg ha(-1), 12-13.5 Mg ha(-1) and >13.5 Mg ha(-1)), N uptake requirements per Mg grain yield were 19.8, 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 17.0 and 16.9 kg respectively. This decreasing N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield with increasing grain yield was attributed to increasing harvest index (HI) and the diluting effects of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Grain yield increased with year of cultivar release from the 1950s to the 2000s. with N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield decreasing because of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Compared with the current commercial hybrid (ZD958), the lower N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield of the N-efficient hybrid of XY335 was attributed to a lower straw N concentration while maintaining a similarly high grain yield and grain N concentration. In neither of the years was there any evidence of leaf senescence in either optimal N rate (N-opt) or excessive N rate (N-over) and there was no significant difference between N uptake of these two treatments. This indicated that excessive N application could not delay leaf senescence to sustain further grain yield increase. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V.

[20]

L Q

, CUI

Z L

, CHEN

X P

, YUE

S C

, SUN

Y X

, ZHAO

R F

, DENG

, ZHANG

, CHEN

K R

. Change in phosphorus requirement with increasing grain yield for Chinese maize production
Field Crops Research, 2015, 180: 216-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015. 06.001.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.06.001 URL [本文引用: 1]

[21]

X P

, HE

, PAMPOLINO

M F

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L M

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A M

, QIU

S J

, ZHAO

S C

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. Nutrient requirements for maize in China based on QUEFTS analysis
Field Crops Research, 2013, 150(15): 115-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.006.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

[22]

X P

, XIE

J G

, HOU

Y P

, HE

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M F

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S C

, QIU

S J

, JOHNSTON

A M

, ZHOU

. Estimating nutrient uptake requirements for rice in China
Field Crops Research, 2015, 180: 37-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.008.

DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

[23]

王浩, 董朝阳, 王淑兰, 张玉娇, 师祖姣, 张元红, 王瑞, 李军. 基于春玉米籽粒产量的渭北旱塬区农户施肥现状评价
植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(3): 590-598.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

, DONG

Z Y

, WANG

S L

, ZHANG

Y J

, SHI

Z J

, ZHANG

Y H

, WANG

, LI

. Evaluation on fertilization of farmer practice based on grain yield of spring maize in Weibei dryland
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(3): 590-598. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

王小英, 刘芬, 同延安, 赵佐平. 陕南秦巴山区水稻施肥现状评价
应用生态学报, 2013, 24(11): 3106-3112.

URLPMID:24564138 [本文引用: 1]

In order to understand the present situation of rice fertilization and the existing problems in the farmers' nutrient resources input in the Qin-Ba mountainous area of southern Shaanxi, the survey data from 2854 households in 11 counties of this area in the project

WANG

X Y

, LIU

, TONG

Y A

, ZHAO

Z P

. Present situation of rice fertilization in Qin-Ba mountainous area of southern Shaanxi, China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(11): 3106-3112. (in Chinese)

URLPMID:24564138 [本文引用: 1]

赵护兵, 王朝辉, 高亚军, 张卫峰. 西北典型区域旱地冬小麦农户施肥调查分析
植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(4): 840-848.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0409 URL [本文引用: 1]

为明确我国西北旱地小麦施肥现状，在西北旱地冬小麦典型种植区选取3个区/县连续4年进行农户养分投入调查。调查结果分析表明，调查区域小麦产量低而不稳；氮肥投入农户31.7%适中、 21.0%偏高、 41.9%很高、 1.7%偏低、 3.7%很低；10.6%的农户磷肥投入量适中，偏低和很低的分别占41.7%和9.6%，偏高和很高的占28.3%和9.8%；钾肥投入量适中的农户占1.5%，偏低的2.1%，很低的88.3%，偏高的2.9%，很高的5.2%。氮、磷、钾肥的偏生产力（PFP）分别为21.7、 36.2和88.9 kg/kg。在肥料投入总量中有机肥分别占氮肥总量的3.1%，磷肥总量的2.3%，钾肥总量的53.8%。作基肥投入的氮肥占96.2%，磷肥占100%，钾肥占100%。显然，氮肥施用过量，磷肥偏多和不足并存，钾肥重视不足，化肥偏多、有机肥偏少，基肥偏多、追肥偏少问题是目前西北旱地小麦养分投入中存在的主要问题。

ZHAO

H B

, WANG

Z H

, GAO

Y J

, ZHANG

W F

. Investigation and analysis of dryland winter wheat fertilizer application in northwest typical areas
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2013, 19(4): 840-848. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0409 URL [本文引用: 1]

张素敏, 蒋云峰, 邓蜀平. 中国尿素市场分析与趋势展望
中国市场, 2015, 42: 104-106.

