大田长期水氮处理对土壤氮素及小麦籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响

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李莎莎^*, 马耕^*, 刘卫星^*, 康娟^*, 陈雨露^*, 胡阳阳^*, 张盼盼^*, 王晨阳^,^*河南农业大学 / 国家小麦工程技术研究中心, 河南郑州 450002

Effects of Long-Term Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes on Soil Nitrogen Content and Paste Property of Wheat Grain

LI Sha-Sha^*, MA Geng^*, LIU Wei-Xing^*, KANG Juan^*, CHEN Yu-Lu^*, HU Yang-Yang^*, ZHANG Pan-Pan^*, WANG Chen-Yang^,^*Henan Agricultural University / National Wheat Engineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China

通讯作者: ^*(Corresponding author): 王晨阳, E-mail: xmzxwang@163.com^**同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)

第一联系人: 李莎莎, E-mail: 15136497037@163.com; 马耕, E-mail: nymg5135@163.com
收稿日期:2017-07-19接受日期:2018-03-25网络出版日期:2018-04-16

基金资助:

本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD26B01)和河南省小麦产业技术体系建设专项(S2010-01-G07)资助.

Received:2017-07-19Accepted:2018-03-25Online:2018-04-16

Fund supported:

The study was supported by the National Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAD26B01) and the Wheat Research System of Henan Province (S2010-01-G07)..

摘要
土壤氮素和水分含量对小麦产量和品质有重要影响。为优化水肥管理实现优质高效栽培, 2014—2015和2015—2016小麦生长季在河南省温县大田水氮长期定位试验地块, 以中筋品种豫麦49-198为材料进行灌水与施氮两因子裂区试验。主区为灌水处理, 设全生育期不灌水(W0)、拔节期750 m ³ hm ^-2 (W1)和拔节期750 m ³ hm ^-2 +开花期750 m ³ hm ^-2 (W2) 3个水平, 副区为氮素处理, 设不施氮(N0)及总氮量180 (N1)、240 (N2)和300 kg hm ^-2 (N3) 4个水平。与W0处理相比, 2个灌水处理均显著降低耕层土壤(0~20 cm)中的硝态氮含量, 灌水处理的籽粒支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量、淀粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著高于不灌水处理。灌水还增加了籽粒中小淀粉粒(粒径<5.0 μm)的体积百分比, 2014—2015年度增幅显著, W1、W2处理分别较W0处理增加3.4%和4.8%。施氮提高耕层土壤硝态氮含量, 但籽粒直链淀粉含量和小淀粉粒体积百分比低于不施氮处理。在0~240 kg hm ^-2施氮量范围内, 籽粒支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量及峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度均随施氮量增加而增加。相关分析表明, 耕层土壤硝态氮含量与总淀粉含量、峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度间呈极显著正相关。拔节期灌1水、施氮量240 kg hm ^-2条件下, 耕层土壤硝态氮含量为19.64~20.55 mg kg ^-1, 小麦籽粒黏度值较高, 同时改善了淀粉品质。
关键词： 水氮运筹;土壤硝态氮;淀粉含量;淀粉组成;糊化特性

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and water contents in soil are primary elements affecting grain yield and quality of wheat. For optimizing the water and fertilizer management in high-quality and high-efficiency wheat production, a split-plot experiment was carried out in the long-term fertilization fields in Wenxian county, Henan province in the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 winter wheat seasons. The main-plot factor was irrigation in three levels (W0 for no irrigation, W1 for 750 m ³ ha ^-1 at jointing, and W2 for 750 +750 m ³ ha ^-1 at jointing + anthesis), and the split-plot factor was N rate in four levels (0, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha ^-1). Yumai 49-198, a medium-gluten variety, was the unique variety used in the experiment. The soil NO₃^--N content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly lower, whereas, the amylopectin and starch contents, starch peak viscosity and final viscosity were significantly higher in W1 and W2 treatments than in W0 treatment. Under irrigation conditions, the volume of small starch granule (<5.0 μm) increased as compared with that under W0 condition, with the increase of 3.4% in W1 and 4.8% in W2 in the 2014-2015 wheat season. Nitrogen application improved soil NO₃^--N content but negatively affected amylose content and the percentage of small starch granules. Amylopectin and starch contents, peak viscosity, through viscosity, and final viscosity increased with N application ranging from 0 to 240 kg ha ^-1. The correlation analysis revealed positive correlations (P < 0.01) of NO₃^--N with starch yield, peak viscosity, through viscosity, and final viscosity. Results showed that under N 240 kg ha ^-1 and W1 condition the nitrate content in topsoil layer was 19.64-20.55 mg kg ^-1 having higher grain yield and good starch property.

Keywords：irrigation and nitrogen interaction;NO₃^--N in soil ;starch content;starch compositions;paste properties

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本文引用格式
李莎莎, 马耕, 刘卫星, 康娟, 陈雨露, 胡阳阳, 张盼盼, 王晨阳. 大田长期水氮处理对土壤氮素及小麦籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(7): 1067-1076. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01067
LI Sha-Sha, MA Geng, LIU Wei-Xing, KANG Juan, CHEN Yu-Lu, HU Yang-Yang, ZHANG Pan-Pan, WANG Chen-Yang. Effects of Long-Term Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes on Soil Nitrogen Content and Paste Property of Wheat Grain[J]. Acta Crops Sinica, 2018, 44(7): 1067-1076. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01067

淀粉约占籽粒重量的75%, 对小麦品质有至关重要的影响^[1]。籽粒中淀粉以半晶体状态的淀粉粒形式储存于胚乳中。淀粉粒形状各异, 粒径从1 μm到100 μm不等, 不同作物淀粉粒的大小分布特征也有很大差异^[2]。小麦淀粉粒按照粒径可分为小淀粉粒(粒径<5.0 μm)、中淀粉粒(粒径5.0~50.0 μm)和大淀粉粒(粒径>50.0 μm)^[3], 不同粒径淀粉粒所占比例在一定程度上决定淀粉特性。淀粉按链长结构可以分为直链淀粉和支链淀粉两类^[4,5], 其中直、支链淀粉含量对面粉糊化特性也有重要影响^[6], 糊化特性是决定品质的重要指标^[7], 淀粉峰值黏度和稀澥值影响面条的质地和口感^[8]。

小麦淀粉组成和糊化特性不仅受基因型的调控, 而且受生态环境和栽培措施的显著影响^[9]。多数研究认为, 水分和氮素是影响小麦生长和发育的重要因素, 对籽粒贮藏物质形成具有明显的调控效应^[10,11]。干旱胁迫使小麦籽粒淀粉粒晶体结构发育更加紧实^[12], 降低淀粉的峰值黏度和稀澥值^[13]; 吴金芝等^[14]研究表明, 拔节期灌水能改善豫麦50淀粉糊化特性; 付雪丽等^[15]认为, 拔节期和开花期灌水显著增加籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量。有研究表明, 随施氮量增加强筋小麦籽粒中大淀粉粒比例增加^[16], 并显著提高籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量, 而对弱筋小麦品种的总淀粉和支链淀粉含量无显著影响^[17]。施氮量在240 kg hm^-2时籽粒B型淀粉粒体积百分比最大, 继续增加施氮量又有所降低。

施入土壤中的氮素大部分以无机氮的形式存在, 包括NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N两种形式。NO₃^--N是北方农田作物利用氮素的主要形式, 土壤NO₃^--N含量与作物生长发育密切相关。不合理的灌水和施氮会导致土壤中硝态氮的大量淋失或积累, 不仅提高成本, 更造成地下水污染^[17,18]。因此, 合理灌水与施氮是保证作物产量、品质, 减少土壤硝态氮积累与淋失的重要措施。前人的研究大多集中在灌水^[10]和施氮^[11]等农艺措施对小麦生长调控及品质的影响方面, 但围绕土壤中硝态氮含量与地上部发育, 尤其与籽粒品质性状的研究较少^[19,20], 更缺乏两者关系的定量描述。本文在大田高产栽培条件下设置不同水氮处理的长期定位试验, 探究不同水氮互作下耕层土壤硝态氮含量与籽粒淀粉组成及糊化特性的关系, 旨在为优化栽培管理、实现小麦优质高效提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

自2010年麦播开始, 在河南省温县祥云镇(112°51′39″E, 35°2′48″N)高产麦田进行了小麦-玉米多年水肥定位试验。该地属温带季风气候, 夏季高温多雨, 冬季寒冷干燥, 历年(1962—2006年)生育期平均气候条件及试验期间气象条件如图1所示。土壤为黏质潮土, 前茬作物为玉米, 于10月初收获。2014年10月13日和2015年10月15日播种小麦, 收获期分别是2015年5月28日和2016年6月3日, 以中筋品种豫麦49-198为材料, 播前测定0~20 cm耕层土壤基础肥力(表1)。

Table 1
表1
表1播种前试验田0~20 cm土层养分含量
Table 1Soil nutrient contents in 0-20 cm soil layer of experiment field before sowing

生长季 Growth season	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Hydrolysable nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	pH
2014-2015	0.83±0.11	78.31±11.63	12.44±1.35	182.6±60.06	15.96±1.00	8.31±0.08
2015-2016	0.81±1.13	80.48±12.80	13.21±0.56	184.0±62.04	15.92±1.06	8.26±0.11

数据是3个小区的平均值和标准差。pH测定中土水比是1:5。

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Data are means and standard deviation of three plots. The ratio of soil and water is 1:5 in pH determination.

