概念内隐记忆中的注意促进效应

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

孟迎芳¹(

), 董月晴¹, 陈荃¹^,²

¹福建师范大学心理学院, 福州 350117
²浙江传媒学院心理健康与生命教育中心, 杭州 310018

收稿日期:2020-02-27出版日期:2021-05-25发布日期:2021-03-29
通讯作者:孟迎芳E-mail:175695016@qq.com

基金资助:*国家自然科学基金青年项目(31800906);2018年福建省自然基金面上项目(2018J01719)

Attentional boost effect in conceptual implicit memory

MENG Yingfang¹(

), DONG Yueqing¹, CHEN Quan¹^,²

¹School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
²Mental Health and Life Education Center, Communication University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China

Received:2020-02-27Online:2021-05-25Published:2021-03-29
Contact:MENG Yingfang E-mail:175695016@qq.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Swallow和Jiang (2010)最早发现, 编码时的目标探测会促进同时呈现的背景信息在随后记忆测验中的表现, 并将这一现象称为注意促进效应(Attentional Boost Effect, ABE)。随后研究发现这一现象并不会出现在概念内隐测验中, 由此提出目标探测主要促进的是背景信息的知觉加工, 而非语义加工。本研究通过3个实验, 操纵了对背景信息的编码加工类型(知觉加工或概念加工)。结果发现, 当与目标探测同时进行的是对背景信息的概念加工任务, 则ABE会出现在随后的概念内隐测验中。反之, 当对背景信息进行的是知觉加工任务时, 则ABE会出现在随后的知觉内隐测验而不是概念内隐测验中。这些结果表明, 目标探测既可能促进背景信息的知觉加工, 也可能促进背景信息的语义加工, 但只有在目标探测下背景信息的编码加工与随后内隐测验中所依赖的提取加工具有一致性, 才会产生ABE。

图/表 6

表1不同测验任务下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

测验类型	集中注意条件
测验类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉内隐测验	634 ± 82	673 ± 92	39^***	616 ± 71	630 ± 83	666 ± 82	50^***	36^***
概念内隐测验	614 ± 84	635 ± 103	21^*	578 ± 68	580 ± 72	584 ± 78	5	4

表1不同测验任务下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

测验类型	集中注意条件
测验类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉内隐测验	634 ± 82	673 ± 92	39^***	616 ± 71	630 ± 83	666 ± 82	50^***	36^***
概念内隐测验	614 ± 84	635 ± 103	21^*	578 ± 68	580 ± 72	584 ± 78	5	4

图1实验1分散注意条件下两种内隐测验中的启动量比较

图1实验1分散注意条件下两种内隐测验中的启动量比较

表2不同编码类型下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

编码类型	集中注意条件			分散注意条件
编码类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉编码	641 ± 110	661 ± 102	20^*	633 ± 99	623 ± 51	623 ± 83	-10	0
概念编码	635 ± 85	663 ± 102	28^***	604 ± 67	626 ± 81	636 ± 77	32^***	10

表2不同编码类型下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

编码类型	集中注意条件			分散注意条件
编码类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉编码	641 ± 110	661 ± 102	20^*	633 ± 99	623 ± 51	623 ± 83	-10	0
概念编码	635 ± 85	663 ± 102	28^***	604 ± 67	626 ± 81	636 ± 77	32^***	10

图2实验2分散注意条件下两种编码任务在概念内隐测验中的启动量比较

图2实验2分散注意条件下两种编码任务在概念内隐测验中的启动量比较

表3不同编码类型下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

编码类型	集中注意条件			分散注意条件
编码类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉编码	674 ± 105	756 ± 167	83^***	638 ± 76	638 ± 73	688 ± 101	50^***	49^***
概念编码	712 ± 116	803 ± 171	91^***	650 ± 87	686 ± 107	694 ± 104	43^***	9

表3不同编码类型下各种条件的反应时及启动量(M ± SD) (ms)

编码类型	集中注意条件			分散注意条件
编码类型	旧词	新词	启动量	目标旧词	分心旧词	新词	目标启动量	分心启动量
知觉编码	674 ± 105	756 ± 167	83^***	638 ± 76	638 ± 73	688 ± 101	50^***	49^***
概念编码	712 ± 116	803 ± 171	91^***	650 ± 87	686 ± 107	694 ± 104	43^***	9

