囚徒困境博弈中对手面部表情对合作行为的影响及其作用机制

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熊承清¹^,², 许佳颖¹, 马丹阳¹, 刘永芳¹(

)

¹华东师范大学心理与认知科学学院, 上海市心理健康与危机干预重点实验室, 上海 200062
²信阳师范学院教育科学学院, 河南信阳 464000

收稿日期:2020-10-10出版日期:2021-08-25发布日期:2021-06-25
通讯作者:刘永芳E-mail:yfliu@psy.ecnu.edu.cn

基金资助:*国家社会科学基金重大项目(15ZDB121)

The effect of opponent’s emotional facial expressions on individuals’ cooperation and underlying mechanism in prisoner’s dilemma game

XIONG Chengqing¹^,², XU Jiaying¹, MA Danyang¹, LIU Yongfang¹(

)

¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
²School of Educational Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China

Received:2020-10-10Online:2021-08-25Published:2021-06-25
Contact:LIU Yongfang E-mail:yfliu@psy.ecnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 3个实验逐步深入地考察了囚徒困境博弈中, 对手的高兴、中性和愤怒面部表情对个体合作行为的影响及相关变量的中介和调节作用。实验1的结果表明, 对手的高兴表情比愤怒表情诱发了更高的合作水平, 且高兴和中性表情均比愤怒表情产生了更高的合作预期, 合作预期中介了面部表情与合作行为的关系; 实验2引入指导语操纵被试的直觉或理性决策模式, 发现实验1的结果仅出现在直觉条件下, 却未出现在理性条件下, 且整体而言直觉决策模式下比理性决策模式下更合作; 实验3采用更加严格的时间压力范式操纵被试的直觉或理性决策模式, 发现除了高兴表情比中性表情也诱发了更多的合作行为外, 其他几乎复制了实验2的结果。基于这些结果, 建立了有调节的中介模型, 以期揭示他人面部表情、合作预期、合作行为及个体决策模式之间的复杂关系。

图/表 9

图1对手偶然情绪性面部表情影响个体合作行为的假设模型

图1对手偶然情绪性面部表情影响个体合作行为的假设模型

表1双人囚徒困境博弈任务的支付矩阵

		第1轮		第2轮		第3轮		第4轮		第5轮
		玩家2
		转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持
玩家1	转让	10/10	0/15	12/12	0/18	14/14	0/21	16/16	0/24	18/18	0/27
玩家1	保持	15/0	5/5	18/0	6/6	21/0	7/7	24/0	8/8	27/0	9/9

表1双人囚徒困境博弈任务的支付矩阵

		第1轮		第2轮		第3轮		第4轮		第5轮
		玩家2
		转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持	转让	保持
玩家1	转让	10/10	0/15	12/12	0/18	14/14	0/21	16/16	0/24	18/18	0/27
玩家1	保持	15/0	5/5	18/0	6/6	21/0	7/7	24/0	8/8	27/0	9/9

表2面部表情影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	0.58	0.36	1.62	a₁	0.04	0.35	0.11	c′₁	0.55^*	0.24	2.26
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.35	0.34	-1.01	a₂	-0.68^*	0.34	-1.99	c′₂	0.15	0.23	0.65
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.74^***	0.05	14.33
常数	i_y	2.22^***	0.26	8.46	i_m	2.86^***	0.26	10.98	i_y	0.10	0.23	0.45
	R² = 0.043				R² = 0.034				R² = 0.559
	F(2, 177) = 4.01,p =0.020				F(2, 177) = 3.09,p = 0.048				F(3, 176) = 74.23,p < 0.001

表2面部表情影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	0.58	0.36	1.62	a₁	0.04	0.35	0.11	c′₁	0.55^*	0.24	2.26
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.35	0.34	-1.01	a₂	-0.68^*	0.34	-1.99	c′₂	0.15	0.23	0.65
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.74^***	0.05	14.33
常数	i_y	2.22^***	0.26	8.46	i_m	2.86^***	0.26	10.98	i_y	0.10	0.23	0.45
	R² = 0.043				R² = 0.034				R² = 0.559
	F(2, 177) = 4.01,p =0.020				F(2, 177) = 3.09,p = 0.048				F(3, 176) = 74.23,p < 0.001