采用裂区设计, 主区为灌水处理, 副区为氮素处理, 小区面积为15.25 m² (6.1 m × 2.5 m), 3次重复。设3个灌水处理, 分别是全生育期不灌水(W0)、拔节期灌1水(W1)及拔节期+开花灌2次水(W2), 用水表严格控制灌水量, 每次灌750 m³ hm^-2。设0 (N0)、180 (N1)、240 (N2)和300 kg hm^-2 (N3) 4个施氮量, 以尿素(含氮量46%)为氮源, 播种前和拔节期各施50%, 对所有处理均在播前施P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2 (过磷酸钙, 含P₂O₅ 15%)和K₂O 120 kg hm^-2 (颗粒硫酸钾, 含K₂O 60%)。其他田间管理与当地生产习惯相同, 生育期内未发生病虫害。

1.2 耕层土壤中硝态氮含量测定方法

小麦收获后用土钻取0~20 cm土层的混合土样带回室内, 称取新鲜土壤样品10 g, 用2 mol L^-1的KCl溶液浸提(水土比5∶1), 振荡1 h过滤, 用UV-6400型分光光度计在220 nm和275 nm双波长定量模式下比色, 直接读取吸光度, 计算出硝态氮含量。

1.3 小麦籽粒淀粉特性测定方法

小麦成熟后取样, 按照14%水基润麦, 采用Chopin CD1实验磨粉机磨面, 出粉率在60%左右。用双波长比色法, 测定直链和支链淀粉含量, 其中直链淀粉测定波长为631 nm, 参比波长为480 nm^[21]; 支链淀粉测定波长为554 nm, 参比波长为754 nm ^[21]。总淀粉含量为直链淀粉含量与支链淀粉含量之和。

按照GB/T 24853-2010方法, 采用Perten RVA 4500型快速黏度仪测定糊化特性指标。

图1

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图1小麦生育期内降水量和平均气温的变化

Fig. 1Precipitation and mean temperature during the wheat growing season

采用面团法^[22]制备淀粉, 用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光衍射粒度分析仪分析淀粉粒分布。按照Massaux等^[23]的方法计算不同大小淀粉颗粒的分布比例。

1.4 统计分析

采用SPSS 18.0 (Statistic Package for Social Science, SPAA Inc. IL, USA)进行方差分析, 用Duncan’s法进行处理间多重比较。采用SigmaPlot 12.3软件作图。

图2

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图2不同水氮处理下耕层(0~20 cm)土壤的硝态氮含量
数据为3个小区的平均值, 误差线表示标准差。同一年度内所有处理进行多重比较, 不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 2Nitrate nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil layer in different water and nitrogen treatments
Data are the means of three plots and the error bar represents the standard derivation. Different letters on the bars indicate significant difference among all treatments in the same growth season (P < 0.05).

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同水氮处理对耕层土壤硝态氮含量的影响

施氮显著增加耕层土壤中硝态氮含量, 而灌水降低土壤中硝态氮含量, 处理间差异显著(图2)。2014—2015年度W1和W2的耕层土壤硝态氮含量分别比W0低15.0%和24.2%, 2015—2016年度分别低16.9%和36.9%。随施氮增加, 土壤硝态氮含量显著提高, N3较N0高10倍以上。W0N3的土壤硝态氮含量最高, W2N0的最低。建立了土壤硝态氮与灌水量和施氮量的回归方程(图3)。

图3

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图3水氮处理与0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量的关系
A: 2014-2015年度, Z = -3.04 × 10^-5Y² + 8.03 × 10^-7X² - 0.04X + 0.08Y + 3.56 (R² = 0.97, P < 0.01)。B: 2015-2016年度, Z = -1.45 × 10^-6Y² - 5.12 × 10^-7X² - 0.04X + 0.07Y + 5.08 (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01)。式中, X为灌水量(m³ hm^-2), Y为施氮量(kg hm^-2), Z为土壤中硝态氮含量(mg kg^-1)。

Fig. 3Relations between nitrate nitrogen content in 0-20 cm soil layer and the water and nitrogen fertilizer coupling
A: the 2014-2015 growth season, Z = -3.04 × 10^-5Y² + 8.03 × 10^-7X² - 0.04X + 0.08Y + 3.56 (R² = 0.97, P < 0.01). B: the 2015-2016 growth season, Z = -1.45 × 10^-6Y² - 5.12 × 10^-7X² - 0.04X + 0.07Y + 5.08 (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The variables in the equations are irrigation amount (X, m³ ha^-1), nitrogen application rate (Y, kg ha^-1), and soil NO₃^--N content (Z, mg kg^-1).

2.2 不同水氮处理对淀粉组成及含量的影响

灌水和施氮处理对籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量及淀粉直/支比、淀粉产量均有显著影响, 并且水氮互作对支链淀粉含量有显著影响(表2)。灌水降低籽粒直链淀粉含量和直/支比, 增加支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量。施氮显著降低籽粒直链淀粉含量和直/支比, 增加支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量和淀粉产量, 且在N2处理达到最大值, 之后随施氮量增加有所下降。综合分析, 在W1N2处理下小麦籽粒支链淀粉含量、总淀粉含量和淀粉产量相对较高, 直链淀粉含量较低, 有利于淀粉品质的改善。

2.3 不同水氮处理对淀粉粒体积分布的影响

灌水和施氮处理对小淀粉粒(粒径<5.0 μm)和大淀粉粒(粒径>50.0 μm)均有显著的影响(表3)。灌水显著增加籽粒大淀粉粒的体积百分比, 降低小淀粉粒体积百分比。在0~240 kg hm^-2施氮范围内, 小淀粉粒的体积百分比随施氮量增加显著降低。中淀粉粒的体积百分比, 不同施氮处理间表现有所不同, 在W0处理下, 施氮显著增加了中淀粉粒体积百分比, 而在灌水条件下(W1、W2处理)施氮对其无影响, 大淀粉粒体积百分比在不同年份间存在明显差异。

2.4 不同水氮处理对淀粉糊化特性的影响

峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和反弹值在不同年份间存在显著差异。不同灌水和氮素处理及其互作对峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和反弹值均有显著影响。灌水显著增加了峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度, 其中峰值黏度、谷值黏度以W1处理最大, 而最终黏度和反弹值以W2处理最大, 但与W1处理无显著差异(表4), 表明拔节期灌水不仅有利于提高小麦产量, 且有利于改善小麦淀粉糊化特性。从氮素效应看, 与不施氮处理相比, 施氮显著增加黏度值(反弹值除外), 且均以N2处理最大。综合来看, 氮素对糊化参数的影响大于灌水。

W1N2处理的淀粉品质较好。利用回归方程(图3)计算土壤硝态氮含量范围, 即土壤硝态氮含量在19.64~ 20.55 mg kg^-1时, 小麦淀粉黏度值较高, 品质较优。

Table 2
Table 2Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on starch and its component contents in wheat grains

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2.5 土壤硝态氮含量与淀粉组成及糊化特性的相关性

耕层土壤中硝态氮含量与籽粒总淀粉含量、峰值黏度、谷值黏度以及最终黏度之间显著正相关(P<0.01), 相关系数分别为0.544、0.610、0.601和0.322, 表明提高土壤中硝态氮含量有利于改善中筋小麦淀粉糊化参数。土壤中硝态氮含量与大淀粉粒体积百分比呈正相关, 而与小淀粉粒、中淀粉粒体积百分比呈负相关, 但均未达显著水平。

Table 3
表3
表3不同水氮处理对小麦籽粒淀粉粒体积分布的影响
Table 3Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on size distribution of wheat starch granules

处理 Treatment	2014-2015			2015-2016
处理 Treatment	小淀粉粒 Small granule	中淀粉粒 Medium granule	大淀粉粒 Large granule	小淀粉粒 Small granule	中淀粉粒 Medium granule	大淀粉粒 Large granule
W0N0	12.64 a	85.65 c	1.73 a	17.28 a	75.82 c	6.87 b
W0N1	11.93 b	86.30 bc	1.64 ab	16.80 ab	76.35 b	6.65 b
W0N2	11.84 b	86.77 ab	1.32 ab	15.16 c	76.41 b	8.43 a
W0N3	11.74 b	87.08 a	1.15 c	15.60 bc	76.86 a	7.54 ab
W1N0	12.29 a	86.19 a	1.12 a	15.24 a	83.64 a	1.35 b
W1N1	11.42 b	86.16 a	1.07 a	15.21 a	82.72 a	2.10 ab
W1N2	11.41 b	87.72 a	0.86 b	14.58 a	83.67 a	2.30 ab
W1N3	11.40 b	86.77 a	0.86 b	14.30 a	82.96 a	3.01 a
W2N0	12.08 a	86.39 a	0.92 a	14.96 a	84.65 a	0.74 b
W2N1	11.36 b	86.63 a	0.88 a	13.66 a	85.41 a	1.66 a
W2N2	11.23 bc	86.69 a	0.79 b	13.54 a	85.57 a	1.04 b
W2N3	11.15 c	86.65 a	0.76 b	13.90 a	85.37 a	0.73 b
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
灌水Irrigation (W)	58.52^***	0.59	53.63^***	18.53^***	413.93^***	374.02^***
氮素Nitrogen (N)	88.70^***	5.16^**	9.98^***	4.85^**	2.14	3.23^*
W × N	0.38	1.49	1.33	0.57	0.44	3.70^*