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ZHANG

S M

, JIANG

Y F

, DENG

S P

. The urea market analysis and tendency forecast in China
China Market, 2015, 42: 104-106. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[27]

NING

C C

, GAO

P D

, WANG

B Q

, LIN

W P

, JIANG

N H

, CAI

K Z

. Impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic amendments supplementation on soil nutrient, enzyme activity and heavy metal content
Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(8): 1819-1831.

DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61476-4 URL [本文引用: 1]

[28]

HUANG

, TANG

Y H

. An estimate of greenhouse gas (N₂O and CO₂) mitigation potential under various scenarios of nitrogen use efficiency in Chinese croplands
Global Change Biology, 2010, 16: 2958-2970. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02187.x.

[本文引用: 1]

[29]

LUN

, LIU

J G

, CIAIS

, NESME

, CHANG

J F

, WANG

, GOLL

, SARDANS

, PENUELAS

, OBERSTEINER

. Global and regional phosphorus budgets in agricultural systems and their implications for phosphorus-use efficiency
Earth System Science Data, 2018, 10(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.5194/essd-10-1-2018.

DOI:10.5194/essd-10-1-2018 URL [本文引用: 1]

[30]

程琳琳. 中国农田生态系统钾素平衡与钾肥需求
[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2007.

[本文引用: 1]

CHENG

L L

. Potassium balance and potassium fertilizer demand in Chinese farmland ecosystem
[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2007. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

戴健. 旱地冬小麦产量、养分利用及土壤硝态氮对长期施用氮磷肥和降水的响应
[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2016.

[本文引用: 1]

DAI

. Responses of winter wheat yield, nutrient utilization and nitrate in soil to long term nitrogen and phosphor us fertilization and precipitation on dryland
[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2016. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[32]

