海南岛1988—2018年畜禽粪尿氮磷负荷量及环境效应

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

丁尚^,¹, 付阳², 郭浩浩¹, 宋晨阳¹, 李博玲³, 赵洪伟^,¹

¹海南大学生态与环境学院/海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室/海南省热带生态环境修复工程研究中心,海口570228

²海南大学动物科技学院,海口570228

³海南省畜牧技术推广站,海口570100

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads and Their Environmental Effects of Animal Manure in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

DING Shang^,¹, FU Yang², GUO HaoHao¹, SONG ChenYang¹, LI BoLing³, ZHAO HongWei^,¹

¹College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University/Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province/Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228

²College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228

³Animal Husbandry Technology Station of Hainan Province, Haikou 570100

通讯作者: 赵洪伟,E-mail： hwzhao@hainu.edu.cn

责任编辑: 岳梅
收稿日期:2019-12-13接受日期:2019-12-30网络出版日期:2020-09-16

基金资助:

海南省重大科技项目.ZDKJ2017002

Received:2019-12-13Accepted:2019-12-30Online:2020-09-16
作者简介 About authors
丁尚,E-mail： Dshainu@163.com。

摘要
【目的】揭示海南畜禽养殖业发展过程中粪尿氮磷养分流动情况及其对环境的影响,为区域农业发展规划和畜禽养殖结构调整提供参考。【方法】基于统计资料和文献数据,定量估算1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿养分产生量、单位耕地面积养分承载量,并利用畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数深入分析其对环境的影响,当畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值<0.4时,可认为对环境无威胁,而当环境风险指数在1.00以下时,对环境的风险可忽略,在安全数值以上即会对环境产生不同程度的影响。【结果】1988—2018年间,海南岛畜禽粪尿产生量变化经历了3个阶段,1988—2005年整体上升,2006—2008年下降较多,此后缓慢发展并趋于稳定,到2018年畜禽粪尿产生量为10.50×10⁶t,就养分产生量来看,粪尿氮磷年际间变化趋势相似,2005年产生量最多,2006年出现较大幅度下降,到2018年粪尿氮产生量为7.41×10⁴ t,粪尿磷产生量为1.01×10⁴t。单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量也经历了先增加后稳定的过程,到2018年耕地氮负荷168.80 kg·hm^-2,耕地磷负荷为23.05 kg·hm^-2。2018年区域间差异较大,东部和北部地区单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量较高,西部和中部地区偏低,其中氮和磷负荷最高的是定安（分别为288.50和40.35 kg·hm^-2）,最低的是东方（分别为61.66和8.83 kg·hm^-2）。就环境效应来看,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值始终处于较高水平,大多数年份在1.0—1.5,分级标准中达到Ⅳ级,对环境有较严重的威胁。2018年,定安和澄迈等地预警值分别为2.66和4.59,预警分级达Ⅵ级,对环境有很严重的威胁,仅东方处于安全水平,数值为0.36,为Ⅰ级。就环境风险评价结果来看,海南岛耕地上畜禽粪污环境风险较高,近年随着养殖总量的控制有所降低,2018年环境风险指数下降到1.99（以氮计）和1.32（以磷计）。在区域水平上,就氮素的环境污染风险,2018年定安环境风险指数最高,为3.39,东方最低,为0.73;对于磷素的环境污染风险,东方环境风险指数最低,为0.50,可认为磷素对环境潜在威胁较低,对环境有严重影响的是定安,风险值高达2.31。总的来说,畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数均表明海南岛畜禽粪污潜在环境风险大,从空间分布看,定安、万宁等东部市（县）环境风险要高于临高、东方等西部地区,并且大多数市（县）对环境均有较高程度的威胁。【结论】受养殖规模和耕地面积影响,海南岛单位耕地面积氮负荷较高,区域潜在环境风险不容忽视。因此,未来海南岛畜禽养殖发展规划更应着眼于污染物的控制以及区域优化布局和管理上,并通过减少畜禽粪尿环境排放和循环利用模式以实现海南岛畜禽粪污的资源化利用和绿色发展。
关键词： 海南岛;畜禽粪尿;氮磷负荷量;环境效应

Abstract

【Objective】The objective of this study is to reveal the flow characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in manure and their effects to the environment during the development of livestock and poultry breeding in Hainan, and to provide references for regional agricultural development planning and adjustment of livestock and poultry breeding structure. 【Method】Based on the statistical data and literature data, the nutrient yield of animal manure and nutrient carrying capacity per unit cultivated area in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018 were estimated, and their effects to the environment were deeply analyzed by using alarm value and environmental risk index. When the alarm value is less than 0.4, it can be considered as no threat to the environment, and when the environmental risk index is below 1.00, the risk to the environment can be ignored, above these safety values will have different degrees of impacts on the environment. 【Result】From 1988 to 2018, the changes of the animal manure amount in Hainan Island experienced three stages. The total amount of animal manure increased from 1988 to 2005, and decreased a lot from 2006 to 2008. Since then it developed slowly and stabilized, and the amount of animal manure produced in 2018 was 10.50×10⁶t. In terms of nutrient yield, the annual variation trends of nitrogen and phosphorus were similar, with the largest yield in 2005 and a relatively large decline in 2006. To 2018, the yields of nitrogen and phosphorus in manure were 7.41×10⁴ and 1.01×10⁴ t, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads per unit cultivated land area also experienced a stable trend after continuous increasing. To 2018, cultivated land nitrogen load was 168.80 kg·hm^-2, and cultivated land phosphorus load was 23.05 kg·hm^-2. In 2018, regional variations were relatively large. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads per unit cultivated area were higher in eastern and northern regions, while lower in western and central regions. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus loads were Dingan (288.50 and 40.35 kg·hm^-2, respectively), and the lowest were Dongfang (61.66 and 8.83 kg·hm^-2, respectively). In terms of environmental effects, the alarm values of animal manure per cultivated land from 1988 to 2018 were always at high levels, most years between 1.0 to 1.5, which belonged to the classification standard of IV level and had a serious threat to the environment. In 2018, the alarm values in Dingan and Chengmai were 2.66 and 4.59 (reached the VI level), which had a serious threat to the environment, while only Dongfang was at a safe level with the alarm value of 0.36, which reached the I level. According to the environmental risk assessment results, the environmental risk of animal manure in cultivated land in Hainan Island was relatively high. In recent years, with the total amount of animal breeding reduction, the environmental risk indexes in 2018 dropped to 1.99 (N) and 1.32 (P), respectively. At the regional level, for nitrogen pollution, the environmental risk index of Dingan was the highest (3.39), while the lowest (0.73) was Dongfang; for phosphorus pollution, the environmental risk index in Dongfang (0.50) was the lowest in 2018, which can be considered that phosphorus in Dongfang had a low potential threat to the environment, while Dingan had a serious impact on the environment, with a value as high as 2.31. In general, both the alarm value and the environmental risk index indicated that the potential environmental risk of animal manure pollution in Hainan Island was serious, from the perspective of spatial distribution, environmental risks in eastern cities and counties such as Dingan and Wanning were higher than those in western regions such as Lingao and Dongfang, and most cities and counties posed a higher degree of threat to the environment. 【Conclusion】Due to the influence of animal breeding scale and cultivated land area, the nitrogen load per cultivated land area in Hainan Island is relatively high, and the potential environmental risks of the region scales cannot be ignored. Therefore, the future development plan of livestock and poultry breeding in Hainan Island should focus on the control of pollutants, regional distribution and management, meanwhile, realize the utilization of animal manure resources and the green development of Hainan Island by reducing the animal manure discharge to the environment and adopting resource recycling modes.