Data are the means of three plots and different letters after the means indicate significant difference among all treatments in the same growth season (P < 0.05). ^*, ^**, and^*** represent significant variance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.
数据为3个小区的平均值, 同一年度内所有处理的多重比较中, 不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。^*、^**和^***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平下方差显著。

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Table 4
表4
表4不同水氮处理对小麦籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响
Table 4Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen treatments on RVA properties of wheat starch (cP)

处理 Treatment	2014-2015					2015-2016
	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity	谷值黏度 Through viscosity	稀澥值Breakdown	最终黏度 Final viscosity	反弹值 Setback	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity	谷值黏度 Through viscosity	稀澥值Breakdown	最终黏度 Final viscosity	反弹值Setback
	W0N0	2950 g	1951 e	999 e	3769 h	2950 g	2946 f	1977 e	970 d	3746 h	2946 f
	W0N1	3458 d	2369 c	1090 d	4380 b	3458 d	3158 d	2041 d	1118 b	3960 e	3158 d
W0N2	3669 b	2439 b	1230 a	4469 a	3669 b	3455 a	2233 b	1222 a	4041 d	3455 a
W0N3	3542 c	2426 b	1116 bcd	4268 cd	3542 c	3377 b	2139 c	1239 a	3854 fg	3377 b
W1N0	3284 f	2180 d	1104 cd	3860 g	3284 f	3069 e	2078 d	990 cd	3822 g	3069 e
W1N1	3562 c	2444 b	1118 bcd	4355 bc	3562 c	3279 c	2245 b	1034 bcd	4045 d	3279 c
W1N2	3767 a	2544 a	1223 a	4550 a	3767 a	3440 a	2332 a	1109 b	4238 b	3440 a
W1N3	3428 d	2380 c	1048 d	4247 d	3428 d	3370 b	2141 c	1229 a	3876 f	3370 b
W2N0	3360 e	2171 d	1188 ab	3952 f	3360 e	3125 d	2069 d	1056 bc	4045 d	3125 d
W2N1	3526 c	2355 c	1171 abc	4152 e	3526 c	3364 b	2249 b	1116 b	4187 c	3364 b
W2N2	3640 b	2444 b	1196 a	4269 cd	3640 b	3461 a	2358 a	1102 b	4388 a	3461 a
W2N3	3462 d	2352 c	1110 cd	4183 de	3462 d	3143 d	2145 c	998 cd	4160 c	3143 d
方差分析(F值) ANOVA (F-value)
灌水Irrigation (W)	55.06^***	41.26^***	6.28^**	16.04^***	9.67^**	9.94^**	62.85^***	7.50^**	478.92^***	181.77^***
氮素Nitrogen (N)	522.36^***	392.52^***	18.75^***	204.43^***	14.72^***	257.87^***	155.91^***	21.43^***	358.98^***	22.48^***
W × N	62.30^***	25.45^***	5.53^**	12.68^***	3.71^**	34.52^***	10.00^***	11.36^***	10.99^***	17.62^***

Data are the means of three plots and different letters after the means indicate significant difference among all treatments in the same growth season (P < 0.05). ^*, ^**, and ^*** represent significant variance at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.
数据为3个小区的平均值, 同一年度内所有处理的多重比较中, 不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。^*、^**和^***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平下方差显著。

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3 讨论

禾谷类作物种子中, 淀粉以大、小淀粉粒形态存在于胚乳中^[24], 成熟小麦籽粒淀粉粒分A、B和C型淀粉粒^[25,26]。淀粉粒级分布影响小麦淀粉的理化特性^[27]和加工品质。研究表明, 土壤水分^[28]和氮素^[29]对小麦淀粉粒的分布均有显著影响, 然而灌水对小麦籽粒淀粉粒径影响的结论并不一致。Geera等^[30]研究表明, 旱作小麦籽粒中A型淀粉粒的体积百分比较灌溉下明显减少, B型淀粉粒的体积百分比则显著增加; 而Zhang等^[31]以5个淀粉含量不同的小麦品种为材料, 研究发现不灌水处理提高了大淀粉粒(A型)的体积百分比。本研究结果支持Zhang等^[31]的观点, 拔节期灌1次水使籽粒大淀粉粒体积百分比增加32.9% (2014—2015年度)和70.3% (2015—2016年度), 小淀粉粒体积百分比降低3.4% (2014—2015年度)和8.5% (2015—2016年度)。关于氮肥施用对淀粉粒大小和分布的影响, 石德杨等^[32]的研究表明施氮能显著降低玉米籽粒小型淀粉粒的体积百分比, 增加大淀粉粒的体积百分比。本试验结果表明, 全生育期不灌水条件下, 施氮量在0~300 kg hm^-2范围内, 随施氮量增加中淀粉粒体积百分比递增, 较N0显著增加; 在灌水条件下, 施氮对中型淀粉粒体积百分比影响较小, 说明氮素对小麦籽粒淀粉粒度的影响与土壤水分状况有关。相关分析表明, 土壤中硝态氮含量与小淀粉、中淀粉体积百分比之间存在不显著的负相关, 而与大淀粉粒体积百分比呈不显著的正相关。

干旱胁迫降低小麦籽粒中总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量的积累, 对淀粉直/支比无显著影响^[13]。在大田条件下, 全生育期不灌水对灌浆初期的直链淀粉含量无显著影响, 但显著降低灌浆后期的直链淀粉含量。在拔节期和开花期灌水(灌2次水)的基础上增加灌浆水(灌3次水), 显著提高灌浆后期的直链淀粉含量; 灌2次水使灌浆后期的支链淀粉含量升高, 而灌3次水却使支链淀粉含量降低^[33]。本试验结果表明, 全生育期不灌水处理的籽粒直链淀粉含量较高, 支链淀粉和总淀粉含量较低, 原因可能是干旱条件下SSS活性显著降低, 而GBSS对干旱胁迫存在一定的适应性响应^[34]; 拔节期灌水促进籽粒支链淀粉和总淀粉的积累, 增加其组分含量。关于施氮对籽粒淀粉含量的影响, 严美玲等^[35]对鲁麦21研究表明, 在施氮120~360 kg hm^-2范围内, 随施氮量增加, 强、弱势粒中直链淀粉含量均降低, 支链淀粉先增后降, 施氮量240 kg hm^-2时达到最大, 本试验结果表明, 施氮量在0~240 kg hm^-2范围内, 随施氮量增加籽粒直链淀粉含量显著降低, 而支链淀粉和总淀粉含量增加; 继续增加施氮量, 支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量则降低, 且水氮互作对支链淀粉含量存在显著影响(表2), 在2015—2016年度, W0条件下N1和N2处理的支链淀粉含量分别较N0处理增加5.4%和11.0%, 在W1条件下支链淀粉含量分别增加11.8%和18.0%, W2条件下分别增加12.2%和16.0%。

施氮增加土壤硝态氮含量, 而灌水使耕层土壤硝态氮含量降低(图2)。关于土壤中硝态氮含量与籽粒总淀粉含量之间的关系, 蔡瑞国等^[36]研究认为随土壤中硝态氮含量增加, 籽粒中淀粉含量增加; 范雪梅等^[37]认为, 干旱条件下增加土壤硝态氮含量有利于淀粉积累, 而渍水条件下土壤硝态氮含量增加使淀粉含量下降。本研究表明, 土壤耕层硝态氮含量与总淀粉含量呈正相关, 与蔡瑞国等^[36]研究结果基本一致。这可能是随着施氮量及耕层土壤中硝态氮含量增加, 促进了植株对土壤氮素的吸收利用^[38], 使植株光合能力增强, 有利于光合产物向籽粒的运转与积累^[39,40]。还有研究表明, 增施氮肥可以提高SSS和GBSS等淀粉合成关键酶活性^[11], 从而促进淀粉积累。

淀粉糊化特性是评价淀粉品质的重要指标^[41], 与面条外观和口感均有显著相关性^[14]。淀粉糊化特性受基因型、环境及其互作的影响^[7], 且水氮措施对其影响较大。方保停等^[42]利用弱筋小麦品种豫麦50在池栽防雨条件下试验, 结果以灌1次水(拔节水)时淀粉糊化品质较好, 且与灌2次水(拔节水+灌浆水)差异不显著; 冯伟等^[43]利用豫麦49进行大田试验, 发现灌2次水时淀粉品质最优。本试验结果表明, 拔节期灌1次水能显著提高淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度, 而灌2次水(拔节水+开花水)显著降低了淀粉的黏度值。对淀粉糊化特性的最适施氮量也有报道, 例如豫麦49以施氮量150 kg hm^-2为最佳^[38]。本试验结果表明, 施氮量在0~240 kg hm^-2范围内, 增施氮肥可提高小麦淀粉黏度值, 若继续增加施氮量黏度值又降低, 郑志松等^[44]在研究中也得到类似结论。相关分析表明, 土壤中硝态氮含量和峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度之间存在极显著正相关。