赵护兵, 王朝辉, 高亚军, 张卫峰. 陕西省农户小麦施肥调研评价
植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22(1): 245-253.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14243 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】明确陕西省小麦施肥现状,对陕西省小麦养分资源管理进行科学指导。【方法】选取2个小麦主产区一年一熟区渭北旱塬和一年两熟区关中平原连续5年进行农户施肥调查。【结果】渭北旱塬小麦产量由于年季间降水不均表现出低而不稳的趋势,年均产量3473 kg/hm²; 关中平原由于补灌小麦产量年季间波动较小,年均5882 kg/hm²。渭北和关中绝大多数农户施氮过量,渭北20.2%农户施氮偏高,43.5%很高,施氮合理的仅占29.7%,偏低的占4.6%,很低的仅有2.0%,氮肥平均用量为N 197.6 kg/hm²; 关中20.3%农户施氮偏高,37.5%很高,施氮合理的仅占17.5%,偏低的占14.2%,很低的仅有10.5%,平均施氮量为N 199.2 kg/hm²。陕西省农户磷肥投入总量基本合理,但投入偏低和偏高并存,渭北磷肥平均投入量适中的农户占12.0%,偏低的占41.5%,很低的10.7%,偏高的26.7%,很高的9.2%,磷肥投入平均P₂O₅123.4 kg/hm²; 关中磷肥平均投入量适中的农户占14.3%,偏低的占27.2%,很低的13.8%,偏高的31.0%,很高的13.7%,平均为P₂O₅ 141.6 kg/hm²。渭北旱塬小麦钾投入平均K₂O 32.9 kg/hm²,关中平原为K₂O 37.3 kg/hm²,渭北和关中超过90%农户钾肥投入不足。陕西省冬小麦养分投入以基施为主,追施为辅,渭北和关中冬小麦氮素平均基施量为N 189.9和185.4 kg/hm²,占氮素总投入的96.1%和93.1%,追施量N 7.7和13.8 kg/hm²,仅占3.9%和6.9%。陕西省冬小麦氮磷养分投入以化肥为主,有机肥为辅,渭北和关中有机肥投入的氮素平均仅有N 4.7和3.1 kg/hm²,仅占全部氮素投入的2.4%和1.6%,P₂O₅平均2.4和1.7 kg/hm²,占1.9%和1.2%,而化肥投入的氮、磷相对较大,渭北和关中氮素平均N 192.9和196.0 kg/hm²,P₂O₅平均120.8和139.9 kg/hm²来自化肥。渭北N、 P₂O₅ 和 K₂O平均PFP(化肥偏生产力)分别为20.0 kg/kg、 33.3 kg/kg和83.5 kg/kg; 关中PFP分别为36.8 kg/kg、 53.9 kg/kg和131.8 kg/kg。陕西省渭北旱塬冬小麦基肥中尿素和碳铵是农户较为喜欢的氮肥品种,平均有55.7%和47.2%的农户选用; 而关中农户较为喜欢的氮肥品种为尿素,有42.8%农户选用。普钙是渭北农户较为喜欢的磷肥品种,平均有50.2%的农户施用; 而关中农户较为喜欢的磷肥品种为磷酸二铵,有40.2%的农户施用。复合肥施肥面积逐年增加,渭北和关中平均有30.8%和40.2%的农户施用。有机肥施肥农户较少且在逐年下降,渭北和关中由2008~2009年的10.0%和11.7%减少到2012~2013年的0.8%和0.8%。【结论】陕西省农户小麦施肥存在氮肥过量,磷肥施用过量和不足并存,钾肥重视不足,有机肥投入偏少,追肥偏少等问题。

ZHAO

H B

, WANG

Z H

, GAO

Y J

, ZHANG

W F

. Investigation and evaluation of household wheat fertilizer application in Shaanxi Province
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22(1): 245-253. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.14243 URL [本文引用: 1]

魏晓军. 玉米氮肥基追比肥效试验
农业科技与信息, 2018, 12: 38-39.

[本文引用: 1]

WEI

X J

. Test about ratio of basal fertilizer on maize
Agricultural Science-Technology and Information, 2018, 12: 38-39. (in Chinese)

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张福锁, 陈新平, 陈清. 中国主要农作物施肥指南. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2009: 28-33.

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ZHANG

F S

, CHEN

X P

, CHEN

. Fertilization Guide on Major Crops of China. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009: 28-33. (in Chinese)

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[35]

王艺颖, 刘春力. 陕西省主要粮食作物生产成本收益研究——以小麦、玉米为例
中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(6): 143-148. DOI: 10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.20160623.

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WANG

Y Y

, LIU

C L

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Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2016, 37(6): 143-148. DOI: 10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121. 20160623. (in Chinese)

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[36]

马臣, 刘艳妮, 梁璐, 翟丙年, 张昊青, 王朝辉. 有机无机肥配施对旱地冬小麦产量和硝态氮残留淋失的影响
应用生态学报, 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248. DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201804.023.

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201804.023 URLPMID:29726234 [本文引用: 1]

The effects of optimum nitrogen (N) fertilization rate with and without adding manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in soil profile were examined in Weibei dryland, Shaanxi with a field experiment combined different N fertilization rates (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg N.hm(-2)) and organic manure (0 and 30 t.hm(-2)). The results showed that, compared to chemical N fertilizer, combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure increased winter wheat yield by 14.7% when N fertilization rate was reduced by 27.1%. The highest yield was obtained when 150 kg.hm(-2) of N rate was combined with the manure (N150+M). The combination of N fertilizer and manure promoted N uptake of wheat grain and increased N use efficiency by 20.2%. The highest N use efficiency was recorded in the N150+M treatment. In addition, the lea-ching of residual nitrate-N during the wheat growing season and the leaching of nitrate-N during summer fallow were decreased. When N application rate was lower than 115 kg.hm(-2), N fertilizer combined with organic manure reduced the amount of nitrate-N leaching in summer fallow. We recommend the combined application of organic manure with about 150 kg.hm(-2) of N fertilizers in Weibei dryland to guarantee high winter wheat yield, N use efficiency, and reduce excessive residue of fertilizer N in the soil.

