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拥挤影响消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01
柳武妹1, 马增光2(), 卫旭华1
1兰州大学管理学院, 兰州 730000
2东北大学工商管理学院, 沈阳 110167
收稿日期:2019-11-15出版日期:2020-10-25发布日期:2020-08-24
通讯作者:马增光E-mail:xmgyx1496@163.com

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71972092);国家自然科学基金面上项目(71972093);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(人文社科类)(2020jbkytd003);甘肃省社科规划面上项目(YB033)

A meta-analysis of the effect of crowding on consumers’ emotional reactions and shopping-related behavioral reactions

LIU Wumei1, MA Zengguang2(), WEI Xuhua1
1School of Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
Received:2019-11-15Online:2020-10-25Published:2020-08-24
Contact:MA Zengguang E-mail:xmgyx1496@163.com






摘要/Abstract


摘要： 拥挤是由社会(人群)运动空间和物理空间受限引发的一种主观感受和客观状态。随着消费者所处的环境越来越拥挤, 近些年来消费者行为领域对拥挤的关注逐渐增多, 但目前的研究结论并不一致。本文通过元分析方法获得了38个研究、81个样本的149个效应值, 分别探讨了两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应(趋近型购物反应与回避型购物反应)的影响, 并尝试找出以往研究结果表现出异质性的原因。从情绪层面来看, 社会拥挤正向影响消费者的消极情绪, 负向影响自主感知; 空间拥挤负向影响消费者积极情绪, 正向影响消极情绪。从购物反应层面来看, 社会拥挤会显著增强消费者的趋近型购物反应(ρ = 0.208, N = 28624), 增加风险规避, 并负向影响消费者的购物态度和意愿(ρ = -0.135, N = 10094); 空间拥挤对消费者趋近型购物反应的影响并不显著, 但能负向影响回避型购物反应(ρ = -0.409, N = 3223)。进一步的调节分析发现, 购物环境类型、研究情境的真实性、是否为学生样本、以及样本来源于西方国家还是东方国家等能够调节拥挤对消费者部分情绪和购物反应的影响。本文最后讨论了研究结果, 并对管理实践和未来研究提供了建议。



图1本文研究框架
图1本文研究框架


表1社会拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 双尾检验 QW I2 Begg检验显著性 失安全系数
低 高 Z值 p值
情绪 41 10742 0.040 -0.071 0.150 0.712 0.477 1309.207*** 96.945 0.723 —
积极情绪 15 3587 0.035 -0.109 0.178 0.478 0.633 246.352*** 94.317 0.805 —
消极情绪 13 3377 0.235 -0.003 0.448 1.937 0.053 582.671*** 97.941 0.393 435
唤醒 7 2107 0.049 -0.087 0.182 0.705 0.481 50.071*** 88.017 0.652 —
自主感知 6 1671 -0.378 -0.511 -0.227 -4.676 0.000 47.822*** 89.545 0.851 322
趋近型购物反应 31 28624 0.208 0.167 0.248 9.768 0.000 211.292*** 85.802 0.020 5394
品牌依恋 11 1949 0.198 0.126 0.269 5.274 0.000 27.440** 63.557 0.186 206
口碑传播 5 2069 0.207 0.112 0.298 4.213 0.000 11.520** 65.279 0.624 72
能量摄入 6 1966 0.227 0.153 0.298 5.871 0.000 7.281 31.326 0.133 98
产品购买 4 11883 0.178 0.026 0.322 2.294 0.022 48.892*** 93.864 1.000 484
关注自我与他人 5 10757 0.216 0.058 0.364 2.657 0.008 30.585*** 86.922 0.624 318
回避型购物反应:意愿与态度 34 10094 -0.135 -0.251 -0.015 -2.200 0.028 1209.224*** 97.271 0.173 653
满意度 16 5612 -0.036 -0.218 0.147 -0.385 0.700 700.008*** 97.857 0.528 —
推断与评价 11 3067 -0.202 -0.407 0.023 -1.763 0.078 388.366*** 97.425 0.139 131
惠顾与支付意愿 7 1415 -0.266 -0.358 -0.168 -5.226 0.000 20.323** 70.477 0.453 176
回避型购物反应:风险厌恶 8 1143 0.416 0.277 0.537 5.478 0.000 42.896*** 83.682 0.083 316