4 结论

施氮增加耕层土壤中的硝态氮含量, 而灌水则降低硝态氮含量。灌水和施氮均提高淀粉糊化参数, 增加中淀粉粒和大淀粉粒的体积百分比, 进而增加淀粉含量的积累。土壤硝态氮含量与淀粉产量和部分黏度参数之间存在显著的正相关。在耕层土壤硝态氮含量19.64~20.55 mg kg^-1条件下, 即长期施氮量240 kg hm^-2、拔节期灌1次水时, 获得了较好小麦产量和淀粉品质, 是豫北高产灌区的优化水肥管理模式。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

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王晨阳, 马冬云, 朱云集, 郭天财, 冯伟, 周苏玫 . 冬小麦不同水氮运筹对面条煮制品质的影响
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采用不同筋力的2个冬小麦品种豫麦49和豫麦66,研究了不同水、氮运筹对小麦面条煮制品质的影响.结果表明,2品种均以不施氮肥处理的面条TOM及蒸煮损失率最大,总评分最低;随施氮量增加,面条TOM下降、面条评分增加.其中,中筋小麦品种豫麦49以全生育期施纯氮22 5 kg·ha-1,强筋小麦品种豫麦66以施纯氮150kg·ha-1时面条TOM最小,评分最高.随灌水次数增加,TOM呈增大趋势,处理间差异显著;面条断头率下降,评分亦有所增加,但处理间差异不显著.2品种在面条TOM、总评分、断头率及吸水率间存在着显著的差异,其中豫麦49的TOM平均为1.19 g,面条总评分为88.5,面条品质优于豫麦66.在灌水和施氮对面条品质性状的影响上,豫麦49的灌水效应小于施氮效应,而豫麦66的灌水效应大于施氮效应.因此,生产中水、氮运筹应结合具体品种而定.面粉的淀粉特性对面条品质有显著影响,其中膨胀势及粘度参数与面条总评分呈正相关,而与TOM呈负相关.

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王晨阳, 郭天财, 马冬云, 朱云集, 贺德先, 王永华 . 环境 , 基因型及其互作对小麦主要品质性状的影响
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Moisture stress influences both yield and end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Previous studies assessed stability of yield and yield components to moisture stress. This study evaluated the stability of spring wheat quality parameters relative to the stability of grain yield and its components under moisture stress. Sixteen spring wheat cultivars were produced under two moisture-deficit regimes in 1995 and 1996 to determine the effects of moisture-deficit severity on grain yield and its components, test weight, flour protein, flour extraction, dough-mixing characteristics, and alkaline noodle color. Moisture deficit differentially and significantly influenced cultivar test weight and yield. The overall moisture-deficit-induced reduction in yield was due primarily to reduction in kernel weight; effects of moisture deficit on yield of specific cultivars were due largely to effects on kernels per spike. Drought-sensitivity indices (DSIs) for yield were correlated to cultivar yield potential. Yield reduction by moderate moisture deficit was not predictive of yield reduction by severe moisture deficit. Effects of moisture-deficit severity on flour extraction and mixograph peak time varied with cultivar. Moisture deficit reduced initial noodle brightness and enhanced noodle yellowness. However, the color of noodles produced by the cultivars included in this study responded similarly to moisture deficit, suggesting that evaluation of noodle color may not require testing across moisture-deficit environments. Test weight and flour extraction DSIs were correlated with DSIs for grain yield. Therefore, identifying drought-tolerant genotypes based on yield stability under moisture stress also will identify genotypes having stable test weight and flour extraction.

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张美微, 王晨阳, 贺德先, 马冬云 . 环境和氮磷肥对强筋小麦品种郑麦9023淀粉糊化特性的影响
麦类作物学报, 2010,30:905-909

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.05.022 URL [本文引用: 2]

为给河南省不同区域小麦优质高产栽培管理提供理论依据,2007-2008年度在河南省安阳、三门峡、夏邑、漯河、南阳、信阳等6个试验点,采用统一试验方案进行大田试验,研究了生态环境和氮磷肥处理对郑麦9023淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,地点间淀粉糊化参数差异最大,达1%极显著水平;施氮量及地点×氮肥互作对淀粉黏度参数的影响达5%或1%显著水平;而施磷量及氮肥×磷肥、地点×磷肥互作对淀粉糊化参数无显著影响。对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响大小依次表现为:地点氮肥磷肥。不同地点间以安阳和三门峡点的淀粉黏度参数较高,而低纬度的南阳点和信阳点较低。多个试验点施氮量从120 kg.hm-2增加到240 kg.hm-2时淀粉主要黏度参数有显著提高,不施氮肥也获得了较高的黏度参数値;而信阳(水稻土)则随施氮量增加,淀粉黏度参数呈下降趋势。研究结果还表明,在施氮量240 kg.hm-2、施磷量120 kg.hm-2的氮磷配施处理下淀粉黏度参数较高。

Zhang M

, Wang C

, He D

, Ma D

. Effects of location and different ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on starch pasting properties of strong-gluten wheat cultivar Zhengmai 9023
J Triticeae Crops, 2010,30:905-909 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2010.05.022 URL [本文引用: 2]

阎俊, 张勇, 何中虎 . 小麦品种糊化特性研究
中国农业科学, 2001,34:9-13

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2001.01.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

利用快速粘度仪(RVA)分析了我国冬、春麦主栽品种和部分澳大利亚品种的面粉糊化特性.结果表明,中国春小麦品种糊化性状(单位为RVU)变异范围较大,冬播小麦变异范围较小,澳大利亚小麦则介于中国冬麦和春麦之间;基因型(G)、环境(E)以及基因型与环境互作(G×E)都不同程度地影响面粉的糊化特性.峰值粘度与所有的糊化性状之间均有较高的相关性(r=0.56～0.93;P＜0.01),而稀懈值则与多数粘度指标之间的相关未达到显著水平或相关系数较小.

Yan

, Zhang

, He Z

. Investigation on paste property of Chinese wheat
Sci Agric Sin, 2001,34:9-13 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2001.01.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

阎俊, 何中虎 . 基因型, 环境互作对黄淮麦区小麦淀粉品质性状的影响
麦类作物学报, 2001,21:14-19

[本文引用: 1]

Yan

, He Z

. Effects of genotype environment and G×E interaction on starch quality traits of wheat grown in Yellow and Huai River Valley
J Triticeae Crops, 2001,21:14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[10]

张学林, 郭天财, 朱云集, 王晨阳, 马冬云, 王永华 . 追氮时期对两种筋型小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响
华北农学报, 2005,20:79-82

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2005.03.020 URL [本文引用: 2]

大田条件下,选用2个有代表性的强、弱筋型冬小麦品种,研究追肥时期对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明:除糊化时间外,其他性状变异系数均大于10%,而且两种筋型品种之间淀粉糊化特性的变异幅度有较大差异。强筋型品种豫麦34号的淀粉糊化特性值均高于弱筋型品种豫麦50号。随追肥时期变化,两种筋型品种的变化规律不同,且均以拔节期追肥表现较优,因此,拔节期是淀粉糊化特性的较佳施肥时期。

Zhang X

, Guo T

, Zhu Y

, Wang C

, Ma D

, Wang Y

. Effects of nitrogen topdressing stage on starch paste characters of two kinds of gluten wheat
Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2005,20:79-82 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2005.03.020 URL [本文引用: 2]

姜东, 于振文, 李永庚, 余松烈 . 施氮水平对鲁麦22籽粒淀粉合成的影响
作物学报, 2003,29:462-467

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2003.03.026 URL [本文引用: 3]

在210～330kg/hm2施氮量范围内,随施氮量提高,鲁麦22籽粒直、支链淀粉积累量和积累速率上升,ATP含量及淀粉合成相关酶SS(蔗糖合成酶)、ADPGPPase(腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶)、UDPGPPase(尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶)、SSS(可溶性淀粉合成酶)和GBSS(淀粉粒束缚态淀粉合成酶)活性均提高.与弱势粒相比,强势粒ATP含量及淀粉合成相关酶活性高,因而淀粉积累量较高.相关分析表明,籽粒SS、ADPGPPase、SSS和GBSS是高产小麦籽粒淀粉合成的可能限制因子.