, LIU

Y N

, LIANG

, ZHAI

B N

, ZHANG

H Q

, WANG

Z H

. Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure on wheat yield and leaching of residual nitrate-N in dryland soil
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2018, 29(4): 1240-1248. DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201804.023. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201804.023 URLPMID:29726234 [本文引用: 1]

GUO

J H

, LIU

X J

, ZHANG

, SHEN

, HAN

W X

, ZHANG

W F

, CHRISTIE

, GOULDING

K W T

, VITOUSEK

P M

, ZHANG

F S

. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands
Science, 2010, 327(5968): 1008-1010. DOI: 10.1126/science.1182570.

DOI:10.1126/science.1182570 URLPMID:20150447 [本文引用: 1]

Soil acidification is a major problem in soils of intensive Chinese agricultural systems. We used two nationwide surveys, paired comparisons in numerous individual sites, and several long-term monitoring-field data sets to evaluate changes in soil acidity. Soil pH declined significantly (P < 0.001) from the 1980s to the 2000s in the major Chinese crop-production areas. Processes related to nitrogen cycling released 20 to 221 kilomoles of hydrogen ion (H+) per hectare per year, and base cations uptake contributed a further 15 to 20 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year to soil acidification in four widespread cropping systems. In comparison, acid deposition (0.4 to 2.0 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year) made a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils across China.

[38]

FEDOROFF

N V

, BASTTISTI

D S

, BEACHY

R N

, COOPER

P J M

, FISHCHHOFF

D A

, HODGES

C N

, KNAUF

V C

, LOBELL

, MAZUR

B J

, MOLDEN

, REYNOLDS

M P

, RONALD

P C

, ROSEGRANT

M W

, SANCHEZ

P A

, VONSHAK

, ZHU

J K

. Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st Century
Science, 2010, 327(5967): 833-834. DOI: 10.1126/science.1186834.

DOI:10.1126/science.1186834 URLPMID:20150494 [本文引用: 1]

Population growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this century's demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their production. Success depends on the acceptance and use of contemporary molecular techniques, as well as the increasing development of farming systems that use saline water and integrate nutrient flows.

[39]

, CHEN

X P

, CUI

Z L

, WANG

G L

, ZHANG

W F

. Improving nitrogen management via a regional management plan for Chinese rice production
Environmental Research Letters, 2015, 10(9): 1-11. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095011.

[本文引用: 1]

[40]

周克清, 杨昭. 化肥施用与涉肥财税优惠政策: 回顾与展望
税务与经济, 2019, 222(1): 76-81.

[本文引用: 1]

ZHOU

K Q

, YANG

. Application of fertilizer and preferential fiscal and tax policies related to fertilizer: Review and prospect
Taxation and Economy, 2019, 222(1): 76-81. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[41]

章孜亮, 刘金山, 王朝辉, 赵护兵, 杨宁, 杨荣, 曹寒冰. 基于土壤氮素平衡的旱地冬小麦监控施氮
植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(6): 1387-1396.

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2012.12045 URL [本文引用: 1]

Six hybrids and 13 genotypes of fluecured tobacco were used to study the genotype difference, parentoffspring correlation and heterosis of F1 generation in their nutrient characteristics. The results showed a significant difference in biomass, root/shoot ratio, contents and absorptions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), chlorophyll concentration, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and root activity among different genotypes of fluecured tobaccos in seedling stage. The contents of N, P and K in roots and N and K in shoot, dry matter accumulation, root activity and root/shoot ratio showed no significant correlations between F1 generation and the parents. There was a significant negative correlation between P content in shoots of F1 generation and midparent, while NR activity of F1 generation had significant positive correlation with female parent. The chlorophyll concentration of F1 generation correlated significantly with male parent, midparent and lowparent. The P and K contents in root, N content in shoot, NR activity, chlorophyll concentration, root activity, root/shoot ratio, dry matter accumulation of fluecured tobacco in seedling stage had midparent heterosis. The P content in root, NR activity, root activity, root/shoot ratio, dry matter accumulation had over highparent heterosis. The N content in root and P, K contents in shoots had no significant heterosis, but some cross combinations had midparent heterosis and over highparent heterosis.