图3实验3分散注意条件下两种编码条件在概念内隐测验中的启动量比较

参考文献 36

[1]	Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel- distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100(4),589-608.
[2]	Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108(1),204-256.
[3]	Duncan, J. (1980). The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review, 87(3),272-300. URLpmid: 7384344
[4]	Frankland, P.W., Josselyn, S. A., & Kohler, S. (2019). The neurobiological foundation of memory retrieval. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10),1576-1585. doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0493-1 URLpmid: 31551594
[5]	Hamilton, M., & Geraci, L. (2006). The picture superiority effect in conceptual implicit memory: A conceptual distinctiveness hypothesis. American Journal of Psychology, 119(1),1-20.
[6]	Hu, C.P., Kong, X.Z., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ly, A, & Peng, K.P. (2018). The bayes factor and its implementation in JASP: A practical primer. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(6),951-965.
	[ 胡传鹏, 孔祥祯, Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ly, A, 彭凯平 . (2018). 贝叶斯因子及其在JASP中的实现. 心理科学进展, 26(6),951-965.]
[7]	Jiang, Y. V., & Swallow, K.M. (2014). Temporal yoking in continuous multitasking. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 40(6),2348-2360.
[8]	Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[9]	Josselyn, S. A., & Tonegawa, S. (2020). Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future. Science, 367(6473). doi: 10.1126/science.aaw4325. doi: 10.1126/science.367.6473.16 URLpmid: 31896701
[10]	Kinchla, R.A (1992). Attention. Annual Review Of Psychology, 43(1),711-742.
[11]	Meng, Y. F., & Lin, H.R. (2018). Attentional boost effect: New insights on relationship between attention and memory. Advances of Psychological Science, 26(2),221-228.
	[ 孟迎芳, 林惠茹. (2018). 注意促进效应:注意与记忆关系的新见解. 心理科学进展, 26(2),221-228.]
[12]	Mulligan, N.W. (2002). Attention and perceptual implicit memory: Effects of selective versus divided attention and number of visual objects. Psychological Research - Psychologische Forschung, 66(3),157-165.
[13]	Mulligan, N.W. (2003). Effects of cross-modal and intramodal division of attention on perceptual implicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29(2),262-276.
[14]	Mulligan, N.W., Duke, M., & Cooper, A.W. (2007). The effects of divided attention on auditory priming. Memory & Cognition, 35(6),1245-1254.
[15]	Mulligan, N.W., Spataro, P., & Picklesimer, M. (2014). The attentional boost effect with verbal materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 40(4),1049-1063.
[16]	Newell, B.R., Cavenett, T., & Andrews, S. (2008). On the immunity of perceptual implicit memory to manipulations of attention. Memory & Cognition, 36(4),725-734.
[17]	Parks, C.M. (2013). Transfer-appropriate processing in recognition memory: Perceptual and conceptual effects on recognition memory depend on task demands. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 39(4),1280-1286.
[18]	Pohlmann, L. D., & Sorkin, R.D. (1976). Simultaneous three-channel signal detection: Performance and criterion as a function of order of report. Perception & Psychophysics, 20(3),179-186.
[19]	Schwan, S., & Garsoffky, B. (2004). The cognitive representation of filmic event summaries. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(1),37-55.
[20]	Seidenberg, M. S., & Mcclelland, J.L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4),523-568.
[21]	Smith, E. E. & Kosslyn, S.M. (2017). Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain(N. Y. Wang, & Y. J. Luo, Trans.). Education Press, China. (Original work published 2008)
	[ 史密斯, E.E. 科斯林, S.M. (2017). 认知心理学:心智与脑 (王乃弋, 罗跃嘉译). 教育科学出版社.]
[22]	Spataro, P., Mulligan, N.W., Gabrielli, G. B., & Rossi-Arnaud, C. (2017). Divided attention enhances explicit but not implicit conceptual memory: An item-specific account of the attentional boost effect. Memory, 25(2),170-175. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1144769 URLpmid: 26881481
[23]	Spataro, P., Mulligan, N. W., & Rossi-Arnaud, C. (2013). Divided attention can enhance memory encoding: The attentional boost effect in implicit memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 39(4),1223-1231.
[24]	Staudigl, T., & Hanslmayr, S. (2019). Reactivation of neural patterns during memory reinstatement supports encoding specificity. Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(4),175-185. URLpmid: 31185803
[25]	Stefan, A.M., Gronau, Q.F., Sch?nbrodt, F. D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2019). A tutorial on Bayes factor design analysis using an informed prior. Behavior Research Methods. Advance online publication. https://doi:10.3758/ s13428-018-01189-8.
[26]	Swallow, K. M., & Jiang, Y.V. (2010). The attentional boost effect: Transient increases in attention to one task enhance performance in a second task. Cognition, 115(1),118-132.
[27]	Swallow, K. M., & Jiang, Y.V. (2011). The role of timing in the attentional boost effect. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(2),389-404.
[28]	Swallow, K. M., & Jiang, Y.V. (2012). Goal-relevant events need not be rare to boost memory for concurrent images. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(1),70-82.
[29]	Swallow, K. M., & Jiang, Y.V. (2013). Attentional load and attentional boost: A review of data and theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 4,274. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00274 URLpmid: 23730294
[30]	Swallow, K. M., & Jiang, Y.V. (2014). Perceptual load and attentional boost: A study of their interaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(3),1034-1045.
[31]	Swallow, K.M., Jiang, Y. V., & Riley, E. (2019). Target detection increases pupil diameter and enhances memory for background scenes during multi-tasking. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 5255. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41658-4 URLpmid: 30918293
[32]	Tulving, E., & Pearlstone, Z. (1966). Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5(4),381-391.
[33]	Vaidya, C.J., Gabrieli, J.D. E., Keane, M.M., Monti, L.A., Gutierrez-Rivas, H., & Zarella, M. (1997). Evidence for multiple mechanisms of conceptual priming on implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23(6),1324-1343.
[34]	Vandenberghe, R., Price, C., Wise, R., Josephs, O., & Frackowiak, R.S.J. (1996). Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature, 383(6597),254-256.
[35]	Wagenmakers, E.J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J.,… Morey, R.D. (2017). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1),58-76. URLpmid: 28685272
[36]	Yang, Y, F. (2015). Psycholinguistics. Science Press, China.
	[ 杨玉芳. (2015). 心理语言学. 北京: 科学出版社. ]