Jiang

, Yu Z

, Li Y

, Yu S

. Effects of nitrogen application quantity on starch synthesis of Lumai 22
Acta Agron Sin, 2003,29:462-467 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2003.03.026 URL [本文引用: 3]

宋霄君, 张敏, 武雪萍, 赵城, 石剑, 张玉春, 刘希伟, 蔡瑞国 . 干旱胁迫对小麦不同品种胚乳淀粉结构和理化特性的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50:260-271

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】全面了解干旱胁迫对小麦不同品种胚乳淀粉组成、粒度分布、糊化特性以及晶体特性的影响,揭示小麦淀粉结构与理化特性的内在关系。【方法】2013—2015年度以小麦品种京冬8(JD8)、河农825(HN825)、冀麦585(JM585)、农大211(ND211)为试验材料,设节水灌溉(W)和旱作(D)2种处理,研究干旱胁迫对小麦胚乳淀粉结构及其理化特性的影响。【结果】干旱胁迫显著抑制了小麦胚乳淀粉的积累,但对小麦淀粉直/支比的影响不显著。小麦胚乳淀粉粒体积、表面积和数目分布均呈双峰曲线变化,干旱胁迫对淀粉粒粒度分布的影响因基因型和粒径大小的不同而存在差异,其中对粒径5μm淀粉粒的表面积、数目分布影响最大。干旱胁迫未改变小麦胚乳淀粉的晶体类型,但显著提高了小麦淀粉的结晶度,对小麦淀粉X-衍射图谱中各尖峰强度的影响因品种和衍射角的不同而存在差异。干旱胁迫显著提高了小麦淀粉的低谷黏度和糊化温度,延长了糊化时间,但显著降低了小麦淀粉的峰值黏度和稀懈值,对终结黏度和回生值的影响存在基因型差异。相关分析表明,小麦胚乳淀粉结晶度与总淀粉和直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关,与支链淀粉呈显著正相关。总淀粉含量与峰值黏度呈显著正相关。直链淀粉含量与峰值黏度和稀懈值呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关。支链淀粉含量与糊化特性的相关性不显著,而淀粉直/支比仅与糊化时间呈显著负相关。小麦胚乳淀粉中粒径5μm和10μm的淀粉粒体积百分比与终结黏度和回生值均分别呈显著、极显著负相关,而粒径15μm的淀粉粒与终结黏度和回生值均呈显著正相关。小麦淀粉粒体积分布与结晶度的相关性不显著。小麦淀粉糊化峰值黏度和稀懈值与结晶度分别呈极显著和显著负相关,而糊化温度与结晶度呈显著正相关。【结论】干旱胁迫改变了小麦胚乳淀粉组分、粒度分布、结晶度及其主要糊化参数。小麦胚乳淀粉结构与晶体特性和糊化特性之间均存在明显的相关性,表明干旱对小麦淀粉结构的影响,间接影响了其理化特性,因此,可以通过调节水分条件来生产一定品质的小麦。

Song X

, Zhang

, Wu X

, Zhao

, Shi

, Zhang Y

, Liu X

, Cai R

. Effect s of drought stress on wheat endosperm starch structure and physicochemical properties of different varieties
Sci Agric Sin, 2017,50:260-271 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

宋建民, 戴双, 李豪圣, 刘爱峰, 刘建军, 赵振东, 刘广田 . Wx蛋白缺失对淀粉理化特性和面条品质的影响
中国农业科学, 2007,40:2888-2894

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2007.12.032 URL [本文引用: 2]

[目的]对Wx蛋白缺失影响小麦淀粉理化特性和面条加工品质的情况进行探讨.[方法]以6类 Wx蛋白组成的14个品种为试材,测定其淀粉理化特性和面条品质,进行统计分析.[结果]Wx亚基的数目对其酶蛋白和直链淀粉含量有显著影响,随着Wx亚基数目的增加,Wx蛋白和直链淀粉含量相应升高,面粉膨胀势和峰值粘度呈现下降的趋势,但面条品质的变化并不表现完全一致.糯小麦绝大部分淀粉理化指标显著较低.不同Wx亚基对淀粉理化特性和面条品质的影响也存在一定的差异,缺失Wx-B1亚基对直链淀粉合成的影响最大,其次是Wx-D1亚基,缺失Wx- A1亚基作用最小.3类单一Wx亚基缺失材料中,Wx-B1亚基缺失品种直链淀粉含量最低,膨胀势和RVA峰值粘度最高,面条评分最高.[结论]从不同 Wx亚基缺失类型小麦品种看,面条评分与直链淀粉含量、膨胀和糊化特性之间并不是简单的直线关系,尤其是直链淀粉含量,而是有一个合适的范围,在这个范围内随着直链淀粉含量的下降,膨胀势和峰值粘度升高,面条评分上升,超出这一范围面条评分下降.

Song J

, Dai

, Li H

, Liu A

, Liu J

, Zhao Z

, Liu G

. Effects of Wx protein deficiency on starch physiochemical properties and noodle quality
Sci Agric Sin, 2007,40:2888-2894 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0578-1752.2007.12.032 URL [本文引用: 2]

吴金芝, 黄明, 李友军, 付国占, 陈明灿, 黄海霞 . 不同水分和氮素形成对弱筋小麦豫麦50籽粒淀粉产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响
中国农业科学, 2009,42:1833-1840

[本文引用: 2]

Wu J

, Huang

, Li Y

, Fu G

, Chen M

, Huang H

. Effect of different water and nitrogen forms on starch yields and starch pasting properties of weak gluten wheat variety Yumai 50
Sci Agric Sin, 2009,42:1833-1840 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[15]

付雪丽, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 朱云集, 马冬云, 王永华 . 水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响
应用生态学报, 2008,19:317-322

URL [本文引用: 1]

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种(强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50)为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理(W1:拔节水;W2:拔节水+花后15d灌浆水;W3:拔节水+灌浆水+花后28d麦黄水)和3个氮肥水平(0、150、270kg.hm-2)对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明:270kg.hm-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦(豫麦34)籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦(豫麦50)在150kg.hm-2的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多(270kg.hm-2)均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W2处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W1或W3处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270kg.hm-2和150kg.hm-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水(W)为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.

Fu X

, Wang C

, Guo T

, Zhu Y

, Ma D

, Wang Y

. Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains
J Appl Ecol, 2008,19:317-322 (in Chinese with English abstract)

URL [本文引用: 1]

顾峰, 蔡瑞国, 尹燕枰, 张敏, 李产生, 王振林 . 优质小麦籽粒淀粉组成与糊化特性对氮素水平的响应
植物营养与肥料学报, 2010,16:41-50

[本文引用: 1]

, Cai R

, Yin Y

, Zhang

, Li C

, Wang Z

. Effects of nitrogen application rates on starch composition and pasting properties of high quality wheat
Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010,16:41-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[17]

张永丽, 于振文, 郑成岩, 谷淑波 . 不同灌水处理对强筋小麦济麦20耗水特性和籽粒淀粉组成积累的影响
中国农业科学, 2009,42:4218-4227

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.12.012 URL [本文引用: 2]

【目的】研究不同土壤质地下灌水处理对小麦耗水特性和籽粒淀粉组分积累及粒重与产量的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】在2004-2005年和2006-2007年小麦生长季,以强筋小麦济麦20为材料进行田间试验,采用水分平衡法计算小麦生育期间耗水量,双波长法测定籽粒淀粉含量,以淀粉含量乘以粒重求得淀粉积累量。【结果】2004-2005生长季,在土壤质地为壤土的条件下,W1处理(底墒水、拔节水和开花水各灌60mm,籽粒产量为8701.23kg·hm-2)的耗水量低于W2处理(底墒水、冬水、拔节水和开花水各灌60mm,籽粒产量为9159.30kg·hm-2),土壤水利用效率与W2处理无显著差异,降水占耗水量的百分率、灌水利用效率和水分利用效率高于W2处理;成熟期各处理粒重无显著差异。2006-2007生长季,在土壤质地为砂质壤土的条件下,W3'处理(底墒水、冬水、拔节水和开花水各灌60mm)获得最高籽粒产量,耗水量和降水占耗水量的百分率与其他灌水处理无显著差异;土壤水和降水利用效率、水分利用效率均显著高于其它处理,灌水利用效率显著低于其他处理;成熟期粒重与W2'处理(底墒水、拔节水和开花水各灌60mm)无显著差异,均高于其它处理。在W1处理冬前期和开花期0～140cm土层和拔节期0～80cm土层土壤相对含水量高于W0处理(生育期不浇水)的基础上,拔节期和开花期各灌水60mm,增加了灌浆后期支链淀粉积累量,减少了直链淀粉积累量,提高了支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量比值(支/直比);在W2处理拔节期和开花期80～140cm土层土壤相对含水量高于W1处理的基础上,拔节期和开花期各灌水60mm,对灌浆末期支链淀粉和直链淀粉积累量无显著调节效应。【结论】在保水能力较强的壤土上,W1处理灌浆末期籽粒直链淀粉积累量低于W0处理,支链淀粉积累量和支链淀粉含量/直链淀粉含量比值高于W0处理,并获得了较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,进一步增加灌水量对淀粉组分积累量无显著调节效应,水分利用效率降低。在保水能力较差的砂质壤土上,W3'处理获得最高籽粒产量和水分利用效率。可供壤土和砂质壤土条件下小麦生产中确定灌水方案参考。

Zhang Y

, Yu Z

, Zheng C

, Gu S

. Effects of different irrigation treatments on water consumption characteristics and grain starch components accumulation in strong gluten wheat Jimai 20
Sci Agric Sin, 2009,42:4218-4227 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.12.012 URL [本文引用: 2]

袁新民, 同延安, 杨学云, 李晓林, 张福锁 . 灌溉与降水对土壤NO₃ --N累积的影响
水土保持学报, 2000,14(3):71-73

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2000.03.015 URL [本文引用: 1]

