自身得失对朋友博弈结果评价的影响：来自ERPs的证据

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

岳童¹(

), 黄希庭¹(

), 岳彩镇², 薛黎明¹, 傅安国³

¹西南大学心理学与社会发展研究中心; 西南大学心理学部, 重庆 400715
²贵州民族大学民族文化与认知科学学院, 贵阳 550025
³海南大学管理学院; 海南省公司治理研究院, 海口 570228

收稿日期:2020-08-14发布日期:2021-04-25
通讯作者:岳童,黄希庭E-mail:yue.suhong@163.com;xthuang@swu.edu.cn

基金资助:国家社科基金青年项目(19CSH051)

Influence of an individual's own gains and losses on the evaluation of friends' gambling results: Evidence from ERPs

YUE Tong¹(

), HUANG Xiting¹(

), YUE Caizhen², XUE Liming¹, FU Anguo³

¹Research Center for Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
²College of National Culture and Cognitive Science, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
³School of Management, Hainan University; Hainan Institute of Corporate Governance, Haikou 570228, China

Received:2020-08-14Published:2021-04-25
Contact:YUE Tong,HUANG Xiting E-mail:yue.suhong@163.com;xthuang@swu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究通过经典的金钱博弈任务, 以FRN和P300为反应指标, 探讨了自身获益或损失对朋友结果评价分别会产生何种影响, 以及这种影响模式是如何受到个体自我建构方式调节的。结果发现, 在自身获益条件下, 观看朋友损益之间的FRN和P300差异不再存在; 在自身损失条件下, 虽然观看朋友输赢之间的P300差异消失了, 但FRN差异依然显著。不仅如此, 无论自身得失, 独立型自我建构启动组在观看朋友损益上的FRN差异均不再显著, 但在自身获益后看到朋友损失能激发更强的P300波幅。本研究结果表明：(1) 对朋友的结果评价模式并非固定不变, 而是会随个体自身所处得失境遇的不同而有所区别; (2) 相对于互依型自我建构启动组, 独立型自我建构启动组在面对朋友的得失时表现得更为冷漠并更具竞争性。

图/表 8

图1真实情境下的金钱博弈任务 (图片参考来源：Koban et al. 2010)

图2预实验中一个试次的实验流程图

图3预实验的研究结果：(A) Cz和FCz点在观看朋友博弈结果时FRN和P300的平均波形图, 其中红线为朋友赢钱时的波形, 蓝色为朋友输钱时的波形; (B)观看朋友赢钱/输钱结果时引发的FRN和P300波幅的平均值和标准误(**p < 0.01; p < 0.05)

图4实验1中一个试次流程的示意图

图5研究1的结果。 (A) Cz和FCz点在被试自己亲自参与博弈时FRN和P300的平均波形图, 其中红线为朋友获益时的波形, 蓝色为朋友损失时的波形; (B) Cz和FCz点在被试获益后观看朋友博弈时FRN和P300的平均波形图; (C) Cz和FCz点在被试损失后观看朋友博弈时FRN和P300的平均波形图; (D) 被试不同操作条件下FRN和P300波幅的平均值和标准误的比较, “self”代表自己操作的条件, “sw-f”代表自己获胜后看朋友博弈的条件, “sl-f”代表自己损失后观看朋友博弈的条件( **p < 0.01; p < 0.05)。

组别	n	M	SD	t	p	Cohen'sd
独立我组
独立我句子数	18	6.17	1.54	7.86	< 0.001	1.62
互依我句子数	18	3.22	2.06	7.86	< 0.001	1.62
互依我组
独立我句子数	22	3.45	1.11	-4.94	< 0.001	1.47
互依我句子数	22	5.59	1.74	-4.94	< 0.001	1.47

表1独立我组、互依我组句子描述差异统计分析表

组别	n	M	SD	t	p	Cohen'sd
独立我组
独立我句子数	18	6.17	1.54	7.86	< 0.001	1.62
互依我句子数	18	3.22	2.06	7.86	< 0.001	1.62
互依我组
独立我句子数	22	3.45	1.11	-4.94	< 0.001	1.47
互依我句子数	22	5.59	1.74	-4.94	< 0.001	1.47

图6实验2的结果。 (A) 独立我启动组和互依我启动组自己进行博弈时在Cz点上的平均波形图; (B) 独立我启动组和互依我启动组自己获益后观看朋友博弈时在Cz点上的平均波形图; (C) 独立我启动组和互依我启动组自己损失后观看朋友博弈时在Cz点上的平均波形图。

