摘要:全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)由联合国粮农组织发起并负责认定。截至2020年3月底，全球共有22个国家的59个项目被列入GIAHS名录。但是目前尚缺乏对GIAHS全球空间分布特征及影响因素的研究。为了更全面掌握GIAHS资源地理变迁与区域差异，为全球农耕文明挖掘保护提供参考，本文以截至2020年3月被列入GIAHS名录的59项遗产为基础，利用基尼系数方法，从东西半球与南北半球以及洲际与国家角度，分析了被列入GIAHS保护名录的59个项目的全球空间分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明：GIAHS在五大洲、不同纬度带、不同经度区间、现有分布国家之间的基尼系数分别为0.63、0.68、0.76和0.83，分布均匀度分别为0.37、0.32、0.24和0.17，表明在全球五大洲、不同纬度带、不同经度区间和现有分布国家的集中分布程度均较强、分布均匀度均较低；GIAHS在亚洲的分布最多，其次是非洲和欧洲，美洲数量相对较少。目前GIAHS主要分布在北半球，特别是30°~60°N之间区域；东西半球相比，主要集中在东半球，尤其是100°~160°E之间；GIAHS在现有分布国家中的集中程度非常高，中国、日本、韩国3国的GIAHS数量超过总数的一半。影响GIAHS空间分布的主要因素包括气候与地理条件、农业起源中心、GIAHS影响力、国家发展理念及重视程度等。基于对GIAHS的全球空间分布及主要影响因素分析，本文提出加强对不同纬度带和不同气候带的普查力度、关注小岛屿国家农渔业系统的挖掘和加大对经济欠发达国家的支持力度等相关建议，以期为GIAHS发展提供参考。
关键词:全球重要农业文化遗产/
基尼系数/
空间分布/
影响因素/
联合国粮农组织
Abstract:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) is recognized by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). After nearly 20 years of development, 59 GIAHS exist across 22 countries. For a long time, researchers in different fields have provided technical support for the conservation and development of GIAHS, focusing on concept and connotation, structure and function, traditional ecological wisdom, knowledge and technology systems, tourism development, ecological compensation mechanism, and more. However, the global spatial distribution features and influencing factors of GIAHS remain understudied. Studying the spatial distribution of GIAHS and its influencing factors will help to fully grasp the geographic changes and regional differences of GIAHS resources, and provide important references for the recognition and conservation of global agricultural civilization. Based on the 59 projects listed on the GIAHS by March 2020, this study used the Gini coefficient method to analyze the global spatial distribution features of GIAHS from the perspective of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and continental and national perspectives. The Gini coefficients of GIAHS are 0.63, 0.68, 0.76, and 0.83, respectively, and the uniformity coefficients of GIAHS are 0.37, 0.32, 0.24, and 0.17, respectively, in five continents, different latitudes, different longitudes, and recognized countries. The results show that there is a strong concentration and low uniformity of GIAHS across the measured regional scales. Asia has the highest GIAHS distribution, followed by Africa and Europe, while relatively few exist in the Americas. GIAHS are mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, especially between 30°-60°N. They are also concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, especially between 100°-160°E. The concentration of GIAHS in the recognized countries is very high, and the number of GIAHS in China, Japan, and Korea exceeds half of the total. The distribution of GIAHS is influenced by climate conditions and geography, agricultural origination centers, influence of GIAHS and concept of national development, and more. The countries at the center of the agricultural origin account for the majority of GIAHS-recognized countries. GIAHS recognition potential is high in those countries with complex climates that are important to GIAHS. At the same time, the existing GIAHS have a very high degree of climate type concentration and a very low distribution uniformity, mainly concentrated in the temperate and tropical monsoon climates. This paper suggests that it is necessary to carry out a census in different latitudes and climatic zones to recognize agricultural and fishery systems in small island countries, and to increase support for economically underdeveloped countries. As a firm supporter and major contributor to GIAHS, China should make full use of its accumulated experience and international influence to promote the further optimization of GIAHS work in FAO.
Key words:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
Gini coefficient/
Spatial distribution/
Influence factors/
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
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