在粉砂粘壤土上，降水对休闲地和旱地土壤ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ累积的影响主要在０～２ｍ的深度范围；以当地生产中习惯使用的灌水量进行灌溉，在小麦－玉米轮作８年之后，土壤中累积的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ会逐渐被淋溶至４００ｃｍ以下的层次；一次性过量灌水则可将土壤上层施入的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ淋至５００～６００ｃｍ的深度范围，不合理的灌溉会引起ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ的大量淋失。

Yuan X

, Tong Y

, Yang X

, Li X

, Zhang F

. Effect of irrigation and precipitation on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation
J Soil Water Conserv, 2000,14(3):71-73 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2000.03.015 URL [本文引用: 1]

李秋霞, 王晨阳, 马冬云, 谢迎新, 刘卫星, 朱云集, 郭天财 . 灌水及施氮对高产区小麦产量及品质性状的影响
麦类作物学报, 2014,34:102-107

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2014.01.17 URL [本文引用: 1]

为给高产小麦的优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以中筋小麦品种平安8号为材料,研究了大田条件下灌水和施氮对小麦籽粒产量、籽粒品质及面粉品质性状的调控效应。结果表明,水氮对小麦产量和品质性状的影响表现为施氮灌水施氮×灌水。施氮对大多数品质性状(醇溶蛋白含量除外)的影响达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平;小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、蛋白质组分含量及多数面团流变学特性指标随着施氮量的增加而提高,而籽粒硬度和容重则呈下降趋势,其中不施氮处理与施氮处理间差异显著,施氮处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。在施氮处理中以施氮180kg·hm-2时氮肥偏生产力最高。灌水对籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、籽粒硬度和容重的影响亦达显著或极显著水平。籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和吸水率随灌水次数(每次灌水750m3·hm-2)的增加而增加,而籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、容重及面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力和比例均随之降低。施氮与灌水互作显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度、容重,对其他性状无显著影响。

Li Q

, Wang C

, Ma D

, Xie Y

, Liu W

, Zhu Y

, Guo T

. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on grain yield, protein content and quality traits of winter wheat in high-yielding area
J Triticeae Crops, 2014,34:102-107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2014.01.17 URL [本文引用: 1]

廖上强, 陈延华, 李艳梅, 张琳, 孙焱鑫 . 生物炭基尿素对芹菜产量、品质及土壤硝态氮含量的影响
农业资源与环境学报, 2015,32:443-448

[本文引用: 1]

Liao S

, Chen Y

, Li Y

, Zhang

, Sun Y

. Effect of biochar-based urea on yield and quality of celery and soil NO₃ --N content
J Agric Resour Environ, 2015,32:443-448 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[21]

何照范 . 籽粒粮油品质及其分析技术. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1985. pp 144-150

[本文引用: 2]

He Z

. Quality of Grain Oil Seed and Its Analysis Technique. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1985. pp 144-150(in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[22]

郑学玲, 张玉玉, 张杰 . 青稞淀粉和小麦淀粉的理化性质比较研究
中国粮油学报, 2010,25(10):52-56

URL [本文引用: 1]

研究了青稞淀粉的理化性质,包括淀粉的颗粒形态、粒度分布及淀粉糊透明度、溶解度、膨胀力和糊化特性,并与小麦淀粉性质进行比较.结果表明:青稞淀粉颗粒的平均粒径大于小麦淀粉颗粒的平均粒径,青稞淀粉颗粒大小和形状分布均匀;青稞淀粉糊透明度大于小麦淀粉糊,但在储藏过程中,青稞淀粉糊透光率变化显著;青稞淀粉的溶解度和膨胀力均大于小麦淀粉糊,这与小麦淀粉中小颗粒淀粉含量较多有关;与小麦淀粉的糊化相比,青稞淀粉成糊温度低,糊化容易,但峰值黏度低,衰减值大,热糊稳定性差,回生值大,冷糊稳定性差,易老化.

Zheng X

, Zhang Y

, Zhang

. Comparison of physicohemical properties of hullless barley starch and wheat starch
J Chin Cereals Oils Assoc, 2010,25(10):52-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

URL [本文引用: 1]

Carine

, Marianne

, Jonathan

, Georges

, Bernard

, André

, Pierre

, Claude

. Variations in physicochemical and function properties of starches extracted from European soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): the importance to preserve the varietal identity
Carbohydr Polym, 2008,71:32-41

[本文引用: 1]

[24]

Tang

, Watanabe

, Mitsunaga

. Structure and functionality of large, medium and small granule starches in normal and waxy barley endosperms
Carbohydr Polym, 2002,49:217-224

DOI:10.1016/S0144-8617(01)00329-0 URL [本文引用: 1]

The structure and functionality of large, medium and small starch granules from normal and waxy barley were examined. The median size of large, medium and small granules was 18.1, 11.4 and 2.202μm and 17.2, 9.2 and 2.002μm in normal and waxy starch, respectively. The amylose content was 25.9% for normal small starch granules, about 4% lower than that of large and medium granules. For waxy starches, the amylose content ranged 2.9–3.3% and was similar among the granules. The DPn of amylopectins was 6100–8900, and similar between the varieties but differing among the granules. The CL of the amylopectins was 17–20 glucose residues, and in both starches, shorter in small granules than in large and medium granules. The relative crystallinity was 20.3–23.9% for normal starch granules, and 33.0–37.1% for waxy starch granules. The transition temperatures and enthalpy changes were 55.6–71.7°C and 7.4–8.502J/g and 58.9–77.2°C and 10.1–12.102J/g for the normal and waxy starch granules, respectively. The small granules displayed the greatest swelling power and susceptibility to enzymes, and the fastest retrogradation both in normal and waxy barley. The difference of functionality among granules of the same variety exceeded those between the same granule sizes of different varieties.

[25]

Bechtel D

, Zayas

, Kaleikau

, Pomeranz

. Size distribution of wheat starch granules during endosperm development
Cereal Chem, 1990,67:59-63

DOI:10.1016/0144-8617(90)90093-8 URL [本文引用: 1]

Light and electron microscopy were used to examine starch granule development in field-grown hard red winter wheat cv. Newton grain endosperm. Proplastids in the cytoplasm of the coenocytic endosperm 2 d after flowering (DAF) differentiated into amyloplasts by 4 DAF. Quantitative image analysis showed that the starch granules initiated during the first 4 DAF increased in size to a mean diam. of...

[26]

Takeda

, Taked

, Mizukami

, Hanashiro

. Structures of large, medium and small starch granules of barley grain
Carbohydr Polym, 1999,38:109-114

DOI:10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00105-2 URL [本文引用: 1]

The structure of amylose and amylopectin in large (L), medium (M) and small (S) starch granules fractionated from barley grain was examined. The L, M and S granules were 20, 7.5 and 2.302μm in average diameter, and accounted for 79, 11 and 10% (w/w) in yield, respectively. The amylose content in L and M granules was 25.4 and 24.7%, respectively, higher than that (20.3%) in S granules. L and M granules had a smaller amylose (number average DP, DP n =1640 and 1610) with a smaller number of chains (NC=5.6 and 4.9) than S granules (DP n =1900, NC=7.2). The amylopectins from all the granules resembled each other in structure; they showed similar iodine affinity (0.60–0.7502g/10002g), average chain length (19–20), β-amylolysis limit (55–56%), and chain length distribution although the distribution of short side-chains (DP=6–37) and the phosphorus content slightly differed. These findings suggest that the regulation or genetic control for the synthesis of S granules differs from that for L and M granules.

[27]

张传辉, 姜东, 戴廷波, 荆奇, 曹卫星 . 小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒级分布特征及其与淀粉理化特性关系研究进展
麦类作物学报, 2005,25:130-133

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-1041.2005.06.030 URL [本文引用: 1]

小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒级分布范围大,而且呈现梯度分布,这是小麦淀粉粒区别于其他植物淀粉粒的一个显著特征.不同粒径的淀粉粒在理化特性上有极大的差异,因此除直/支链淀粉比例之外,淀粉粒粒级分布也是影响淀粉品质的重要指标.本文综述了国内外在小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒级分布及其与淀粉品质特性关系方面的研究进展,提出应注意小麦籽粒不同粒级淀粉粒分布特征及其形成机理与调控途径等领域的研究,以促进优质小麦品种选育和调优栽培技术的建立.