图7被试不同操作条件下FRN和P300波幅的平均值和标准误的比较(***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; p < 0.05)。“self”代表自己操作的条件, “sw-f”代表自己获胜后看朋友博弈的条件, “sl-f”代表损失后观看朋友博弈的条件, “inde-win”代表独立组启动赢钱的条件, “inde-lose”代表独立组启动输钱的条件, “inter-win”代表互依组启动赢钱的条件, “inter-lose”代表互依组启动输钱的条件。

参考文献 61

[1]	Aron, A., Aron, E.N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4),596-612. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 URL
[2]	Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S.C., & Aron, E.N. (2004). Including others in the self. European Review of Social Psychology, 15(1),101-132. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000008 URL
[3]	Bai, L.Y., Yuan, B., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Lan, J., & Wang, Y.W. (2014). Interpersonal cooperation and conflict influenced outcome evaluation in social decision-making. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46(11),1760-1771. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2014.01760 URL
	[ 白丽英, 袁博, 张蔚, 张振, 兰姣, 王益文. (2014). 人际合作与冲突影响博弈决策的结果评价. 心理学报>, 46(11),1760-1771.]
[4]	Baker, T.E., & Holroyd, C.B. (2011). Dissociated roles of the anterior cingulate cortex in reward and conflict processing as revealed by the feedback error-related negativity and N200. Biological Psychology, 87(1),25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.01.010 URL
[5]	Boksem, M.A.S., Kostermans, E.,& de Cremer, D. (2011). Failing where others have succeeded: Medial frontal negativity tracks failure in a social context. Psychophysiology, 48(7),973-979. doi: 10.1111/psyp.2011.48.issue-7 URL
[6]	Chiao, J.Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., & Iidaka, T. (2009). Neural basis of individualistic and collectivistic views of self. Human Brain Mapping, 30(9),2813-2820. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20707pmid: 19107754
[7]	Chiao, J.Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., & Saito, D.,… Iidaka, T. (2010). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1),1-11. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21192pmid: 19199421
[8]	Crawford, M.T. (2007). The renegotiation of social identitiesin response to a threat to self-evaluation maintenance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1),39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.011 URL
[9]	Crocker, J., & Park, L.E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3),392-414. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392 URL
[10]	Delgado, M.R., Nystrom, L.E., Fissell, C., Noll, D.C., & Fiez, J.A. (2000). Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. Journal of Neurophysiology, 84(6),3072-3077. doi: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.6.3072 URL
[11]	Eastwick, P.W., & Finkel, E.J. (2008). Sex differences in mate preferences revisited: Do people know what they initially desire in a romantic partner? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2),245-264. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.245pmid: 18211175
[12]	Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) G Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39,175-191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146 URL
[13]	Fei, X.T., & Liu, H.X. (1985). Rural China. Beijing: Life, Read and New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore.
	[ 费孝通, 刘豪兴. (1985). 乡土中国>. 北京: 生活?读书?新知三联书店.]
[14]	Fukushima, H., & Hiraki, K. (2006). Perceiving an opponent's loss: Gender-related differences in the medial-frontal negativity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(2),149-157. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsl020pmid: 18985125
[15]	Gergen, K.J. (2009). Relational being: Beyond self and community Relational being: Beyond self and community. Oxford University Press.
[16]	[ 格根, K. J (2017). 关系性存在:超越自我与共同体 (杨莉萍译). 上海: 上海教育出版社.]
[17]	Glazer, J.E., Kelley, N.J., Pornpattananangkul, N., Mittal, V.A., & Nusslock, R. (2018). Beyond the FRN: Broadening the time-course of EEG and ERP components implicated in reward processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 132,184-202. doi: S0167-8760(17)30473-7pmid: 29454641
[18]	Gray, H.M., Ambady, N., Lowenthal, W.T., & Deldin, P. (2004). P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2),216-224. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00092-1 URL
[19]	Greve, F.. (2009-05-23) America's poor are its most generous donars. The Seattle Times. (Retrieved June 18, 2014 from , http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2009253657_char ity23.html. )
[20]	Gu, R.L., Wu, T.T., Jiang, Y., & Luo, Y.-J. (2011). Woulda, coulda, shoulda: The evaluation and the impact of the alternative outcome. Psychophysiology, 48(10),1354-1360. doi: 10.1111/psyp.2011.48.issue-10 URL