Keywords：Hainan Island;animal manure;loads of nitrogen and phosphorus;environmental effect

PDF (1365KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex 收藏本文
本文引用格式
丁尚, 付阳, 郭浩浩, 宋晨阳, 李博玲, 赵洪伟. 海南岛1988—2018年畜禽粪尿氮磷负荷量及环境效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(18): 3752-3763 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.18.011
DING Shang, FU Yang, GUO HaoHao, SONG ChenYang, LI BoLing, ZHAO HongWei. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads and Their Environmental Effects of Animal Manure in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(18): 3752-3763 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.18.011

0 引言

【研究意义】近年来,随着经济的发展和农业集约化水平的提高,畜禽养殖业迅猛发展,在供给人们肉类产品的同时,畜禽废弃物的管理不当也带来了严重的环境问题^[1],造成耕地氮磷负荷过高^[2],水生生态系统富营养化^[3,4],病原微生物污染^[5]等一系列问题,联合国粮农组织已将畜禽养殖列为世界三大环境污染源之一^[6]。因此对畜禽粪污的养分流动进行研究,从资源和环境角度进行优化,对在国家和区域尺度上制定合理布局和方案至关重要。【前人研究进展】目前,就畜禽粪尿资源化利用和环境问题的研究,国内外相关****做了大量工作。如MISHIMA等^[7,8]通过明确家畜排泄物的去向估算了粪肥的施用量,提出了合理的施肥水平,并就畜禽粪污的资源化利用做了进一步研究;而BASSANINO等^[9]则从环境角度出发,基于气候、土壤类型、作物生产力等数据,开发了一种对不同的农业环境进行空间描述的方法,据此分析了畜禽粪尿的环境效应。也有****^[10]引入了畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值来评判畜禽粪尿对土地的环境风险。在国家尺度上,王方浩等^[11]通过确定估算方法和参数,估算了2003年我国养殖业粪尿产生量以及平均耕地负荷。在此基础上,近年来研究人员就我国畜禽粪尿的能源潜力、还田总量和污染风险进行了系统研究^[12,13,14]。在区域尺度上,易秀等^[15]以陕西省为研究对象,估算了2006—2010年的畜禽粪尿排放量及负荷量,并评价了其对环境的污染压力;李丹阳等^[16]则从空间变化出发,研究了2016年山西省区域畜禽粪污产生量、养分负荷量、能源潜力及环境风险。【本研究切入点】有研究指出,海南单位耕地面积养分污染负荷较高,污染情况较严重^[12,17-18]。而《国家生态文明试验区（海南）实施方案》^[19]中对农业的生态发展和土壤生态环境提出了高标准要求,因此,明确畜禽粪污耕地负荷及其环境效应对促进海南岛生态建设意义重大。而对于海南省,大多数****^[17,20-21]仅从某一年出发,研究中多探讨养殖数量、耕地负荷情况,鲜有在时空尺度上针对该区域畜禽粪尿养分流动、耕地负荷及其环境风险的具体研究。【拟解决的关键问题】以海南岛为研究对象,核算1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿养分产生量以及单位耕地面积氮磷负荷,并通过畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值与环境风险指数来综合评价其对环境产生的影响,以期为区域畜禽养殖布局和环境治理提供科学参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

海南岛是我国第二大岛,位于东经108°37′—111°03′,北纬18°10′—20°10′,面积约3.39万平方千米。岛内年平均气温24—27℃,全年无霜冻期,畜禽饲养周期短,出栏率较高,全岛适宜放牧的地区达30%,对发展畜牧业具有较好的潜力。2018年本地有效耕地面积为43.90万公顷,主要集中在沿海平原地区,而中部为山地丘陵地区,耕地面积较小,林地面积相对较大。1988—2018年,海南岛畜牧业快速发展,截至2018年底,畜牧业总产值达245.32亿元,牲畜年出栏量666万头,家禽年出栏量16 011万只,其中肉蛋奶类总产量达84.71万吨^[22]。

1.2 数据及参数

本研究所需历年海南岛畜禽养殖数量、耕地面积等数据来自1989—2019年《海南省统计年鉴》（通过第三次全国农业普查,统计年鉴数据有所修正,根据2019年海南省统计年鉴,畜禽养殖部分2013—2018年为最新修正数据）。考虑到不同时期及不同地区畜禽饲养周期的差异,选用猪年末出栏量、牛年末存栏量、羊年末存栏量、肉鸡及鸭鹅年末出栏量、蛋鸡年末存栏量作为养殖量进行计算。

对于不同地区,畜禽粪尿的排泄系数和养分含量有所差异,不同文献给出的数据也不尽相同,本文采用农业农村部科教司与第一次全国污染普查领导小组办公室于2009年联合发布《第一次全国污染普查畜禽养殖业源产排污系数手册》^[23]中南区域（含海南省）的参数,并借鉴张建杰等^[24]对参数的修订原则：猪产排污系数=1/3保育期产排污系数+2/3育肥期产排污系数;奶牛产排污系数即为产奶阶段;役用牛产排污系数按育成牛阶段算;肉牛产排污系数按育肥期算;蛋鸡产排污系数按产蛋期算;肉禽产排污系数按肉鸡的产排污系数计算。其他数据,如羊的产排污系数来自耿维等^[12]的研究,畜禽鲜重、饲养周期结合调研和文献[24]获得（表1）。

Table 1
表1
表1畜禽粪尿排泄系数及养分含量
Table 1Animal manure parameters and their nutrient contents

畜禽种类 Animal category	鲜重 Fresh weight (kg)	生长周期 Growth period (d)	粪尿产生量 Manure production (kg·d^-1)	氮素产生量 N production (g·d^-1)	磷素产生量 P production (g·d^-1)
猪Pig	90	199	3.74	36.43	4.83
奶牛Dairy cattle	624	365	50.99	353.41	62.46
肉牛Beef cattle	316	365	23.02	65.93	10.52
役用牛Draft cattle	328	365	27.63	139.76	25.99
羊Sheep	35	365	0.87	2.15	0.46
肉鸡Chicken	2	80	0.06	0.71	0.06
蛋鸡Egg-laying hen	2	365	0.12	1.16	0.23
鸭Duck	2	210	0.06	0.71	0.06
鹅Goose	4	120	0.06	0.71	0.06

新窗口打开|下载CSV

1.3 计算公式

1.3.1 畜禽粪尿养分产生量

$Q=\sum \limits ^{9}_{i=1}Qi$,Qi=Fi×Ri×Wi×Ni,N(P)

式中,Q为畜禽粪尿养分产生总量;Qi为某一种畜禽粪尿产生量;Fi为饲养总量;Ri为该畜禽饲养周期;Wi为个体鲜重;Ni,N(P)为粪尿中氮或磷养分含量。

1.3.2 单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量 L_N₍_P₎=Q_N₍_P₎/A

式中,L_N₍_P₎为单位耕地面积氮磷负荷;Q_N₍_P₎为粪尿氮磷产生量;A为有效耕地面积。

1.3.3 畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值单位耕地面积氮磷负荷仅反映区域畜禽粪污是否超标,为判定粪尿排放对环境产生的威胁程度,还需要进一步划分污染等级,参考沈根详等^[10]提出的方法对海南岛畜禽粪尿单位耕地面积环境效应进行预警和分级。