Zhang C

, Jiang

, Dai T

, Jing

, Cao W

. Advances in starch granule size distribution characteristics and its relationships of with physicochemical characteristics of starch in wheat grain
J Triticeae Crops, 2005,25:130-133 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-1041.2005.06.030 URL [本文引用: 1]

戴忠民, 尹燕枰, 张敏, 李文阳, 闫素辉, 蔡瑞国, 王振林 . 旱作和补充灌溉条件下小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒度的分布特征
作物学报, 2008,34:795-802

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00795 URL [本文引用: 1]

Starch granules comprise A and B types in mature wheat ( ha during the whole growth period (750 m ha each at before sowing, pre-wintering, and jointing stages, respectively), while the rainfed treatment had no irrigation. In mature grains, the diameter of starch granules ranged from 0.37 to 52.60 mm, and the percent volume distribution showed a 2-peak curve with the mean granule diameter of 5 (B type) and 25 mm (A type) at each peak. The volume percentages of A and B types were 56.1–65.5% and 34.5–43.9%, respectively. A 2-peak curve was also shown in percent surface area distribution of starch granules, but only one peak in percent number, because the number of B-type granules accounted for over 99% of the total starch granules. As compared with irrigated treatment, rainfed treatment affected the distribution of starch granules in grains of both cultivars through increasing the percent volume and percent surface area of 2.0-9.8 mm and 18.8 mm starch granules. The soil water deficit also decreased the contents of amylose and starch in grains and increased protein content, peak viscosity and final viscosity, suggesting that rianfed treatment may improve wheat grain quality. The contents of amylose, starch, and protein in grains were significantly correlated with the percent volume of starch granules with different diameter ranges. For starch, the r was -0.560*, -0.831** (2.0-9.8 mm) and -0.597*, -0.812** (9.8 μm) high in contents of amylose and starch.

Dai Z

, Yin Y

, Zhang

, Li W

, Yan S

, Cai R

, Wang Z

. Starch granule size distribution in wheat grains under irrigated and rainfed conditions
Acta Agron Sin, 2008,34:795-802 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00795 URL [本文引用: 1]

马冬云, 郭天财, 王晨阳, 宋晓, 冯辉, 韩巧霞 . 施氮水平对小麦籽粒淀粉粒度分布及淀粉粒糊化特性的影响,
西北农业学报, 2010,19:43-47

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2010.11.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

以豫麦49-198为供试材料,研究了不同施氮水平对籽粒淀粉粒度分布及大、小淀粉粒糊化特性的影响.结果表明,大、小淀粉粒的糊化参数明显不同,大淀粉粒的糊化时间和糊化温度明显低于小淀粉粒,而峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度则明显高于小淀粉粒.随着施氮水平的增加,大、小淀粉粒及总淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度总体呈增加趋势,以N3或N4处理的数值最高,表明增施氮肥有利于改善小麦淀粉糊化特性.随着施氮水平增加,9.8 μm的淀粉粒数目和表面积百分比呈升高趋势.表明增施氮肥,降低了小淀粉粒数目、体积和表面积百分比,而增加了大淀粉粒的数目和表面积百分比.

Ma D

, Guo T

, Wang C

, Song

, Feng

, Han Q

. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on starch granule size distribution and starch pasting properties in wheat (Triricum aestivum L.) grain
Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2010,19:43-47 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-1389.2010.11.009 URL [本文引用: 1]

Geera B

, Nelson J

, Souza

, Huer K

. Composition and properties of A- and B-type starch granules of wild-type, partial waxy, and waxy soft wheat
Cereal Chem, 2006,83:551-557

DOI:10.1094/CC-83-0551 URL [本文引用: 1]

ABSTRACT Starch A- and B-type granules were isolated from soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes representing the four granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) classes, and characterized according to composition and properties. While total (TAM) and apparent (AAM) amylose contents of both granule fractions decreased as starch waxy character increased, the A-type granules possessed higher TAM and AAM contents than B-type granules for a given genotype. From wild-type to waxy, a general transition was observed from B- to A-type starch granule fractions with higher levels of lipid-complexed amylose (LAM) and phospholipid. Within a genotype, A-type (relative to B-type) granules possessed higher gelatinization enthalpies, while B-type granules exhibited higher gelatinization peak and completion temperatures (broader gelatinization ranges) than A-type granules. Normal (wild-type) and waxy A- and B-type starch granule pasting rates were affected by starch granule lipids; the granule type within a genotype with the lowest LAM and phospholipid levels generally exhibited the shortest time to pasting. For normal and waxy starches, A-type granules exhibited higher pasting viscosities than B-type granules throughout the pasting profile. Thus, the A:B-type granule ratio is important to understanding overall wheat starch composition and behavior.

[31]

Zhang

, Wang

, Yin

, Cai

, Yan

, Li

. Starch content and granule size distribution in grains of wheat in relation to post-anthesis water deficits
J Agron Crop Sci, 2010,196:1-8

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00388.x URL [本文引用: 2]

<P>Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.</P>

[32]

石德杨, 张海燕, 董树亭 . 补充灌溉和施氮对玉米籽粒淀粉粒粒度分布的影响
中国农业科学, 2014,47:633-643

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.04.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】淀粉粒粒度分布是评价淀粉品质的一个重要因素，环境因素对淀粉粒粒度分布的影响较大，水分和氮肥是玉米高产优质栽培中的主要农艺措施。因此，明确补充灌溉和施氮对玉米籽粒淀粉粒粒度分布特征的影响及其与淀粉糊化特性、粒重和淀粉组分之间的关系，能为玉米淀粉品质调控提供理论依据，也有利于玉米淀粉的定向加工利用。【方法】以郑单958为供试材料，设置雨养（W1）与补充灌溉（W2）两个水分处理，其中补充灌溉处理以土壤含水量是否低于田间持水量的60％来确定是否灌水，以灌水后土壤含水量达到田间持水量的80％来确定灌水量，其计算公式为m=lopbH（届一届），式中m为补灌量（mm），H为该时段补充灌溉深度（cm），pb为补充灌溉深度土壤容重（g-cm^-2），βi为目标含水量（田间持水量×目标相对含水量），βi为自然含水量；按每生产100kg籽粒耗氮3kg，在67500株／hm^-2种植密度下产量达10500kg·hm^-2的标准设计最高氮肥处理，即设0（N1）、160（N2）、320（N3）kg·hm^-23个氮肥处理。采用激光衍射粒度分析仪测定成熟期玉米籽粒淀粉粒体积、数目和表面积分布特性，借助RVA仪测定淀粉糊化特性，采用双波长法测定淀粉组分含量，并对淀粉粒体积分布与糊化特性、粒重、产量及淀粉组分做相关性分析。【结果】玉米籽粒淀粉粒粒径分布范围为0．38—39．78μm，其上限介于30．07—39．78μm。淀粉粒的体积和表面积表现为三峰分布，参照小麦研究中以双峰曲线凹处为分界线的分类方法，以3．5μm和7．4μm为界线，将玉米淀粉粒分为小型（〈3．5μm）、中型（3．5—7．4μm）和大型（〉7．4μm）三类。淀粉粒的数目表现为单峰分布，其中小型淀粉粒数目占总数的98％以上。增施氮肥及补充灌溉降低小型淀粉粒体积、表面积和数目的

Shi D

, Zhang H

, Dong S

. Effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen application on starch granule size distribution of maize grain
Sci Agric Sin, 2014,47:633-643 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.04.003 URL [本文引用: 1]

褚鹏飞, 于振文, 王小燕, 武同华, 王西芝 . 灌水量对小麦籽粒淀粉含量和相关酶活性及水分利用效率的影响
作物学报, 2009,35:324-333

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00324 URL [本文引用: 1]

在2004-2005年和2005-2006年小麦生长季,设置不同的灌水时期和灌水量处理,研究了小麦籽粒产量、籽粒淀粉含量、淀粉合成相关酶活性和水分利用效率.结果表明,全生育期不灌水条件下,籽粒中的可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和淀粉粒结合态淀粉合酶(GBSS)活性在灌浆初期显著升高,在灌浆中后期显著降低,同时灌浆后期支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量亦显著降低.拔节期和开花期每次灌水60 mm有利于小麦在灌浆中后期保持较高的SSS和GBSS活性,提高灌浆后期籽粒中的支链淀粉、直链淀粉和总淀粉含量;灌水量进一步增加时,灌浆中后期的 SSS活性显著降低,GBSS活性升高,灌浆后期的支链淀粉含量降低,直链淀粉含量升高.在两个生长季中拔节期和开花期每次灌水60 mm处理的土壤贮水消耗量较高,水分利用效率最高和籽粒产量较高.在此基础上增加灌水量时,开花至成熟阶段0～60 cm土层的土壤含水量显著升高,土壤贮水消耗量降低,籽粒产量无显著变化,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率降低.

Chu P

, Yu Z

, Wang X

, Wu T

, Wang X

. Effects of irrigation amount on grain starch content, starch synthase activity, and water use efficiency in wheat
Acta Agron Sin, 2009,35:324-333 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00324 URL [本文引用: 1]

许振柱, 于振文, 张永丽 . 土壤水分对小麦籽粒淀粉合成和积累特性的影响
作物学报, 2003,29:595-600

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2003.04.022 URL [本文引用: 1]

以防雨池栽的方式研究了限量灌溉对冬小麦籽粒淀粉合成和积累的影响.结果表明,冬小麦籽粒中可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉粒结合态合成酶(GBSS)和Q酶 (一种分支酶)均是在灌浆中期(花后14 d)活性最高.中度、严重干旱显著地降低了它们的活性.适宜的灌水处理(处理C和处理D)使三种酶保持较高的活性,这是形成较高产量的生理基础.三种酶的活性均是鲁麦21的较高.土壤水分亏缺严重(处理A)显著降低籽粒中淀粉、支链淀粉和直链淀粉的积累,灌麦黄水最终减少了它们的含量.适宜的灌水处理(处理C和处理D)使它们的含量增加.鲁麦21的淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量高于济南17,而直链淀粉含量以后者的较高.土壤水分亏缺提高了籽粒中淀粉的支/直比例,鲁麦21的支/直比例较大.其比值高有利于改善面条的品质.