ZHANG

Z L

, LIU

J S

, WANG

Z H

, ZHAO

H B

, YANG

, CAO

H B

. Nitrogen recommendation for dryland winter wheat by monitoring nitrate in 1 m soil and based on nitrogen balance
Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(6): 1387-1396. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2012.12045 URL [本文引用: 1]

X T

, GU

B J

, WU

Y Y

, GALLOWAY

J N

. Reducing China’s fertilizer use by increasing farm size
Global Environmental Change, 2016, 41: 26-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.08.005.

DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.08.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

[43]

WANG

, LI

F R

, ZHAO

, ZHANG

E H

, SHI

S L

, ZHAO

W Z

, SONG

W X

, VANCE

M M

. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution and fertilizer nitrogen loss, wheat yield and nitrogen uptake on a recently reclaimed sandy farmland
Plant and Soil, 2010, 337: 325-339. DOI: 10.1007/s11104- 010-0530-z.

DOI:10.1007/s11104-010-0530-z URL [本文引用: 1]

Monitoring of drinking water has shown an increase in nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) concentration in groundwater in some areas of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A combination of careful irrigation and nitrogen (N) management is needed to improve N uptake efficiency and to minimize fertilizer N loss. A 2-year experiment investigated the effects of different irrigation and N application rates on soil NO₃⁻-N distribution and fertilizer N loss, wheat grain yield and N uptake on recently reclaimed sandy farmland. The experiment followed a completely randomized split-plot design, taking flood irrigation (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 of the estimated evapotranspiration) as main plot treatment and N-supply as split-plot treatment (with five levels of 0, 79, 140, 221, 300kg N ha⁻¹). Fertilizer N loss was calculated according to N balance equation. Our results showed that, under deficit irrigation conditions, N fertilizer application at a rate of 300kg ha⁻¹ promoted NO₃⁻-N concentration in 0–200cm depth soil profiles, and treatments with 221kg N ha⁻¹ also increased soil NO₃⁻-N concentrations only in the surface layers. Fertilizer N rates of 70 and 140kg ha⁻¹ did not increase NO₃⁻-N concentration in the 0–200cm soil profile remaining after the spring wheat growing season. The amount of residual NO₃⁻-N in soil profiles decreased with the amount of irrigation. Compared with N₀, the increases of fertilizer N loss, in N₇₉, N₁₄₀, N₂₂₁ and N₃₀₀ respectively, were 59.9, 104.6, 143.5 and 210.6kg ha⁻¹ over 2years. Under these experimental conditions, a N rate of 221kg ha⁻¹ obtained the highest values of grain yield (2775kg ha⁻¹), above-ground dry matter (5310kg ha⁻¹) and plant N uptake (103.8kg ha⁻¹) over 2years. The results clearly showed that the relative high grain yield and irrigation water productivity, and relative low N loss were achieved with application of 221kg N ha⁻¹ and low irrigation, the recommendation should be for those farmers who use the upper range of the recommended 150–400kg N ha⁻¹, that they can save about 45% of their N and 40% of their irrigation water application.

[44]

程国强. 创新农业补贴方式加大政策支持力度
黑龙江粮食, 2015(3): 5.

[本文引用: 1]

CHENG

G Q

. Innovate agricultural subsidies to increase policy support
Journal of Heilongjiang Grain, 2015(3): 5. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[45]

王燕青, 李隆玲, 武拉平. 农民种粮是否有利可图?——基于粮食种植成本收益分析
农业经济与管理, 2016(1): 69-79.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

Y Q

, LI

L L

, WU

L P

. Is it profitable for farmers to grow grain?——Based on the cost-benefit analysis of grain cultivation
Agricultural Economics and Management, 2016(1): 69-79. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]