社交媒体使用与错失焦虑的关系：一项元分析

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张亚利¹, 李森¹, 俞国良²

¹中国人民大学教育学院, 北京 100872
²中国人民大学心理研究所, 北京 100872

收稿日期:2020-08-11出版日期:2021-03-25发布日期:2021-01-27

基金资助:* 中国人民大学2019年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划成果

The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out: A meta-analysis

ZHANG Yali¹, LI Sen¹, YU Guoliang²

¹School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
²Institute of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China

Received:2020-08-11Online:2021-03-25Published:2021-01-27

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 社交媒体使用与错失焦虑均是当下生活中较为常见的现象, 诸多研究探讨了两者间的内在联系, 但研究结果却存在很大差异。为明确两者之间的整体关系, 以及产生分歧的原因, 对检索后获得的65项研究(70个独立样本)使用随机效应模型进行了元分析。结果发现：社交媒体使用与错失焦虑存在显著正相关(r = 0.38, 95% CI [0.34, 0.41]); 二者的相关强度受社交媒体使用测量指标和社交媒体类型的调节, 但不受性别、年龄、错失焦虑测量工具和个体主义指数的调节。结果一定程度上澄清了大众传播的社会认知理论和数字恰到好处假说的争论, 表明社交媒体使用程度越高的人往往也会伴随着较高水平的错失焦虑。防止社交媒体过度使用, 尤其是引导大众合理使用以图像为中心并且开放度较高的社交媒体有助于错失焦虑的缓解。