R=q/p,q=ΣM×T/A

式中,R为预警值,q为畜禽粪尿负荷量。其中,M各类畜禽粪尿量;T为各类畜禽粪尿换算成猪粪当量的换算系数^[10];p为以猪粪当量计的有机肥最大适宜施用量,根据沈根祥、刁晓平等^[10,25]的研究,此处取45 t·hm^-2。

本文的分级参考沈根祥等^[10]的研究,将R值分为<0.4、0.4—0.7、0.7—1.0、1.0—1.5、1.5—2.5和>2.5共6个级别,预警级别分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ,对应的污染程度分别为无、稍有、有、较严重、严重和很严重。R值越大,说明畜禽粪污对生态环境的潜在危害越大。

1.3.4 畜禽粪尿氮磷环境风险评估利用耕地对氮磷的承载力和单位猪的总氮磷排放量,将其他畜禽折算成猪当量,得出畜禽养殖的环境容量与实际养殖总量。

E_N_/_P=A×S_N_/_P,LE=E_N_/_P/r,$CQ=\sum \limits ^{9}_{i=1}D_{N(P)i}/r$

式中,E_N_/_P为耕地总氮磷环境容量;A为有效耕地面积;S_N_/_P为粪肥年施氮磷限量标准,S_N=170 kg·hm^-2,S_P=35 kg·hm^-2[26,27];LE为畜禽养殖环境容量;r为单位猪年粪尿总氮磷排放量;CQ为畜禽养殖实际数量;D_N₍_P₎_i为第i种畜禽粪尿年总氮磷排放量。

根据耿维、朱建春等^[12,28]的研究,将实际畜禽养殖总量与50%环境容量比值作为风险指数,对海南岛氮磷污染进行风险评估。

2 结果

2.1 海南岛畜禽粪尿氮磷养分流动情况

由图1-A可以看出,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿产生总量大致分为3个阶段,1988—2005年呈现持续增长趋势,总量由12.05×10⁶ t增至17.95×10⁶ t,在2006年后出现较大规模下降,降低至11.32×10⁶ t,而2008年后缓慢增长并趋于稳定。这与海南省畜禽饲养量变化情况一致,此外,畜禽粪尿的总量也受畜禽排泄系数和饲养周期等因素影响,由于牛类饲养周期长,排泄系数大,虽然近30多年牛的养殖不占优势,但其粪尿产生量始终较高,同样地,受养殖周期和排污系数影响,禽类排污总量较低,随着猪的养殖总量增加,其排污占比逐渐升高。

图1

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图11988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿排放变化及养分产生量

Fig. 1Changes of manure emissions and nutrient production in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

就养分产生量来看（图1-B）,粪尿氮磷年际间变化趋势相似,1988—2005年粪尿氮由5.82×10⁴ t增至10.10×10⁴ t,到2006年降至6.78×10⁴ t,此后缓慢增长,2013年以后,由于系数修正,养殖总量较2012年以前差距较大,但从总量变化来看,近年趋于稳定,保持在7.00×10⁴ t。1988—2005年粪尿磷由0.98×10⁴ t增至1.56×10⁴t,2006年降至1.01×10⁴t,2007—2012年保持增长的趋势,近年来维持在1.00×10⁴ t。

2.2 海南岛畜禽粪尿单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量

畜禽粪尿单位耕地面积氮磷负荷在一定程度上反映畜禽粪污潜在的环境风险^[29],即假定所有粪尿无损失的进入耕地,将土地作为载体从而衡量整个区域水平上的畜禽污染。本文选取欧盟给出的数据（S_N=170 kg·hm^-2,S_P=35 kg·hm^-2[26,27]）作为粪肥施用限值,研究表明,超过此值即带来氮磷的淋洗损失^[27,30]。

1993—2005年、2008—2014年间单位耕地面积总氮负荷超标,2005年最高,为242.60 kg·hm^-2。近年来,氮负荷有所下降,但也接近限量值,总体反映出较严重的氮素污染。就单位耕地面积磷元素负荷来看,除2002—2005年超过标准限值,其余年份均未超标,近几年更是呈现较低的水平,维持在22.00 kg·hm^-2左右（图2）。

图2

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图21988—2018年海南岛单位耕地面积总氮和总磷负荷

“—”表示总氮施用限量标准,“”表示总磷施用限量标准
Fig. 2Loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus in unit cultivated land of Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

“—” means the limited amount of total nitrogen application, “” means the limited amount of total phosphorus application。下同 The same as below

从区域分布来看,2018年单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量区域差异较大,就氮负荷而言,定安、万宁和澄迈数值较大,分别为288.50、277.28和269.52 kg·hm^-2。而东方和临高数值均低于100 kg·hm^-2,分别为61.66和78.30 kg·hm^-2,与氮元素相比,大部分市（县）磷负荷在土壤限值以下,仅万宁、定安、屯昌、澄迈数值超标,其中定安磷元素负荷最高,为40.35 kg·hm^-2,最低的为东方,仅为8.83 kg·hm^-2（图3）。

图3

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图32018年海南各区域单位耕地面积总氮和总磷负荷

Fig. 3Loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus in unit cultivated land area in Hainan Island in 2018

2.3 海南岛畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值

q和R受粪尿产生量的影响,故总体趋势与畜禽养殖粪尿产生趋势一致。但从具体数值来看（图4）,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值始终处于较高水平,大多数年份在1.0—1.5,分级标准中达到Ⅳ级,对环境有较严重的影响。可以看出海南30多年来畜禽粪尿带来的污染超过了耕地可承受负荷,对环境已经有较严重的威胁。其中2005年预警值最高,为1.58,严重影响环境,1990年数值最低,为0.75,对环境有一定影响,近年数值在1.23左右,对环境有较严重的威胁。

图4

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图41988—2018年海南岛猪粪当量负荷及耕地负荷预警值

Fig. 4Pig manure equivalent load and alarm value in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

空间分布上（表2）,通过对各地区2018年预警值的计算,仅东方畜禽粪尿耕地负荷量对环境无威胁,R=0.36,此外,大部分市（县）畜禽粪污均对环境带来不同程度的影响,海口、三亚、儋州等地对环境有影响,文昌、保亭影响较严重,而琼海、万宁、屯昌预警值已达到Ⅴ级,对环境产生严重威胁,所有地区中最严重的是定安（2.66）和澄迈（4.59）,达到Ⅵ级水平。这在一定程度上反映了海南区域尺度上畜禽粪污总量超过有效耕地可承受范围,多余的养分或通过径流、淋溶损失,或不断积累使土壤板结肥力下降,引发较严重的环境问题^[2],并且部分地区（如澄迈）潜在环境问题已达到十分严峻的地步。

Table 2
表2
表22018年海南各地区猪粪当量负荷及对环境的威胁分级
Table 2Pig manure equivalent load and the classification of threat to the environment of Hainan in 2018

