摘要:设计和制定针对农田面源污染的生态补偿机制，可以有效促进农田环境治理与保护。但补偿政策的效果如何，取决于农户对政策的接受程度、响应情况和实施力度。为研究不同的生态补偿标准对优化农户生产行为的影响，本文以中国云南省哈尼稻作梯田为例，将农户分为高、低海拔两个小组，建立农户多目标生产决策模型，通过设定不同补偿标准，对农户生产行为进行预测，分析了不同补偿标准对农户种植决策和福利的影响。结果表明，生态补偿激发了农户的农业生产热情，农户倾向选择更为复杂但收益更高的种植结构。随着生态补偿标准的提高，农户的种植决策对标准的敏感性逐渐降低；同时高海拔组对标准的敏感性高于低海拔组，其种植结构变化的幅度也明显高于低海拔组，其化肥农药投入强度的削减幅度大于低海拔组。当生态补偿标准达到3 000元·hm-2时，水稻、玉米、套种大豆、套种玉米的面积比分别为60%、4%、18%、18%，化肥农药分别减少37%、49%、37%、44%。生态补偿标准通过改变农户的种植决策和化学品投入，最终对农户的收入产生影响：高海拔组，随补偿标准的提高，农户总收益先降后升，当补偿标准为1 650元·hm-2时，收益到达拐点；当生态补偿标准超过1 650元·hm-2时，不仅能达到农户减施化肥农药的效果，也能保障农户的收益。但低海拔组，随补偿标准的提高，水稻、单作玉米、玉米套种大豆的总收益持续下降，农药化肥减施对总收益的影响较大，农户对生态补偿的响应也较低。总之，生态补偿对农户生产行为有明显影响，且此影响与生产环境相关。
关键词:生态补偿/
农户行为/
种植决策/
化肥农药减施/
全球重要农业文化遗产/
哈尼稻作梯田
Abstract:Designing and formulating an ecological compensation mechanism for farmland non-point source pollution can effectively promote the environmental management and protection of farmland. However, the efficacy of compensation policies depends on the levels of acceptance, response, and implementation of such policies by farmers. In order to study the influence of different ecological compensation standards on the optimization of farmers' production behavior, we examined the case of the Hani Rice Terraces in Yunnan Province, China. We divided the farmers into two groups who cultivate at high and low altitudes respectively, and built a multi-objective production decision model based on the multi-objective utility model. By increasing the compensation amount in the profit function and setting different compensation standards, we simulated the production behavior of farmers in two groups under different compensation standards and analyzed the impact of different compensation standards on farmers' planting decisions and welfare. The results showed that although the policy of ecological compensation was aimed at reducing the use of fertilizers and pesticides, the additional income thus generated had stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for agricultural production. Driven by the pursuit of economic benefits, farmers invested more in terms of labor, tended to adopt more complex but higher-yielding planting structures. With an increase in the ecological compensation standard, the sensitivity of farmers' planting decision to the standard gradually decreased. In this regard, however, the high-altitude group was found to be more sensitive to the standard than the low-altitude group, and their planting structure changed to a significantly greater extent than that of the the low-altitude group. Furthermore, the intensity of fertilizer and pesticide input of the high-altitude group decreased to a greater extent than that of the low-altitude group. When the ecological compensation rate reached 3 000 ￥·hm-2, the area ratios of rice, maize, intercopped soybean, and intercropped maize were 60%, 4%, 18%, and 18%, respectively; and fertilizer and pesticide usage was reduced by 37%, 49%, 37%, and 44%, respectively. Ecological compensation standards ultimately impacted farmers' incomes by changing their cropping decisions and chemical inputs. In the high-altitude group, the total benefits of farmers initially decreased but subsequently increased with an increase in the compensation rate. When the ecological compensation rate was 1 650 ￥·hm-2, the benefits reached an inflection point. When the rate exceeded 1 650 ￥·hm-2, not only did the farmers reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, they also got a relative higher income. However, for the low-altitude group, the total yields of rice, maize monoculture, and maize intercropped with soybean continued to decline, and the reduction in pesticide and fertilizer application had a more pronounced impact on the total yields. Moreover, the response of farmers in this group to ecological compensation was also less positive. In this study, we demonstrated that agro-ecological compensation policies aimed at limiting chemical inputs would incentivize farmers to change their cropping decisions to compensate for the losses caused by a reduction in chemical inputs. Despite such reductions, changes in cropping patterns gave rise to uncertainty regarding total chemical inputs and farm household welfare. The results of this study accordingly highlight the importance of paying attention to changes in farmers' behavior in different environment during the implementation of ecological compensation policies. Ecological compensation has a significant effect on farmers' production behavior, and this effect is related to the production environment.
Key words:Eco-compensation/
Farmer behavior/
Planting decision/
Reduction of chemical fertilizer and pesticides/
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
Hani Rice Terraces
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