图/表 4

图1文献纳入流程

图1文献纳入流程

表1纳入分析的原始研究的基本资料

第一作者	年份	国家	个体主义指数	均龄	相关系数	被试人数	男性比	错失焦虑测量工具	社交媒体类型	社交媒体使用测量指标	文献质量评价
Przybylski	2013	英国	89	43.21	0.40	2079	0.50	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	8
Wegmann	2017	不确定	无	23.43	0.39	270	0.30	FoMOs-W	一般	使用成瘾	6
B?achnio	2018	波兰	60	22.22	0.45	360	0.36	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	6
Tomczyk	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.54	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用强度	6
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.37	717	0.53	其它	一般	其它	6
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.53	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用成瘾	5
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.56	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用成瘾	5
Chai	2019	中国	20	14.03	0.21	1319	0.47	其它	Qzone	使用强度	9
Dempsey	2019	美国	91	20.03	0.32	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	9
Dempsey	2019	美国	91	20.03	0.19	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用频率	9
Alt	2018	以色列	54	24.10	0.56	290	0.15	其它	一般	其它	6
Balta	2020	土耳其	37	17.15	0.57	423	0.47	FoMOs-W	Instagram	使用成瘾	7
Liu	2020	中国	20	18.83	0.40	465	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Riordan	2020	新西兰	79	19.60	0.28	330	0.26	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
	2020	新西兰	79	19.60	0.21	330	0.26	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
	2020	新西兰	79	20.90	0.31	90	0.14	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
	2020	新西兰	79	20.90	0.29	90	0.14	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
Yin	2019	中国	20	16.80	0.41	704	0.43	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Baker	2016	美国	91	21.98	0.30	386	0.19	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	6
Sharma	2015	美国	91	无	0.63	129	0.47	其它	Facebook	使用成瘾	1
Sharma	2015	美国	91	20.79	0.40	398	0.49	其它	Facebook	使用成瘾	4
Perrone	2016	美国	91	无	0.14	961	0.55	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	3
Chambers	2018	美国	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	5
Chambers	2018	美国	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	5
Gezgin	2018	土耳其	37	16.22	0.44	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	5
Gezgin	2018	土耳其	37	16.22	-0.14	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	5
Franchina	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.16	2663	0.43	其它	Facebook	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.17	2663	0.43	其它	Snapchat	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.00	2663	0.43	其它	You Tube	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.06	2663	0.43	其它	Twitter	使用频率	6
Casale	2020	意大利	76	23.02	0.49	239	0.40	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Tunc-Aksan	2019	土耳其	37	无	0.43	296	0.54	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	5
Beyens	2016	比利时	75	16.41	0.50	402	0.43	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
Barry	2017	美国	91	15.27	0.35	113	0.49	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	5
Blackwell	2017	美国	91	22.15	0.56	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Blackwell	2017	美国	91	22.15	0.36	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
Buglass	2017	英国	89	无	0.25	489	0.51	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用时间	8
Stead	2017	英国	89	无	0.47	495	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
Bailey	2018	不确定	无	无	0.01	296	0.33	其它	一般	其它	7
Casale	2018	意大利	76	无	0.44	263	1.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	3
Casale	2018	意大利	76	无	0.47	316	0.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	3
Scott	2018	英国	89	14.00	0.36	101	0.44	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	9
Burnell	2019	美国	91	无	0.17	717	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	8
Rogers	2019	美国	91	19.81	0.21	97	0.38	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	8
Reer	2019	德国	67	27.65	0.30	1865	0.49	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	9
Cargill	2019	英国	89	33.01	0.57	224	0.12	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
Fuster	2017	不确定	无	15.47	0.32	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
Fuster	2017	不确定	无	15.47	0.43	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
第一作者	年份	国家	个体主义指数	均龄	相关系数	被试人数	男性比	错失焦虑测量工具	社交媒体类型	社交媒体使用测量指标	文献质量评价
Can	2019	土耳其	37	33.65	0.43	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	2
Can	2019	土耳其	37	33.65	0.24	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	3
Pontes	2018	不确定	无	无	0.68	511	0.35	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
Tra?	2019	土耳其	37	21.34	0.27	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	3
Tra?	2019	土耳其	37	21.34	0.04	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用时间	2
Vallejos- Flores	2018	秘鲁	16	20.74	0.60	510	0.46	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	4
Reyes	2018	菲律宾	32	25.22	0.41	1060	0.39	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	5
Huguenel	2017	美国	91	18.93	0.30	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
Huguenel	2017	美国	91	18.93	0.17	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	6
李巾英	2019	中国	20	21.00	0.25	443	0.42	其它	一般	其它	7
李琦	2019a	中国	20	22.00	0.31	228	0.43	FoMOs-L	一般	使用强度	5
马建苓	2019	中国	20	18.80	0.42	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	10
马建苓	2019	中国	20	18.80	0.29	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	9
李琦	2019b	中国	20	无	0.23	584	0.46	FoMOs-L	一般	其它	6
张永欣	2019	中国	20	19.56	0.40	526	0.48	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
肖曼曼	2019	中国	20	21.90	0.40	546	0.34	FoMOs-W	一般	使用强度	6
姜永志	2018	中国	20	无	0.42	1804	0.44	其它	一般	使用成瘾	9
魏祺	2018	中国	20	无	0.43	526	1.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
魏祺	2018	中国	20	无	0.17	636	0.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
张亚利	2020	中国	20	21.63	0.33	466	0.47	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	8
王梦云	2020	中国	20	14.71	0.35	1238	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
任静	2019	中国	20	无	0.17	427	0.50	其它	一般	使用强度	8
Li	2020	中国	20	20.10	0.40	2017	0.50	FoMOs-W	一般	使用强度	8
Fang	2020	中国	20	19.60	0.45	501	0.29	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Moore	2020	美国	91	无	0.43	156	0.44	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Sheldon	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.34	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	5
	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.43	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	5
	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.40	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	使用成瘾	5
Mueller	2020	德国	67	22.00	0.50	226	0.40	其它	一般	使用成瘾	7
Rozgonjuk	2020	不确定	无	34.49	0.46	335	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	4
Rozgonjuk	2020	不确定	无	29.04	0.26	136	0.38	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	使用成瘾	4
Fabris	2020	意大利	76	13.50	0.48	472	0.50	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Lai	2016	意大利	76	24.10	0.60	20	0.55	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	3
李静	2020	中国	20	15.02	0.75	1081	0.49	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	7
胡光友	2020	中国	20		0.42	1092	0.33	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	5
高霞	2019	中国	20	16.40	0.28	465	0.57	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	5
Lee	2020	中国	20	36.10	0.16	259	无	其它	一般	使用时间	8
Classen	2020	新西兰	79	无	0.33	218	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
?ztürk	2020	土耳其	37	21.07	0.23	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	2
?ztürk	2020	土耳其	37	21.07	0.27	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	3
Munawaroh	2019	印尼	14	无	0.57	106	0.00	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	1
Zhang	2020	美国	91	无	0.27	236	无	其它	一般	使用强度	6