地区 Area	猪粪当量 Pig manure equivalent (×10⁴ t)	畜禽粪尿负荷量 Load of manure (t·hm^-2·a^-1)	预警值 Alarm value (R)	预警级别 Classification level	对环境的威胁程度 The threat to environment
海口Haikou	159.61	32.67	0.73	Ⅲ	有Medium
三亚Sanya	55.48	38.15	0.85	Ⅲ	有Medium
五指山Wuzhishan	14.37	43.93	0.98	Ⅲ	有Medium
文昌Wenchang	233.28	58.47	1.30	Ⅳ	较严重Less serious
琼海Qionghai	176.86	76.73	1.71	Ⅴ	严重Serious
万宁Wanning	188.79	98.21	2.18	Ⅴ	严重Serious
定安Dingan	264.48	119.48	2.66	Ⅵ	很严重More serious
屯昌Tunchang	103.73	77.51	1.72	Ⅴ	严重Serious
澄迈Chengmai	631.61	206.37	4.59	Ⅵ	很严重More serious
临高Lingao	75.57	23.75	0.53	Ⅱ	稍有Slight
儋州Danzhou	143.13	27.72	0.62	Ⅱ	稍有Slight
东方Dongfang	75.51	16.39	0.36	Ⅰ	无None
乐东Ledong	115.36	38.08	0.85	Ⅲ	有Medium
琼中Qiongzhong	28.71	28.66	0.64	Ⅱ	稍有Slight
保亭Baoting	29.18	48.57	1.08	Ⅳ	较严重Less serious
陵水Lingshui	48.05	40.68	0.90	Ⅲ	有Medium
白沙Baisha	30.61	26.29	0.58	Ⅱ	稍有Slight
昌江Changjiang	58.12	24.60	0.55	Ⅱ	稍有Slight

新窗口打开|下载CSV

2.4 海南岛畜禽粪尿氮磷环境风险

由1.3.4中公式核算出海南岛畜禽养殖的环境容量和实际养殖总量,为保持种植业和养殖业的合理发展,实际养殖量应达到或接近50%养殖容量^[12]。过高即超过土壤环境实际容纳量,其畜禽粪污有污染环境的风险,利用实际畜禽养殖总量与50%环境容量比值作为风险指数,对区域环境风险进行评估。

以氮为基准（图5-A）,受耕地面积限制,海南岛1988—2018年耕地总氮的养殖容量保持在0.055亿头猪当量,实际养殖总量在0.044—0.076亿头猪当量之间;以磷为基准（图5-B）,畜禽养殖容量在0.085亿头猪当量左右,实际养殖总量在0.055—0.096亿头猪当量之间,与耿维、朱建春等^[12,28]在全国范围研究上估算海南的数值差距较大,原因是在全国尺度上,前人基于《中国统计年鉴》,在核算耕地面积时使用总耕地面积,而本文作者认为使用有效耕地面积作为畜禽粪污承载场所更符合实际情况。由图5可以看出,1988—2018年环境风险指数均高于1.00,即海南岛30多年来畜禽养殖均超过农地合理的环境容量,存在环境风险。其中数值较高的年份为2005年,环境风险指数为2.85（以氮计）和2.14（以磷计）。近年随着养殖总量的控制,2018年环境风险指数下降到1.99（以氮计）和1.32（以磷计）。

图5

新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图51988—2018年海南岛畜禽养殖的养殖容量、实际养殖总量及环境风险指数

Fig. 5Feeding capacity, actual amounts and environmental risk index of livestock and poultry in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

在空间分布上（表3）,以氮为基准,2018年各地区仅有东方和临高畜禽养殖未超过当地50%的养殖容量（即环境风险指数在1.00以下）,海口、文昌等7个地区环境污染指数介于1.00—2.00,有较高的环境风险,三亚、五指山、定安等9个地区环境风险指数高于2.00,有严重的环境风险,其中定安在区域范围内风险值最高,为3.39。以磷为基准,2018年东方、临高和昌江环境风险指数在1.00以下,可认为畜禽粪污对环境影响较小。海口、三亚、文昌等11个地区环境风险指数介于1.00—2.00,有较高的环境风险,万宁、定安等4个地区环境风险指数高于2.00,有严重的环境风险,定安数值最高,为2.31。

Table 3
表3
表32018年各地区畜禽养殖的环境容量、实际养殖总量及污染风险指数
Table 3Feeding capacity, actual amounts and environmental risk index of livestock and poultry of different areas in 2018

地区 Area	承载力 Loading capacity (t)		养殖容量（万头猪当量） Feeding capacity		实际养殖量（万头猪当量） Actual amounts		环境风险指数 Environmental risk index
地区 Area	N	P	N	P	N	P	N	P
海口Haikou	8305	1710	62.46	96.99	55.44	56.07	1.78	1.16
三亚Sanya	2472	509	18.59	28.87	20.66	21.29	2.22	1.48
五指山Wuzhishan	556	115	4.18	6.50	5.30	5.53	2.53	1.70
文昌Wenchang	6782	1396	51.01	79.21	48.09	46.45	1.89	1.17
琼海Qionghai	3918	807	29.47	45.76	39.31	35.66	2.67	1.56
万宁Wanning	3268	673	24.58	38.16	40.09	41.81	3.26	2.19
定安Dingan	3763	775	28.30	43.94	48.03	50.66	3.39	2.31
屯昌Tunchang	2275	468	17.11	26.57	26.92	28.92	3.15	2.18
澄迈Chengmai	5203	1071	39.13	60.76	62.04	60.99	3.17	2.01
临高Lingao	5410	1114	40.69	63.18	18.74	19.76	0.92	0.63
儋州Danzhou	8777	1807	66.01	102.51	60.58	60.13	1.84	1.17
东方Dongfang	7834	1613	58.92	91.49	21.37	23.09	0.73	0.50
乐东Ledong	5149	1060	38.73	60.14	36.68	43.17	1.89	1.44
琼中Qiongzhong	1703	351	12.81	19.88	11.24	11.74	1.76	1.18
保亭Baoting	1021	210	7.68	11.93	11.09	11.32	2.89	1.90
陵水Lingshui	2008	413	15.10	23.45	19.90	23.29	2.63	1.99
白沙Baisha	1979	408	14.89	23.12	11.95	11.85	1.61	1.03
昌江Changjiang	4016	827	30.20	46.90	19.41	21.80	1.29	0.93

新窗口打开|下载CSV

3 讨论

3.1 海南岛畜禽粪尿氮磷产生变化分析

畜禽养殖规模和养殖结构在一定程度上影响了畜禽粪污总量。在不同历史时期,畜牧业发展规模不同,人们对蛋白质的需求成为刺激畜牧业发展最重要的因素^[31],近年来畜牧业集约化水平的提高也促进了养殖规模的进一步扩大。而在2007年后,畜牧业发展被赋予资源高效性和环境友好型等要求,单纯追求量的突破已经不适应新的发展需求^[32]。且在2006年后,受疫病和台风等自然条件的影响,畜禽产量出现了较大幅度下降^[18],畜禽粪污含量随之减少。此外由于养殖结构的不同,区域污染物排放也会有所差异,牛和猪的产排污系数较高,家禽的产排污系数较低,尽管近年家禽的养殖总量有较大增长,但氮磷排放量较前期未有明显变化。正如YUAN等^[33]研究表明,针对动物饮食结构的调整可较好地控制畜禽粪污总量。