[21]	Hajcak, G., Holroyd, C.B., Moser, J.S., & Simons, R.F. (2005). Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes. Psychophysiology, 42(2),161-170. pmid: 15787853
[22]	Holroyd, C.B., Hajcak, G., & Larsen, J.T. (2006). The good, the bad and the neutral: Electrophysiological responses to feedback stimuli. Brain Research, 1105(1),93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.015 URL
[23]	Kitayama, S., & Park, J. (2012). Culture and the self:Implications for consumer behavior. In A. A. Ruvio & R. W. Belk (Eds.), The Routledge companion to identity and consumption (pp.5-20). London; New York: Routledge.
[24]	Koban, L., Pourtois, G., Vocat, R., & Vuilleumier, P. (2010). When your errors make me lose or win: Event-related potentials to observed errors of cooperators and competitors. Social Neuroscience, 5(4),360-374. doi: 10.1080/17470911003651547 URL
[25]	Komissarouk, S., & Nadler, A. (2014). “I” seek autonomy, “we” rely on each other: Self-construal and regulatory focus as determinants of autonomy-and dependency-oriented help-seeking behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6),726-738. doi: 10.1177/0146167214524444 URL
[26]	Leng, Y., & Zhou, X. (2010). Modulation of the brain activity in outcome evaluation by interpersonal relationship: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 48(2),448-455. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.002pmid: 19822163
[27]	Luck, S.J., & Gaspelin, N. (2017). How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn't). Psychophysiology, 54(1),146-157. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12639 URL
[28]	Macrae, C.N., Moran, J.M., Heatherton, T.F., Banfield, J.F., & Kelley, W.M. (2004). Medial prefrontal activity predicts memory for self. Cerebral Cortex, 14(6),647-654. pmid: 15084488
[29]	Ma, Q.G., Shen, Q., Xu, Q., Li, D.D., Shu, L.C., & Weber, B. (2011). Empathic responses to others' gains and losses: An electrophysiological investigation. Neuroimage, 54(3),2472-2480. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.045 URL
[30]	Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implication for cognition, emotion and motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98,224-253.
[31]	Markus, H.R., Kitayama, S., & Heiman, R.J. (1996). Culture and “basic” psychological principles. New York: Guiford.
[32]	Marco-Pallares, J., Cucurell, D., Cunillera, T., García, R., Andrés-Pueyo, A., Münte, T.F., & Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2008). Human oscillatory activity associated to reward processing in a gambling task. Neuropsychologia, 46(1),241-248. pmid: 17804025
[33]	Marco-Pallarés, J., Kr?mer, U.M., Strehl, S., Schr?der, A., & Münte, T.F. (2010). When decisions of others matter to me: An electrophysiological analysis. BMC Neuroscience, 11(1),86. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-86 URL
[34]	Masaki, H., Takeuchi, S., Gehring, W.J., Takasawa, N., & Yamazaki, K. (2006). Affective motivational influences on feedback-related ERPs in a gambling task. Brain Research, 1105,110-121. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.022 URL
[35]	Meyer, M.L., Masten, C.L., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N.I., & Han, S. (2013). Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8,446-454. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss019 URL
[36]	Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J.D. (2005). Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-- norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4),510-532. pmid: 16060800
[37]	Ng, S.H., Han, S., Mao, L., & Lai, J.C.L. (2010). Dynamic bicultural brains: FMRI study of their flexible neural representation of self and significant others in response to culture primes. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13(2),83-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2010.01303.x URL
[38]	Oliveira, F.T.P., McDonald, J.J., & Goodman, D. (2007). Performance monitoring in the anterior cingulate is not all error related: Expectancy deviation and the representation of action-outcome associations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(12),1994-2004. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.1994 URL
[39]	Polezzi, D., Sartori, G., Rumiati, R., Vidotto, G., & Daum, I. (2010). Brain correlates of risky decision-making. Neuroimage, 49(2),1886-1894. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.068pmid: 19761850
[40]	Preis, M.A., & Kroener‐Herwig, B. (2012). Empathy for pain: The effects of prior experience and sex. European Journal of Pain, 16(9),1311-1319. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00119.xpmid: 22949180
[41]	Qi, Y.Y., Wu, H.Y., Raiha, S., & Liu, X. (2018). Social value orientation modulates context-based social comparison preference in the outcome evaluation: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 112,135-144. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.028 URL