表1纳入分析的原始研究的基本资料

第一作者	年份	国家	个体主义指数	均龄	相关系数	被试人数	男性比	错失焦虑测量工具	社交媒体类型	社交媒体使用测量指标	文献质量评价
Przybylski	2013	英国	89	43.21	0.40	2079	0.50	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	8
Wegmann	2017	不确定	无	23.43	0.39	270	0.30	FoMOs-W	一般	使用成瘾	6
B?achnio	2018	波兰	60	22.22	0.45	360	0.36	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	6
Tomczyk	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.54	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用强度	6
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.37	717	0.53	其它	一般	其它	6
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.53	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用成瘾	5
	2018	波黑	22	13.30	0.56	717	0.53	其它	一般	使用成瘾	5
Chai	2019	中国	20	14.03	0.21	1319	0.47	其它	Qzone	使用强度	9
Dempsey	2019	美国	91	20.03	0.32	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	9
Dempsey	2019	美国	91	20.03	0.19	291	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用频率	9
Alt	2018	以色列	54	24.10	0.56	290	0.15	其它	一般	其它	6
Balta	2020	土耳其	37	17.15	0.57	423	0.47	FoMOs-W	Instagram	使用成瘾	7
Liu	2020	中国	20	18.83	0.40	465	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Riordan	2020	新西兰	79	19.60	0.28	330	0.26	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
	2020	新西兰	79	19.60	0.21	330	0.26	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
	2020	新西兰	79	20.90	0.31	90	0.14	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
	2020	新西兰	79	20.90	0.29	90	0.14	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
Yin	2019	中国	20	16.80	0.41	704	0.43	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Baker	2016	美国	91	21.98	0.30	386	0.19	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	6
Sharma	2015	美国	91	无	0.63	129	0.47	其它	Facebook	使用成瘾	1
Sharma	2015	美国	91	20.79	0.40	398	0.49	其它	Facebook	使用成瘾	4
Perrone	2016	美国	91	无	0.14	961	0.55	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	3
Chambers	2018	美国	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	5
Chambers	2018	美国	91	23.57	0.20	152	0.30	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	5
Gezgin	2018	土耳其	37	16.22	0.44	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	5
Gezgin	2018	土耳其	37	16.22	-0.14	161	0.58	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	5
Franchina	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.16	2663	0.43	其它	Facebook	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.17	2663	0.43	其它	Snapchat	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.00	2663	0.43	其它	You Tube	使用频率	6
	2018	比利时	75	14.87	0.06	2663	0.43	其它	Twitter	使用频率	6
Casale	2020	意大利	76	23.02	0.49	239	0.40	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Tunc-Aksan	2019	土耳其	37	无	0.43	296	0.54	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	5
Beyens	2016	比利时	75	16.41	0.50	402	0.43	其它	Facebook	使用强度	6
Barry	2017	美国	91	15.27	0.35	113	0.49	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	5
Blackwell	2017	美国	91	22.15	0.56	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Blackwell	2017	美国	91	22.15	0.36	207	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
Buglass	2017	英国	89	无	0.25	489	0.51	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用时间	8
Stead	2017	英国	89	无	0.47	495	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
Bailey	2018	不确定	无	无	0.01	296	0.33	其它	一般	其它	7
Casale	2018	意大利	76	无	0.44	263	1.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	3
Casale	2018	意大利	76	无	0.47	316	0.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	3
Scott	2018	英国	89	14.00	0.36	101	0.44	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	9
Burnell	2019	美国	91	无	0.17	717	0.31	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	8
Rogers	2019	美国	91	19.81	0.21	97	0.38	FoMOs-P	一般	使用频率	8
Reer	2019	德国	67	27.65	0.30	1865	0.49	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	9
Cargill	2019	英国	89	33.01	0.57	224	0.12	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
Fuster	2017	不确定	无	15.47	0.32	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
Fuster	2017	不确定	无	15.47	0.43	5280	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
第一作者	年份	国家	个体主义指数	均龄	相关系数	被试人数	男性比	错失焦虑测量工具	社交媒体类型	社交媒体使用测量指标	文献质量评价
Can	2019	土耳其	37	33.65	0.43	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	2
Can	2019	土耳其	37	33.65	0.24	371	0.40	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	3
Pontes	2018	不确定	无	无	0.68	511	0.35	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
Tra?	2019	土耳其	37	21.34	0.27	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	3
Tra?	2019	土耳其	37	21.34	0.04	608	0.28	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用时间	2
Vallejos- Flores	2018	秘鲁	16	20.74	0.60	510	0.46	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	4
Reyes	2018	菲律宾	32	25.22	0.41	1060	0.39	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	5
Huguenel	2017	美国	91	18.93	0.30	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用强度	7
Huguenel	2017	美国	91	18.93	0.17	296	0.15	FoMOs-P	一般	使用时间	6
李巾英	2019	中国	20	21.00	0.25	443	0.42	其它	一般	其它	7
李琦	2019a	中国	20	22.00	0.31	228	0.43	FoMOs-L	一般	使用强度	5
马建苓	2019	中国	20	18.80	0.42	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	10
马建苓	2019	中国	20	18.80	0.29	493	0.32	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	9
李琦	2019b	中国	20	无	0.23	584	0.46	FoMOs-L	一般	其它	6
张永欣	2019	中国	20	19.56	0.40	526	0.48	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	9
肖曼曼	2019	中国	20	21.90	0.40	546	0.34	FoMOs-W	一般	使用强度	6
姜永志	2018	中国	20	无	0.42	1804	0.44	其它	一般	使用成瘾	9
魏祺	2018	中国	20	无	0.43	526	1.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
魏祺	2018	中国	20	无	0.17	636	0.00	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	1
张亚利	2020	中国	20	21.63	0.33	466	0.47	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	8
王梦云	2020	中国	20	14.71	0.35	1238	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
任静	2019	中国	20	无	0.17	427	0.50	其它	一般	使用强度	8
Li	2020	中国	20	20.10	0.40	2017	0.50	FoMOs-W	一般	使用强度	8
Fang	2020	中国	20	19.60	0.45	501	0.29	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Moore	2020	美国	91	无	0.43	156	0.44	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	7
Sheldon	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.34	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Facebook	使用成瘾	5
	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.43	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	5
	2020	美国	91	23.35	0.40	337	0.42	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	使用成瘾	5
Mueller	2020	德国	67	22.00	0.50	226	0.40	其它	一般	使用成瘾	7
Rozgonjuk	2020	不确定	无	34.49	0.46	335	0.42	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	4
Rozgonjuk	2020	不确定	无	29.04	0.26	136	0.38	FoMOs-P	Snapchat	使用成瘾	4
Fabris	2020	意大利	76	13.50	0.48	472	0.50	FoMOs-P	一般	使用成瘾	6
Lai	2016	意大利	76	24.10	0.60	20	0.55	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	3
李静	2020	中国	20	15.02	0.75	1081	0.49	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	7
胡光友	2020	中国	20		0.42	1092	0.33	FoMOs-L	一般	使用成瘾	5
高霞	2019	中国	20	16.40	0.28	465	0.57	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	5
Lee	2020	中国	20	36.10	0.16	259	无	其它	一般	使用时间	8
Classen	2020	新西兰	79	无	0.33	218	0.24	FoMOs-P	一般	使用强度	7
?ztürk	2020	土耳其	37	21.07	0.23	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	2
?ztürk	2020	土耳其	37	21.07	0.27	141	0.45	FoMOs-P	一般	其它	3
Munawaroh	2019	印尼	14	无	0.57	106	0.00	FoMOs-P	Instagram	使用成瘾	1
Zhang	2020	美国	91	无	0.27	236	无	其它	一般	使用强度	6