3.2 海南畜禽养殖的耕地负荷分析

研究表明,海南岛30多年来耕地畜禽粪便氮负荷较高,有潜在的环境风险,而磷负荷在合理范围内,这与武淑霞等^[34]基于2015年全国尺度的研究相近（海南单位耕地面积氮负荷超过150 kg·hm^-2,磷负荷低于30 kg·hm^-2）,而与刘越等^[20]基于2011年对海南研究中的磷负荷有一定差异,原因是基于不同标准,刘越等采用的磷排污系数相对较高,这也反映出在不同的标准下研究结果会有所差异。就耕地负荷的风险来讲,耿维、朱建春等^[12,28]研究也表明海南在全国范围处于较严重水平。由于海南地区耕地面积较小,30多年来有效耕地面积维持在40万公顷左右,而畜禽养殖过程中氮排污系数较高,随着养殖总量的增加,其对耕地的压力越来越大。就磷元素来讲,则主要由于动物粪便中磷的排放系数较低使得耕地磷负荷量较小。在空间上,为优化资源配置,海南划分“西部优势畜牧业产区,中部生态畜牧区,东部畜牧适度发展区”^[35],因而澄迈（西部）畜牧业规模较大,畜禽粪污耕地负荷较高,而定安、万宁等地虽在中东部,但由于耕地面积较小,氮磷负荷也保持在较高水平,故仍需进一步控制当地畜禽养殖规模,东方、临高等地（西部）由于耕地面积较大,对畜禽粪污有较好的承载能力,氮磷负荷较低,为满足生产需求,可进一步扩大养殖规模。

3.3 海南畜禽养殖的环境效应分析

值得指出的是,为得出畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数,在计算过程中,使用的是畜禽粪污产生的总量,但在实际情况下,由于挥发、淋溶以及在运输过程中的损失,畜禽粪尿无法全部进入耕地中,则基于公式得出的数值无法真正反映出其对环境的实际污染,但区域内污染物总量保持不变,故以耕地作为载体,据此可以反映区域内畜禽粪污总体的负荷量,进而判断对环境是否具有威胁。关于海南畜禽养殖的耕地负荷预警值,周祖光、刘越等^[17,20]曾进行相关研究,由于选择的排污系数不同,结果与本文在对应的年份数值不完全一致,但差异不大。在全国尺度上,前人就海南耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数也有研究^[12,28,36],不同年份的研究结果均显示海南有较高的环境威胁,而本文研究结果显示污染风险更高。原因是基于不同年鉴,所得到的耕地面积不同（前人统计了总耕地面积,本文采用有效耕地面积）,前人研究时,针对海南有较多的土地去承受畜禽粪污,故预警值和风险值均较小。但从结果上,所有研究均指出海南地区耕地氮磷负荷量较高,环境威胁严重,因而有必要采取总量控制、污染预防和资源化利用等手段。在区域研究中,东部市（县）的环境威胁要高于西部市（县）,这主要与区域耕地面积和养殖规模有关,而海南省现代农业“十三五”发展规划（2016—2020）中对东部地区作出了适度发展畜牧业的要求^[35],故在今后发展中应进一步通过总量控制和污染防治减轻其对环境的威胁。其中定安、澄迈等地数值更是处于较高水平,环境风险较大,今后应加强针对这两个区域的污染预防。

3.4 关于海南岛畜禽粪污控制的对策

由畜禽业快速发展产生的大量畜禽粪污已经成为大多数区域生态环境污染的直接或间接因素^[37],针对畜禽粪污带来的问题,GARRETT等^[38]认为应综合作物-畜禽系统的发展,提高农业的可持续性;马林等^[39]建议考虑生产布局并加强区域间协同发展。本文综合前人研究和本地发展实际,认为应从管理和技术两大方面出发,具体如下：（1）管理上首先统筹区域布局,不仅仅按照西部、中部和东部这种较宽泛的养殖区划分,而是充分考虑耕地面积,以及中部林地面积对发展林下畜牧业的可能性,同时因地制宜推广种养结合模式;其次是从立法和管理条例角度^[40],政府对集约化养殖场进行结构调整、管理和排污限度划分;此外,推进畜禽粪污资源化、能源化途径,如沼气工程和有机肥厂建设。（2）针对一定规模的畜禽养殖场可以考虑精细畜牧养殖模式（PLF）,即采用相关电子设备监控场内环境（包括微环境和气体排放）以达到及时处理的效果^[41],另外,按照“废弃物+清洁能源+有机肥”三位一体技术路线,改造完善规模畜禽场基础条件,对粪污进行固液分离、厌氧消化和好氧生物处理^[42],同时推广多原料全混式发酵、全自动高温好氧发酵等技术。与此同时,基于循环利用的原则,开发畜禽粪污作为水产养殖饲料的利用方式和处理技术,以及大力开发和推广蚯蚓转化畜禽粪便和秸秆等农业废弃物的蚯蚓粪肥技术。

4 结论

受养殖规模、饲养周期和排污系数等影响,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿总量和氮磷养分产生量大致经历了上升、下降和稳定3个发展阶段。当前海南岛单位耕地面积氮负荷较严重,接近施用限值,区域间差异较大,呈现东高西低的特点,大多数市（县）氮负荷超标,而磷负荷总体在合理范围内。就环境风险来看,畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数均反映出30多年来海南畜禽粪污潜在环境影响严重,东部地区对环境的威胁要高于中西部地区。

产生这一系列变化的原因与当前畜禽养殖规模、有效耕地面积和区域养殖布局有关,当前较为粗放式的畜禽养殖和管理方式已难以适用于海南岛农业绿色发展要求,为减少畜禽粪污带来的环境问题,应着力于提升技术和管理水平,通过集中处置、循环利用等手段降低畜禽粪污向环境的排放量,推广种养结合模式加快对粪肥的处理,以及针对区域发展合理布局养殖规模,保证土地对畜禽粪污的有效消纳。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

[1]

CHADWICK

, JIA

, TONG

Y A

, YU

G H

, SHEN

Q R

, CHEN

. Improving manure nutrient management towards sustainable agricultural intensification in China
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2015,209:34-46.

[本文引用: 1]

[2]

, CHENG

S K

, YU

H L

, YANG

D W

. Waste from livestock and poultry breeding and its potential assessment of biogas energy in rural China
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016,126:451-460.

DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.104 URL [本文引用: 2]

[3]

PAERL

H W

, HUISMAN

. Blooms like it hot
Science, 2008,320(5872):57-58.

DOI:10.1126/science.1155398 URLPMID:18388279 [本文引用: 1]

[4]

WANG

H J

, LIANG

X M

, JIANG

P H

, WANG

, WU

S K

, WANG

H Z

. TN﹕TP ratio and planktivorous fish do not affect nutrient- chlorophyll relationships in shallow lakes
Freshwater Biology, 2008,53(5):935-944.

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01950.x URL [本文引用: 1]

[5]

MALLIN

M A

, CAHOON

L B

. Industrialized animal production—A major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems
Population and Environment, 2003,24(5):369-385.

DOI:10.1023/A:1023690824045 URL [本文引用: 1]

Livestock production has undergone massive industrialization in recent decades. Nationwide, millions of swine, poultry, and cattle are raised and fed in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) owned by large, vertically integrated producer corporations. The amount of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in animal manure produced by CAFOs is enormous. For example, on the North Carolina Coastal Plain alone an estimated 124,000 metric tons of nitrogen and 29,000 metric tons of phosphorus are generated annually by livestock. CAFO wastes are largely either spread on fields as dry litter or pumped into waste lagoons and sprayed as liquid onto fields. Large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus enter the environment through runoff, percolation into groundwater, and volatilization of ammonia. Many CAFOs are located in nutrient-sensitive watersheds where the wastes contribute to the eutrophication of streams, rivers, and estuaries. There is as yet no comprehensive Federal policy in place to protect the environment and human health from CAFO generated pollutants.

[6]

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAOSTAT Database
2016. http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx.