[42]	Schreuders, E., Klapwijk, E.T., Will, G.J., & Guroglu, B. (2018). Friend versus foe: Neural correlates of prosocial decisions for liked and disliked peers. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(1),127-142.
[43]	Singelis, T.M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5),580-591.
[44]	Sui, J., & Han, S. (2007). Self-construal priming modulates neural substrates of self-awareness. Psychological Science, 18(10),861-866. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01992.x URL
[45]	Toppe, C.M., Kirsch, A.D., & Michel, J. (2001). Giving & Volunteering in the United States: Findings from a National Survey. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.
[46]	van Veen, V., & Carter, C.S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiology & Behavior, 77(4-5),477-482.
[47]	Varnum, M.E., Shi, Z., Chen, A., Qiu, J., & Han, S. (2014). When “your” reward is the same as “my” reward: Self-construal priming shifts neural responses to own vs. friends' rewards. NeuroImage, 87,164-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.042 URL
[48]	Vohs, K.D., Mead, N.L., & Goode, M.R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314(5802),1154-1156. doi: 10.1126/science.1132491 URL
[49]	Walsh, M.M., & Anderson, J.R. (2012). Learning from experience: Event-related potential correlates of reward processing, neural adaptation, and behavioral choice. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(8),1870-1884. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.008 URL
[50]	Wang, Y.H., Yuan, Q.H., & Xu, Q.M. (2008). A preliminary study on self-constructionals scales (SCS) of Chinese- version. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16(6),602-604.
	[ 王裕豪, 袁庆华, 徐琴美. (2008). 自我建构量表 (SCS) 中文版的初步试用. 中国临床心理学杂志>, 16(6),602-604.]
[51]	Wang, Y.W., Kuhlman, D.M., Roberts, K., Yuan, B., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., & Simons, R.F. (2017). Social value orientation modulates the FRN and P300 in the chicken game. Biological Psychology, 127,89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.04.012 URL
[52]	Wang, Y.W., Yuan, B., Lin, C.D., Zheng, Y.W., Zhang, Z., & Du, C.L. (2011). The influence of interpersonal relationship on outcome evaluation in competitive situations: An ERP study. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 41(11),1112-1120. doi: 10.1360/052011-377 URL
	[ 王益文, 袁博, 林崇德, 郑玉玮, 张振, 杜翠利. (2011). 人际关系影响竞争情境下结果评价的ERP证据. 中国科学:生命科学>, 41(11),1112-1120.]
[53]	Yang, G.S., & Lin, Y.Z. (2002). Discrepancy patterns in and around family: Confirmation of self-reference effects. In Search of excellence for Chinese indigenous psychological research. Taipei: Psychology Department of Taiwan University, China.
	[ 杨国枢, 林以正. (2002). 家庭内外人己关系的心理差序格局: 自我关涉性记忆效应的验证. 见华人本土心理学研究追求卓越计划办公室. 华人本土心理学研究追求卓越计划九十一年计划执行报告书. 台北: 华人本土心理学研究追求卓越计划办公室.]
[54]	Yang, S., Huang, X.T., Chen, Y.G., Fu, Y, L., & Liu, M.C (2014). Effect of interpersonal distance on neural basis of self- and other representation: Evidence from the oFRN component. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46(5),666-676. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2014.00666 URL
	[ 杨帅, 黄希庭, 陈有国, 傅于玲, 刘孟超. (2014). 人际距离调节自我-他人的神经表征: 来自oFRN的证据. 心理学报>, 46(5),666-676.].
[55]	Yeung, N., & Sanfey, A.G. (2004). Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(28),6258-6264. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4537-03.2004 URL
[56]	Yu, R., Luo, Y., Ye, Z., & Zhou, X. (2007). Does the FRN in brain potentials reflect motivational/affective consequence of outcome evaluation? Progress in Natural Science, 17,136-143.
[57]	Zhang, H.Y., Zhang, M.M., Lu, J.C., Zhao, L.L., Zhao, D.F., Xiao, C.… Luo, W.B. (2020). Interpersonal relationships modulate outcome evaluation in a social comparison context: The pain and pleasure of intimacy. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20(1),115-127.
[58]	Zhou, Z., Yu, R., & Zhou, X. (2010). To do or not to do? Action enlarges the FRN and P300 effects in outcome evaluation. Neuropsychologia, 48(12),3606-3613. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.010 URL
[59]	Zhu, X.R., Wang, L.L., Yang, S.Y., Gu, R.L., Wu, H.Y., & Luo, Y.L. (2016). The motivational hierarchy between the personal self and close others in the Chinese brain: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7,1-7.
[60]	Zhu, X.R., Xu, M., Wang, H.B., Gu, R.L., & Jin, Z. (2020). The influence of self-construals on the ERP response to the rewards for self and friend. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 147.
[61]	Zhu, X.R., Zhang, H.J., Wu, L.L., Yang, S.Y., Wu, H.Y., & Luo, W.B., … Luo, Y.-J. (2018). The influence of self-construals on the erp response to the rewards for self and mother. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18,366-374.