表1社会拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 双尾检验 QW I2 Begg检验显著性 失安全系数
低 高 Z值 p值
情绪 41 10742 0.040 -0.071 0.150 0.712 0.477 1309.207*** 96.945 0.723 —
积极情绪 15 3587 0.035 -0.109 0.178 0.478 0.633 246.352*** 94.317 0.805 —
消极情绪 13 3377 0.235 -0.003 0.448 1.937 0.053 582.671*** 97.941 0.393 435
唤醒 7 2107 0.049 -0.087 0.182 0.705 0.481 50.071*** 88.017 0.652 —
自主感知 6 1671 -0.378 -0.511 -0.227 -4.676 0.000 47.822*** 89.545 0.851 322
趋近型购物反应 31 28624 0.208 0.167 0.248 9.768 0.000 211.292*** 85.802 0.020 5394
品牌依恋 11 1949 0.198 0.126 0.269 5.274 0.000 27.440** 63.557 0.186 206
口碑传播 5 2069 0.207 0.112 0.298 4.213 0.000 11.520** 65.279 0.624 72
能量摄入 6 1966 0.227 0.153 0.298 5.871 0.000 7.281 31.326 0.133 98
产品购买 4 11883 0.178 0.026 0.322 2.294 0.022 48.892*** 93.864 1.000 484
关注自我与他人 5 10757 0.216 0.058 0.364 2.657 0.008 30.585*** 86.922 0.624 318
回避型购物反应:意愿与态度 34 10094 -0.135 -0.251 -0.015 -2.200 0.028 1209.224*** 97.271 0.173 653
满意度 16 5612 -0.036 -0.218 0.147 -0.385 0.700 700.008*** 97.857 0.528 —
推断与评价 11 3067 -0.202 -0.407 0.023 -1.763 0.078 388.366*** 97.425 0.139 131
惠顾与支付意愿 7 1415 -0.266 -0.358 -0.168 -5.226 0.000 20.323** 70.477 0.453 176
回避型购物反应:风险厌恶 8 1143 0.416 0.277 0.537 5.478 0.000 42.896*** 83.682 0.083 316


表2空间拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 双尾检验 QW I2 Begg检验显著性 失安全系数
低 高 Z值 p值
情绪 16 6573 -0.037 -0.165 0.092 -0.560 0.576 416.998*** 96.403 0.928 27
积极情绪 7 2944 -0.219 -0.380 -0.044 -2.449 0.014 139.209*** 95.690 0.881 215
消极情绪 6 2144 0.192 0.110 0.270 4.571 0.000 17.293*** 71.087 0.348 117
唤醒 3 1485 -0.047 -0.295 0.207 -0.359 0.720 46.161*** 95.667 0.602 5
趋近型购物反应 6 998 0.033 -0.186 0.250 0.296 0.767 38.810*** 89.756 0.039 —
冲动购买 3 752 -0.213 -0.281 -0.144 -5.899 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.602 21
多样化选择 3 246 0.293 0.173 0.405 4.650 0.000 0.481 0.000 0.602 14
回避型购物反应 11 3223 -0.409 -0.506 -0.302 -6.941 0.000 114.599*** 91.274 0.392 1558

表2空间拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 双尾检验 QW I2 Begg检验显著性 失安全系数
低 高 Z值 p值
情绪 16 6573 -0.037 -0.165 0.092 -0.560 0.576 416.998*** 96.403 0.928 27
积极情绪 7 2944 -0.219 -0.380 -0.044 -2.449 0.014 139.209*** 95.690 0.881 215
消极情绪 6 2144 0.192 0.110 0.270 4.571 0.000 17.293*** 71.087 0.348 117
唤醒 3 1485 -0.047 -0.295 0.207 -0.359 0.720 46.161*** 95.667 0.602 5
趋近型购物反应 6 998 0.033 -0.186 0.250 0.296 0.767 38.810*** 89.756 0.039 —
冲动购买 3 752 -0.213 -0.281 -0.144 -5.899 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.602 21
多样化选择 3 246 0.293 0.173 0.405 4.650 0.000 0.481 0.000 0.602 14
回避型购物反应 11 3223 -0.409 -0.506 -0.302 -6.941 0.000 114.599*** 91.274 0.392 1558