URL [本文引用: 1]

[7]

MISHIMA

S I

, KIMURA

S D

, EGUCHI

, SHIRATO

. Estimation of the amounts of livestock manure, rice straw, and rice straw compost applied to crops in Japan: A bottom-up analysis based on national survey data and comparison with the results from a top-down approach
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012,58(1):83-90.

DOI:10.1080/00380768.2012.658581 URL [本文引用: 1]

[8]

ARTHUR

, BAIDOO

M F

. Harnessing methane generated from livestock manure in Ghana, Nigeria, Mali and Burkina Faso
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011,35(11):4648-4656.

DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.09.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

[9]

BASSANINO

, SACCO

, ZAVATTARO

, GRIGNANI

. Nutrient balance as a sustainability indicator of different agro- environments in Italy
Ecological Indicators, 2011,11(2):715-723.

DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.05.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

Regionally mandated budgets often ignore important sub-regional differences. To help identify hot-spots, where environmental pressures and agricultural activities combine and heighten the need to optimise farming strategies, we recommend using detailed spatial target analysis.
In this paper, we propose a methodology for identifying different agro-environments, test that method in a case-study territory in the western Po River plain (the largest and most intensive agricultural area in Italy), and then calculate the nutrient budget indicators of these defined agro-environments as a means to assess environmental sustainability.
We identified five Macro Land Units (MLUs) representing five different agro-environments from official datasets and territorial surveys, detected and quantified land use, crop productivity, and fertilisation management in these MLUs, and calculated nutrient budgets according to the IRENA European methodology. As expected, the highest nutrient surpluses (103, 39, and 95 kg ha(-1) for N, P. and K, respectively) were detected in the most intensely managed area. N surpluses were attributed to excess mineral inputs and P surpluses to excess organic inputs. At the territorial scale, the manure N load was far below the 170 kg ha(-1) threshold; at the crop scale, maize showed the least-optimised fertilisation management.
This work suggests that GIS-based analysis of environmental pressures of agricultural activities at a sub-regional level is useful for identifying areas and crops for which fertilization must be well managed. The proposed methodology depends on accurate collection and collation of farm data into GIS databases; public authorities should promote investment in planning and managing data collection in agriculture. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

[10]

沈根祥, 汪雅谷, 袁大伟. 上海市郊农田畜禽粪便负荷量及其警报与分级
上海农业学报, 1994,10(增刊):6-11.

[本文引用: 5]

SHEN

G X

, WANG

Y G

, YUAN

D W

. Loading amounts of animal feces and their alarming values and classification grades in Shanghai suburbs
Acta Agriculturae Shanghai, 1994,10(Suppl.):6-11. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 5]

[11]

王方浩, 马文奇, 窦争霞, 马林, 刘小利, 许俊香, 张福锁. 中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应
中国环境科学, 2006,26(5):614-617.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

F H

, MA

W Q

, DOU

Z X

, MA

, LIU

X L

, XU

J X

, ZHANG

F S

. The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China
China Environmental Science, 2006,26(5):614-617. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[12]

耿维, 胡林, 崔建宇, 卜美东, 张蓓蓓. 中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究
农业工程学报, 2013,29(1):171-179.

[本文引用: 8]

GENG

, HU

, CUI

J Y

, BO

M D

, ZHANG

B B

. Biogas energy potential for livestock manure and gross control of animal feeding in region level of China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013,29(1):171-179. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 8]

[13]

ZHENG

, ZHANG

Q W

, ZHANG

A P

, HUSSAIN

H A

, LIU

X R

, YANG

Z L

. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the bearing capacity of cropland based on manure nitrogen and phosphorus load in mainland China
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,233:601-610.

[本文引用: 1]

[14]

BAI

Z H

, LU

, ZHAO

, VELTHOF

G L

, OENEMA

, CHADWICK

, WILLIAMS

J R

, JIN

S Q

, LIU

H B

, WANG

M R

, STROKAL

, KROEZE

, HU

C S

, MA

. Designing vulnerable zones of nitrogen and phosphorus transfers to control water pollution in China
Environmental Science and Technology, 2018,52:8987-8988.

DOI:10.1021/acs.est.8b02651 URLPMID:30059205 [本文引用: 1]

[15]

易秀, 叶凌枫, 刘意竹, 田浩, 陈生婧. 陕西省畜禽粪便负荷量估算及环境承受程度风险评价
干旱地区农业研究, 2015,33(3):205-210.

[本文引用: 1]

, YE

L F

, LIU

Y Z

, TIAN

, CHEN

S J

. Estimations of livestock manure load and risk assessment of environmental tolerance in Shaanxi Province
Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2015,33(3):205-210. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[16]

李丹阳, 孙少泽, 马若男, 李国学, 李恕艳. 山西省畜禽粪污年产生量估算及环境效应
农业资源与环境学报, 2019,36(4):480-486.

[本文引用: 1]

D Y

, SUN

S Z

, MA

R N

, LI

G X

, LI

S Y

. Estimation of annual production amount of livestock and poultry manure and its environmental effect in Shanxi Province, China
Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2019,36(4):480-486. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

周祖光. 海南省畜禽粪便分布特征及耕地负荷研究
环境科学与技术, 2012,35(5):202-205.

[本文引用: 3]

ZHOU

Z G

. Livestock excrement generated in Hainan Province: Distribution and loading on arable land
Environmental Science and Technology, 2012,35(5):202-205. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[18]

丁尚, 郭浩浩, 宋晨阳, 刁晓平, 赵洪伟. 海南岛农牧生产体系磷元素流动时空变化特征
中国农业科学, 2019,52(5):860-873.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.008 URL [本文引用: 2]

【目的】通过对1987—2016年海南岛农牧生产体系磷元素流动时空特征及环境效应进行定量分析,研究其流动过程和规律,探讨农牧生产体系磷素的优化管理途径,为海南岛农牧业可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】研究基于食物链养分流动模型（NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use,NUFER）,通过统计数据、文献检索、实地调研,并结合Origin等软件,定量计算海南岛农牧生产体系的磷素输入、输出、利用率及其环境效应,并通过情景分析探索海南岛农牧生产体系磷素的可持续利用途径。【结果】 30年间海南岛农田生产子系统磷素总投入量从21.34 Gg增至81.19 Gg,总输出量由6.20 Gg增至18.20 Gg,化肥作为该系统磷素主要来源,输入量由19.01 Gg增至79.23 Gg,作物产品作为农田磷素主要输出项,30年间由5.25 Gg增至15.48 Gg。动物生产子系统磷素总输入量由11.40 Gg增至15.31 Gg,总输出量由9.63 Gg增至11.90 Gg,其中外源饲料磷素输入量由1987年的10.97 Gg增至2016年的14.77 Gg,动物产品输出量30年间增长了4.95 Gg。秸秆还田量和作物饲用量分别增加了0.37和0.26 kg·hm ^-2,粪尿还田量则减少了0.80 kg·hm ^-2。空间分布上,澄迈、定安等地30年来磷素输入和输出量较高,五指山、琼中等地较低。就磷素损失情况来看,1987—2016年,海南岛单位耕地面积土壤磷盈余量由35.00 kg·hm ^-2增至147.40 kg·hm ^-2,2016年土壤磷素盈余量较大的是琼海、澄迈、保亭和临高,分别为372.79、279.82、194.14和181.09 kg·hm ^-2。磷的其他损失途径为土壤侵蚀、径流和淋洗,损失量在1.21—5.85 kg·hm ^-2。畜禽粪便单位耕地面积承载量维持在3.83—5.77 kg·hm ^-2。30年来,磷素利用率增长缓慢,其中农田生产子系统磷素利用率由13.01%增至13.86%,动物生产子系统磷素利用率由4.78%增至7.62%,农牧结合体系磷素利用率由10.78%增至13.09%。情景分析结果显示,保证农牧生产体系各子系统间的协调稳定发展以及通过科学的养分管理方式提高资源的循环利用率对促进海南岛农牧业发展意义重大。【结论】受农牧生产体系规模、区域发展以及管理方式等因素影响,海南岛农牧生产体系环境损失情况严重,磷素利用率较低,体系出现了较严重的分离。因此,在海南岛未来的农牧生产中,应优化技术手段和管理措施,如控制磷素的过量输入,减少粪尿的直接排放,提高秸秆和粪尿循环利用率。同时也应促进农田生产子系统与动物生产子系统间的协调关系,走农牧结合的可持续发展道路。