Xu Z

, Yu Z

, Zhang Y

. The Effect of soil moisture on grain starch synthesis and accumulation of winter wheat
Acta Agron Sin, 2003,29:595-600 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2003.04.022 URL [本文引用: 1]

严美玲, 殷岩, 姜鸿明, 丁晓仪, 于经川, 王江春 . 氮肥用量对小麦籽粒粒重及淀粉含量的影响
麦类作物学报, 2008,28:1011-1015

URL [本文引用: 1]

为明确氮肥对小麦强、弱势粒粒重及淀粉品质的影响与调控,以强筋小麦烟农21和中筋小麦鲁麦21为材料,研究了三个氮肥水平(120、240、360 kg N/ha,分别用N1、N2、N3表示)下小麦籽粒增重过程及直、支链淀粉含量的变化规律。结果表明,随氮肥施用量的增加,强、弱势粒千粒重均降低,且灌浆后期处理间差异显著。两个品种强势粒千粒重均高于弱势粒;随氮肥施用量的增加,烟农21强、弱势粒灌浆速率均降低。两个品种强势粒灌浆速率均高于弱势粒;随氮肥使用量的增加,两品种强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量降低。支链淀粉从花后7 d开始积累,花后35 d含量达到最大值。当氮肥施用量为240 kg N/ha时,鲁麦21强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量较高,分别为48.73%和45.03%;烟农21对氮肥的反应与鲁麦21基本一致,强、弱势粒支链淀粉含量分别为57.04%和55.94%。

Yan M

, Yin

, Jiang H

, Ding X

, Yu J

, Wang J

. Effect of nitrogen amount on grains weight and amylose, amylopectin content of wheat
J Triticeae Crops, 2008,28:1011-1015 (in Chinese with English abstract)

URL [本文引用: 1]

蔡瑞国, 尹燕枰, 张敏, 戴忠民, 严美玲, 付国占, 贺明荣, 王振林 . 氮素水平对藁城 8901和山农 1391籽粒品质的调控效应
作物学报, 2007,33:304-310

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2007.02.020 URL [本文引用: 2]

选用强筋小麦品种藁城 8901(GC8901)和弱筋小麦品种山农1391(SN1391),在池栽条件下,分别施纯氮12、24和36 gm-2,研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,氮素水平对2个类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质性状和加工品质有较大影响。与12 gm-2处理相比,24 gm-2处理明显提高籽粒支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量和直支比,促进淀粉积累,改善淀粉的糊化特性。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,籽粒的支链淀粉含量降低,直链淀粉含量提高,淀粉积累量降低。随氮素水平提高,GC8901籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量和蛋白质产量提高,而醇溶蛋白含量降低。SN1391以24 gm-2处理的醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量最低;随氮素水平提高球蛋白含量提高,而清蛋白含量降低。适量施氮能提高籽粒硬度,但过量施氮则使其降低。籽粒容重随氮素水平提高而降低。增施氮肥能提高GC8901面粉白度,但SN1391以12 gm-2处理最高,24 gm-2处理最低。氮素水平从12 gm-2增加到24 gm-2,GC8901面筋含量、质量提高,面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和延伸度增加,这有利于提高强筋专用品质;SN1391面团形成时间和稳定时间显著降低,筋力变弱,拉伸面积减小,弱筋专用品质得以改善。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,2个品种加工品质有变劣的趋势。表明改变淀粉、蛋白质及其各组分含量,是氮素水平影响小麦加工品质的重要途径。

Cai R

, Yin Y

, Zhang

, Dai Z

, Yan M

, Fu G

, He M

, Wang Z

. Effects of nitrogen application rate on grain quality in wheat cultivars GC8901 and SN1391
Acta Agron Sin, 2007,33:304-310 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2007.02.020 URL [本文引用: 2]

范雪梅, 姜东, 戴廷波, 荆奇, 曹卫星 . 花后干旱或渍水下氮素供应对小麦光合和籽粒淀粉积累的影响
应用生态学报, 2005,16:1883-1888

[本文引用: 1]

Fan X

, Jiang

, Dai T

, Jing

, Cao W

. Effects of nitrogen supply on flag leaf photosynthesis and grain starch accumulation of wheat from its anthesis to maturity under drought or waterlogging
J Appl Ecol, 2005,16:1883-1888 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[38]

张绪成, 于显枫, 王红丽, 马一凡 . 高大气CO₂浓度下氮素对小麦叶片光合能量分配的调节
作物学报, 2011,37:1069-1076

[本文引用: 2]

Zhang X

, Yu X

, Wang H

, Ma Y

. Regulation of nitrogen level on photosynthetic energy partitioning in wheat leaves under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration
Acta Agron Sin, 2011,37:1069-1076 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 2]

[39]

王文静 . 不同穗型冬小麦籽粒灌浆期源库强度及其与淀粉积累的关系
作物学报, 2004,30:916-921

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2004.09.013 URL [本文引用: 1]

灌浆期两个不同穗型冬小麦品种:大穗型品种豫麦66和多穗型品种豫麦49旗叶光合速率、蔗糖含量、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,但豫麦66的峰值出现偏晚,而且灌浆中后期下降缓慢,显示出源端较强的同化物持续供应能力.籽粒中蔗糖含量和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性呈单峰曲线,豫麦66的峰值出现偏晚,且高值持续期长;腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)活性呈单峰曲线,均在花后20 d达到峰值;豫麦66淀粉积累高峰出现较晚,但在灌浆中后期淀粉积累量和积累速率均明显高于豫麦49,显示灌浆后期豫麦66仍具有较强的库活性.

Wang W

. The relationship between source-sink intensity and starch accumulation during grain filling period in two winter wheat cultivars with different spike types
Acta Agron Sin, 2004,30:916-921 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0496-3490.2004.09.013 URL [本文引用: 1]

史金, 茹园园, 谭金芳, 王宜伦, 陈峰, 苗子胜, 韩燕来 . 施氮对冬小麦旗叶蔗糖含量及籽粒淀粉合成的影响
麦类作物学报, 2007,27:497-502

[本文引用: 1]

Shi

, Ru Y

, Tan J

, Wang Y

, Chen

, Miao Z

, Han Y

. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on sucrose content of flag leaf and starch synthesis in the grain of different winter wheat varieties
J Triticeae Crops, 2007,27:497-502 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[41]

王晨阳, 马冬云, 郭天财, 朱云集, 王化岑, 冯伟 . 不同水、氮处理对小麦淀粉组成及特性的影响
作物学报, 2004,30:739-744

[本文引用: 1]

Wang C

, Ma D

, Guo T

, Zhu Y

, Wang H

, Feng

. Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application regimes on starch components and paste properties of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Acta Agron Sin,

2004,30:739-744 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[42]

方保停, 何盛莲, 郭天财, 王晨阳 . 水分调控对两种筋力型小麦品种籽粒淀粉糊化特性的影响
水土保持学报, 2005,19(6):162-165

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2005.06.040 URL [本文引用: 1]

在池栽、防雨条件下，研究了不同灌水对两种筋力型小麦品种淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明，两种筋力型品种间淀粉粘度参数差异达0．01显著水平，强筋型品种豫麦34稀懈值、糊化温度低于弱筋型品种豫麦50，而最终粘度、反弹值、高峰粘度和低谷粘度大于豫麦50。水分调控对两种筋力型品种淀粉糊化特性有显著的影响，豫麦50主要粘度参数以灌4水处理和抽穗期灌1水处理较好，灌拔节1水处理较差；而豫麦34以灌1水处理较好，灌4水处理较差，其中拔节期灌1水与抽穗期灌1水差异不显著。分析两品种粘度参数之间的关系，豫麦50主要粘度参数间达显著相关水平，而豫麦34多数粘度参数间相关不显著，在栽培措施上豫麦50比豫麦34具有同步提高淀粉品质的可能性。

Fang B

, He S

, Guo T

, Wang C

. Effects of water regulating on paste properties of starch of two winter wheat cultivars with different glutens
J Soil Water Conserv, 2005,19(6):162-165 (in Chinese with English abstract)

DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2005.06.040 URL [本文引用: 1]

冯伟, 李晓, 郭天财, 朱云集, 王晨阳 . 水氮运筹对两种穗型冬小麦品种淀粉糊化特性的影响
水土保持学报, 2005,19(5):186-190

[本文引用: 1]

Feng

, Li

, Guo T

, Zhu Y

, Wang C

. Effects of strategy of irrigation and nitrogen on paste properties of starch of two spike-type wheat cultivars
J Soil Water Conserv, 2005,19(5):186-190 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]

[44]

郑志松, 王晨阳, 张美微, 张洁, 姚宇卿, 牛俊义 . 水、氮磷肥及其互作对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响
中国生态农业学报, 2012,20:310-314

[本文引用: 1]

Zheng Z

, Wang C

, Zhang M

, Zhang

, Yao Y

, Niu J

. Effects of water, nitrogen and phosphorus coupling on starch paste properties of winter wheat
Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012,20:310-314 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[本文引用: 1]