图2每个独立样本的效应量及总体效应量的森林图

图2每个独立样本的效应量及总体效应量的森林图

表2分类变量调节效应分析结果

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	k	r	95% CI		双侧检验
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	k	r	下限	上限	z	p
社交媒体使用指标	47.41	3	<0.001	使用成瘾	36	0.47	0.43	0.50	20.09	<0.001
				使用强度	22	0.32	0.27	0.38	10.32	<0.001
				使用时间	8	0.25	0.15	0.35	4.90	<0.001
				使用频率	5	0.14	0.00	0.27	1.95	0.051
错失焦虑测量工具	1.95	2	0.376	FoMOs-P	47	0.37	0.33	0.41	16.01	<0.001
				FoMOs-L	5	0.44	0.32	0.55	6.52	<0.001
				FoMOs-W	4	0.44	0.31	0.56	5.89	<0.001
社交媒体类型	6.05	2	0.048	Facebook	14	0.37	0.28	0.45	7.84	<0.001
				Instagram	4	0.51	0.36	0.63	6.03	<0.001
				Snapchat	3	0.28	0.08	0.46	2.69	0.007

表2分类变量调节效应分析结果

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	k	r	95% CI		双侧检验
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	k	r	下限	上限	z	p
社交媒体使用指标	47.41	3	<0.001	使用成瘾	36	0.47	0.43	0.50	20.09	<0.001
				使用强度	22	0.32	0.27	0.38	10.32	<0.001
				使用时间	8	0.25	0.15	0.35	4.90	<0.001
				使用频率	5	0.14	0.00	0.27	1.95	0.051
错失焦虑测量工具	1.95	2	0.376	FoMOs-P	47	0.37	0.33	0.41	16.01	<0.001
				FoMOs-L	5	0.44	0.32	0.55	6.52	<0.001
				FoMOs-W	4	0.44	0.31	0.56	5.89	<0.001
社交媒体类型	6.05	2	0.048	Facebook	14	0.37	0.28	0.45	7.84	<0.001
				Instagram	4	0.51	0.36	0.63	6.03	<0.001
				Snapchat	3	0.28	0.08	0.46	2.69	0.007

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