DING

, GUO

H H

, SONG

C Y

, DIAO

X P

, ZHAO

H W

. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of phosphorus element flows in the crop-livestock production system of Hainan Island
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019,52(5):860-873. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.05.008 URL [本文引用: 2]

中共中央办公厅/国务院办公厅. 《国家生态文明试验区(海南)实施方案》. 2019.

[本文引用: 1]

General Office of the CPC Central Committee/General Office of the State Council. Implementation Plan of National Ecological Civilization Experimental Area (Hainan). 2019. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[20]

刘越, 孟海波, 沈玉君, 程红胜, 候月卿, 刘宏斌. 海南省畜禽粪便资源分布及总量控制研究
中国农业科技导报, 2015,17(4):114-121.

[本文引用: 3]

LIU

, MENG

H B

, SHEN

Y J

, CHENG

H S

, HOU

Y Q

, LIU

H B

. Studies on resource distribution and gross control of animal and poultry manure in Hainan Province
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015,17(4):114-121. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 3]

[21]

王凌, 岳平. 海南省畜禽养殖布局与土地承载负荷研究
安徽农业科学, 2008,36(21):9248-9250, 9265.

[本文引用: 1]

WANG

, YUE

. Distribution of the livestock and fowl farming and the land lord in Hainan Province
Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2008,36(21):9248-9250, 9265. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[22]

海南省统计局. 海南统计年鉴(1990-2019), 北京: 中国统计出版社.

[本文引用: 1]

Hainan Statistical Bureau. Hainan Statistical Yearbook (1990-2019). Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[23]

中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所/环境保护部南京环境科学研究所. 第一次全国污染源普查畜禽养殖业源产排污系数手册. 2009.

[本文引用: 1]

Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. The First National Pollution Census: The Manuals of Sewage Capacity Factor of Livestock Breeding Industry Source. 2009. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

张建杰, 郭彩霞, 覃伟, 张强. 山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异
应用生态学报, 2016,27(1):207-214.

URL [本文引用: 2]

随着国家经济的高速发展和人民饮食结构的改变，畜禽养殖业由传统粗放式向规模化、集约化快速转变，畜禽粪尿的循环利用及其对环境的风险评价值得关注.本文利用统计资料和文献数据，通过使用食物链养分流动模型(NUFER)与GIS相结合，深入分析了山西省畜禽养殖量的变化特征，模拟了畜禽粪尿的产生量及其氮、磷养分的资源量，并从时空维度评价了山西省畜禽粪尿资源量及其环境风险.结果表明： 1978—2012年，山西省畜禽粪尿的产生量由1.61×10⁷ t增加至2.75×10⁷ t，增幅达1.71倍，粪尿氮由7.74×10⁴ t增长至17.32×10⁴ t，粪尿磷则由1.09×10⁴ t增长至3.39×10⁴ t，增幅分别达到2.38和3.10倍.除养殖总量增加之外，养殖结构和养殖方式也发生了重大变化.从空间分布看，2012年山西省耕地畜禽粪尿氮、磷承载量呈现晋北、晋中和晋东南高，中北部和西南部低的分布特征，耕地畜禽粪尿养分资源承载量在空间上分布极不平衡，这是区域养殖专业化程度与农业政策共同作用的结果.因此，应通过优化生产布局和区域间养分协同管理等手段，来调控畜禽粪尿的排放与循环利用，减少污染及环境风险，以实现畜禽粪尿养分资源的高效与可持续利用.

ZHANG

J J

, GUO

C X

, QIN

, ZHANG

. Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province, China
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016,27(1):207-214. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 2]

刁晓平, 高娟, 王轶, 鄢雄涛. 海口市畜禽排泄物的环境压力及其影响评价
农业环境与发展, 2009,26(1):60-63.

[本文引用: 1]

DIAO

X P

, GAO

, WANG

, YAN

X T

. Environmental pressure of livestock and poultry excreta in Haikou City and its impact assessment
Agro-Environment and Development, 2009,26(1):60-63. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[26]

HENKENS

P L C M

, VAN

KEULEN H

. Mineral policy in the Netherlands and nitrate policy within the European Community
NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 2001,49(2/3):117-134.

DOI:10.1016/S1573-5214(01)80002-6 URL [本文引用: 2]

[27]

OENEMA

, VAN

LIERE L

, PLETTE

, PRINS

, VAN

ZEIJTS H

, SCHOUMANS

. Environmental effects of manure policy options in The Netherlands
Water Science and Technology, 2004,49(3):101-108.

URLPMID:15053104 [本文引用: 3]

This study explores the effects of manure policy options for agricultural land in The Netherlands on nitrate leaching to groundwater, ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere and on eutrophication of surface waters. The implementation of the farm gate balance MINAS at farm level, with levy-free N surpluses in the range of 300 to 40 kg per ha per year, and levy-free P surpluses in the range of 17.5 to 0.4 kg of P per ha per year, have been examined. Results indicate that nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater are related to N surplus, land use, soil type and groundwater level. On dry sandy soils, the N surplus has to be below 60 to 140 kg of N per ha per year, depending on land use, to decrease the nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater to below 50 mg nitrate per litre. Decreases of N and P concentrations in surface waters, upon lowering levy-free surpluses appear relatively small. For improving the ecological state of surface waters, we recommend a combination of low levy-free N and P surpluses with dredging P rich sediments, flushing of ditches, and decreasing discharges from other sources.

[28]

朱建春, 张增强, 樊志民, 李荣华. 中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制
农业环境科学学报, 2014,33(3):435-445.

[本文引用: 4]

ZHU

J C

, ZHANG

Z Q

, FAN

Z M

, LI

R H

. Biogas potential, cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China
Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014,33(3):435-445. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 4]

[29]

WANG

S P

, LI

K Q

, LIANG

S K

, ZHANG

, LIN

G H

, WANG

X L

. An integrated method for the control factor identification of resources and environmental carrying capacity in coastal zones: A case study in Qingdao, China
Ocean and Coastal Management, 2017,142:90-97.

DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.024 URL [本文引用: 1]

[30]

The

Institution of Water

and Environmental

Management

. Response to consultation paper on a code of good agricultural practice for the protection of water
Water and Environment Journal, 1991,5(4):478-480.

[本文引用: 1]

[31]

H J

, ZHANG

Y L

, YUAN

Z W

, GAO

L M

. A review of phosphorus management through the food system: Identifying the roadmap to ecological agriculture
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015,114:45-54.

DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.073 URL [本文引用: 1]

[32]

杨飞, 杨世琦, 诸云强, 王卷乐. 中国近30年畜禽养殖量及其耕地氮污染负荷分析
农业工程学报, 2013,29(5):1-11.

URL [本文引用: 1]

为准确掌握近年来中国畜禽养殖发展的区域差异及畜禽粪便对环境的污染威胁，该研究利用年平均增长率方法，揭示畜禽养殖量及其氮污染的增长率的区域差异和时序变化规律，分析耕地的畜禽污染负荷。结果表明，近些年中国畜禽养殖业发展迅速，各地区的猪、羊、家禽养殖量的年平均增长率都普遍较高，增幅甚至超过12%；牛和羊的年平均增长率的区域差异较大。畜禽养殖发展基本可分为3个阶段：稳步发展阶段（1980－1995年），全面发展阶段（1996－2006年），现代化发展阶段（2007年-至今）。华北、华中、华南、西南地区畜禽氮污染产生量都较大，华北和东北各省的年平均增长率相对较高，其中河南、四川、山东三省的畜禽养殖的增幅较快、养殖量较大、耕地的氮污染负荷较重。全国平均单位耕地面积的畜禽氮污染负荷达138.13 kg/hm2，其中四川等6省市已达202.98 kg/hm2以上。该研究为全国和各省区农业发展规划和畜禽养殖结构调整提供参考。

YANG

, YANG

S Q

, ZHU

Y Q

, WANG

J L

. Analysis on livestock and poultry production and nitrogen pollution load of cultivated land during last 30 years in China
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013,29(5):1-11. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

YUAN

Z W

, JI

J Y

, SHENG

, JIANG

S Y

, CHEN

T M

, LIU

X W

, LIU

X W

, ZHUANG

Y J

, ZHANG

. Animal based diets and environment: Perspective from phosphorus flow quantifications of livestock and poultry raising in China
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019,244:199-207.

DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.028 URLPMID:31125871 [本文引用: 1]

Identifying the key nodes of the phosphorus flows in animal raising system is fundamental to improve P utilization efficiency and reduce the P contamination. This study established a phosphorus flow analysis model for livestock and poultry raising, depicted P flows for major livestock and poultry under two raising modes, and further analyzed their spatial and temporal distributions. We find that around 15% of P input was transferred into the products, and in P output around 40% lost into the environment in 2015. The P flows have been increasing since 2000, and the main contributor is pigs followed by beef cattle. It should be noticed that P loss from livestock and poultry raising is huge with extensive prospect of recycling in some central provinces of China, and western region where ecological environment is fragile, has a higher P loss rate which need to change the dietary preference and adjust raising structure. As for diets, pork and eggs are better choices than milk or other kinds of meat in terms of reducing the P load, when producing per unit protein or energy. This study contributes to the understanding of P management in husbandry industry, the quantification of environmental loads of animal-based food and the identification of the potential of reducing P loss to realize sustainable utilization of P.

[34]

武淑霞, 刘宏斌, 黄宏坤, 雷秋良, 王洪媛, 翟丽梅, 刘申, 张英, 胡钰. 我国畜禽养殖粪污产生量及其资源化分析
中国工程科学, 2018,20(5):103-111.

[本文引用: 1]

S X

, LIU

H B

, HUANG

H K

, LEI

Q L

, WANG

H Y

, ZHAI

L M

, LIU

, ZHANG

, HU

. Analysis on the amount and utilization of manure in livestock and poultry breeding in China
Strategic Study of CAE, 2018,20(5):103-111. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[35]

海南省农业厅. 海南省现代农业“十三五”发展规划. 2016.

[本文引用: 2]

Hainan Provincial Department of Agriculture. The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Modern Agriculture in Hainan Province. 2016. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[36]

刘晓永, 王秀斌, 李书田. 中国农田畜禽粪尿氮负荷量及其还田潜力
环境科学, 2018,39(12):5723-5739.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU

X Y

, WANG

X B

, LI

S T

. Livestock and poultry faeces nitrogen loading rate and its potential return to farmland in China
Environmental Science, 2018,39(12):5723-5739. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[37]

SUN

, ZHANG

L X

, YANG

L Z

, ZHANG

F S

, NORSE

, ZHU

Z L

. Agricultural non-point source pollution in China: Causes and mitigation measures
AMBIO, 2012,41(4):370-379.

DOI:10.1007/s13280-012-0249-6 URL [本文引用: 1]

Non-point source (NPS) pollution has been increasingly serious in China since the 1990s. The increases of agricultural NPS pollution in China is evaluated for the period 2000-2008 by surveying the literature on water and soil pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and assessing the surplus nitrogen balance within provinces. The main causes for NPS pollution were excessive inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides, which were partly the result of the inadequate agricultural extension services and the rapid expansion of intensive livestock production with little of waste management. The annual application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides in China increased by 50.7 and 119.7%, respectively, during 1991-2008. The mitigation measures to reduce NPS pollution include: correct distortion in fertilizer prices; improve incentives for the recycling of organic manure; provide farmers with better information on the sound use of agro-chemicals; and tighten the regulations and national standards on organic waste disposal and pesticides use.

[38]

GARRETT

R D

, NILES

M T

, GIL

J D B

, GAUDIN

, CHAPLIN-

KRAMER R

, ASSMANN

T S

, BREWER

, DE

FACCIO CARVALHO P C

, CORTNER

, et al. Social and ecological analysis of commercial integrated crop livestock systems: Current knowledge and remaining uncertainty
Agricultural Systems, 2017,155:136-146.

DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.05.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

[39]

, GUO

J H

, VELTHOF

G L

, LI

Y M

, CHEN

, MA

W Q

, OENEMA

, ZHANG

F S

. Impacts of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008
Global Environmental Change, 2014,28:192-204.

DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.015 URL [本文引用: 1]

[40]

, WANG

F H

, ZHANG

W F

, MA

W Q

, VELTHOF

G L

, QIN

, OENEMA

, ZHANG

F S

. Environmental assessment of management options for nutrient flows in the food chain in China
Environmental Science and Technology, 2013,47(13):7260-7268.

DOI:10.1021/es400456u URLPMID:23656482 [本文引用: 1]

The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) costs of food production have increased greatly in China during the last 30 years, leading to eutrophication of surface waters, nitrate leaching to groundwater, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we present the results of scenario analyses in which possible changes in food production-consumption in China for the year 2030 were explored. Changes in food chain structure, improvements in technology and management, and combinations of these on food supply and environmental quality were analyzed with the NUFER model. In the business as usual scenario, N and P fertilizer consumption in 2030 will be driven by population growth and diet changes and will both increase by 25%. N and P losses will increase by 44 and 73%, respectively, relative to the reference year 2005. Scenarios with increased imports of animal products and feed instead of domestic production, and with changes in the human diet, indicate reductions in fertilizer consumption and N and P losses relative to the business as usual scenario. Implementation of a package of integrated nutrient management measures may roughly nullify the increases in losses in the business as usual scenario and may greatly increase the efficiency of N and P throughout the whole food chain.

[41]

FOURNEL

, ROUSSEAU

A N

, LABERGE

. Rethinking environment control strategy of confined animal housing systems through precision livestock farming
Biosystems Engineering, 2017,155:96-123.

DOI:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.12.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

[42]

TULLO

, FINZI

, GUARINO

. Review: Environmental impact of livestock farming and precision livestock farming as a mitigation strategy
The Science of the Total Environment, 2019,650(2):2751-2760.

[本文引用: 1]