图2不同决策模式下被试面对不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

图3不同决策模式下被试预期不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

图3不同决策模式下被试预期不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

表3面部表情和决策模式影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	0.36	0.39	0.93	a₁	-0.05	0.39	-0.14	c′₁	0.40	0.26	1.52
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.32	0.40	-0.80	a₂	-0.77	0.41	-1.87	c′₂	0.23	0.28	0.85
决策模式(W)	c₃	1.39^**	0.40	3.48	a₃	0.59	0.41	1.46	c′₃	0.96**	0.27	3.52
D₁×W	c₄	-0.13	0.56	-0.23	a₄	0.12	0.57	0.21	c′₄	-0.21	0.38	-0.56
D₂×W	c₅	-1.68^**	0.57	-2.92	a₅	-1.30^*	0.58	-2.23	c′₅	-0.74	0.39	-1.88
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.73^***	0.05	14.55
常数	i_y	1.88^***	0.28	6.73	i_m	2.91^***	0.28	10.27	i_y	-0.23	0.24	-0.98
	R² = 0.22				R² = 0.18				R² = 0.64
	F(5, 179) = 10.11,p< 0.001				F(5, 179) = 7.87,p< 0.001				F(6, 178) = 53.63,p < 0.001

表3面部表情和决策模式影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	0.36	0.39	0.93	a₁	-0.05	0.39	-0.14	c′₁	0.40	0.26	1.52
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.32	0.40	-0.80	a₂	-0.77	0.41	-1.87	c′₂	0.23	0.28	0.85
决策模式(W)	c₃	1.39^**	0.40	3.48	a₃	0.59	0.41	1.46	c′₃	0.96**	0.27	3.52
D₁×W	c₄	-0.13	0.56	-0.23	a₄	0.12	0.57	0.21	c′₄	-0.21	0.38	-0.56
D₂×W	c₅	-1.68^**	0.57	-2.92	a₅	-1.30^*	0.58	-2.23	c′₅	-0.74	0.39	-1.88
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.73^***	0.05	14.55
常数	i_y	1.88^***	0.28	6.73	i_m	2.91^***	0.28	10.27	i_y	-0.23	0.24	-0.98
	R² = 0.22				R² = 0.18				R² = 0.64
	F(5, 179) = 10.11,p< 0.001				F(5, 179) = 7.87,p< 0.001				F(6, 178) = 53.63,p < 0.001

图4不同时间压力下被试面对不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

图5不同时间压力下被试预期不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

图5不同时间压力下被试预期不同面部表情对手的合作注：误差线表示标准误;*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001。

表4面部表情和时间压力影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	-0.25	0.36	-0.70	a₁	-0.45	0.37	-1.21	c′₁	0.07	0.24	0.31
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.56	0.38	-1.49	a₂	-1.00	0.39	-2.58	c′₂	0.16	0.26	0.63
时间压力(W)	c₃	0.32	0.38	0.85	a₃	0.21	0.39	0.54	c′₃	0.17	0.26	0.67
D₁×W	c₄	1.35^*	0.54	2.48	a₄	1.37^*	0.56	2.44	c′₄	0.36	0.37	0.97
D₂×W	c₅	0.32	0.55	0.57	a₅	0.43	0.57	0.75	c′₅	0.01	0.37	0.02
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.73^***	0.04	16.23
常数	i_y	2.06	0.24	8.56	i_m	2.53	0.25	10.24	i_y	0.23	0.20	1.14
	R² = 0.12				R² = 0.13				R² = 0.61
	F(5, 212) = 5.94,p< 0.001				F(5, 212) = 6.19,p< 0.001				F(6, 211) = 55.00,p < 0.001

表4面部表情和时间压力影响个体合作行为的中介效应模型检验

变量	方程1				方程2				方程3
	因变量：被试的合作(Y)				因变量：预期对手的合作(M)				因变量：被试的合作(Y)
		β	SE	t		β	SE	t		β	SE	t
对手的面部表情(D₁)	c₁	-0.25	0.36	-0.70	a₁	-0.45	0.37	-1.21	c′₁	0.07	0.24	0.31
对手的面部表情(D₂)	c₂	-0.56	0.38	-1.49	a₂	-1.00	0.39	-2.58	c′₂	0.16	0.26	0.63
时间压力(W)	c₃	0.32	0.38	0.85	a₃	0.21	0.39	0.54	c′₃	0.17	0.26	0.67
D₁×W	c₄	1.35^*	0.54	2.48	a₄	1.37^*	0.56	2.44	c′₄	0.36	0.37	0.97
D₂×W	c₅	0.32	0.55	0.57	a₅	0.43	0.57	0.75	c′₅	0.01	0.37	0.02
预期对手的合作(M)									b	0.73^***	0.04	16.23
常数	i_y	2.06	0.24	8.56	i_m	2.53	0.25	10.24	i_y	0.23	0.20	1.14
	R² = 0.12				R² = 0.13				R² = 0.61
	F(5, 212) = 5.94,p< 0.001				F(5, 212) = 6.19,p< 0.001				F(6, 211) = 55.00,p < 0.001

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