表3各调节变量对社会拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
积极情绪、
唤醒		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 5 1197 0.317*** 0.170 0.451 24.560*** 12.911*** 83.713
实用型 12 4047 -0.011 -0.110 0.088 102.240*** 89.241
情境
真实性		 真实情境 16 4832 0.065 -0.047 0.176 215.578*** 0.339 93.042
虚拟情境 6 830 -0.029 -0.313 0.260 82.065*** 93.907
样本
来源		 东方国家 10 2645 -0.032 -0.186 0.123 134.972** 1.541 93.332
西方国家 12 3049 0.102 -0.042 0.242 156.480*** 92.970
非学生 15 4864 0.050 -0.064 0.163 1166.026*** 0.020 93.388
学生 7 830 0.028 -0.244 0.296 145.47 6*** 93.166
消极情绪、
自主感知		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 4 1136 -0.153** -0.257 -0.046 8.690* 1.470 65.479
实用型 9 3123 0.089 -0.281 0.436 878.163*** 99.089
情境
真实性		 真实情境 11 3873 -0.008 -0.305 0.290 906.890*** 0.319 98.897
虚拟情境 8 1175 0.100 -0.120 0.311 92.549*** 92.436
样本
来源		 东方国家 5 1591 -0.017 -0.212 0.179 57.671** 0.161 93.064
西方国家 14 3457 0.054 -0.229 0.329 899.181*** 98.554
非学生 13 4429 -0.012 -0.217 0.249 941.150*** 0.740 98.725
学生 6 619 0.149 -0.106 0.386 46.211*** 89.180
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
趋近型购
物反应		 情境
真实性		 真实情境 12 25708 0.253*** 0.169 0.333 804.337*** 1.182 98.632
虚拟情境 20 2916 0.196*** 0.136 0.255 52.403*** 63.743
样本
来源		 东方国家 9 22186 0.273*** 0.221 0.323 50.752*** 8.829** 58.636
西方国家 20 6233 0.169*** 0.124 0.213 47.886*** 65.868
非学生 18 27057 0.185*** 0.133 0.236 194.039** 3.225? 91.239
学生 13 1567 0.256** 0.229 0.313 17.156 30.054
回避反应:
风险厌恶		 样本
来源		 非学生 2 649 0.235* 0.009 0.438 8.632** 3.541? 88.416
学生 6 494 0.486*** 0.322 0.621 21.741** 77.002
回避反应:
意愿与态度		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 6 2698 0.050 -0.233 0.326 257.004** 1.034 98.055
实用型 24 6558 -0.115 -0.252 0.026 744.795*** 96.912
情境
真实性		 真实情境 17 6457 0.011 -0.151 0.172 681.678*** 5.769* 97.653
虚拟情境 17 3637 -0.278** -0.434 -0.106 455.354*** 96.486
样本
来源		 东方国家 11 4485 -0.012 -0.223 0.200 508.519*** 2.197 98.034
西方国家 22 5031 -0.209** -0.353 -0.056 630.256*** 96.668
非学生 23 8382 -0.103 -0.248 0.045 1026.715*** 0.794 97.857
学生 10 1572 -0.223* -0.424 -0.001 174.160*** 94.832

表3各调节变量对社会拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
积极情绪、
唤醒		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 5 1197 0.317*** 0.170 0.451 24.560*** 12.911*** 83.713
实用型 12 4047 -0.011 -0.110 0.088 102.240*** 89.241
情境
真实性		 真实情境 16 4832 0.065 -0.047 0.176 215.578*** 0.339 93.042
虚拟情境 6 830 -0.029 -0.313 0.260 82.065*** 93.907
样本
来源		 东方国家 10 2645 -0.032 -0.186 0.123 134.972** 1.541 93.332
西方国家 12 3049 0.102 -0.042 0.242 156.480*** 92.970
非学生 15 4864 0.050 -0.064 0.163 1166.026*** 0.020 93.388
学生 7 830 0.028 -0.244 0.296 145.47 6*** 93.166
消极情绪、
自主感知		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 4 1136 -0.153** -0.257 -0.046 8.690* 1.470 65.479
实用型 9 3123 0.089 -0.281 0.436 878.163*** 99.089
情境
真实性		 真实情境 11 3873 -0.008 -0.305 0.290 906.890*** 0.319 98.897
虚拟情境 8 1175 0.100 -0.120 0.311 92.549*** 92.436
样本
来源		 东方国家 5 1591 -0.017 -0.212 0.179 57.671** 0.161 93.064
西方国家 14 3457 0.054 -0.229 0.329 899.181*** 98.554
非学生 13 4429 -0.012 -0.217 0.249 941.150*** 0.740 98.725
学生 6 619 0.149 -0.106 0.386 46.211*** 89.180
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
趋近型购
物反应		 情境
真实性		 真实情境 12 25708 0.253*** 0.169 0.333 804.337*** 1.182 98.632
虚拟情境 20 2916 0.196*** 0.136 0.255 52.403*** 63.743
样本
来源		 东方国家 9 22186 0.273*** 0.221 0.323 50.752*** 8.829** 58.636
西方国家 20 6233 0.169*** 0.124 0.213 47.886*** 65.868
非学生 18 27057 0.185*** 0.133 0.236 194.039** 3.225? 91.239
学生 13 1567 0.256** 0.229 0.313 17.156 30.054
回避反应:
风险厌恶		 样本
来源		 非学生 2 649 0.235* 0.009 0.438 8.632** 3.541? 88.416
学生 6 494 0.486*** 0.322 0.621 21.741** 77.002
回避反应:
意愿与态度		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 6 2698 0.050 -0.233 0.326 257.004** 1.034 98.055
实用型 24 6558 -0.115 -0.252 0.026 744.795*** 96.912
情境
真实性		 真实情境 17 6457 0.011 -0.151 0.172 681.678*** 5.769* 97.653
虚拟情境 17 3637 -0.278** -0.434 -0.106 455.354*** 96.486
样本
来源		 东方国家 11 4485 -0.012 -0.223 0.200 508.519*** 2.197 98.034
西方国家 22 5031 -0.209** -0.353 -0.056 630.256*** 96.668
非学生 23 8382 -0.103 -0.248 0.045 1026.715*** 0.794 97.857
学生 10 1572 -0.223* -0.424 -0.001 174.160*** 94.832


表4各调节变量对空间拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
积极情绪、
唤醒、自主		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 3 1306 -0.060 -0.377 0.270 76.396 0.714 97.382
实用型 7 3655 -0.214** -0.343 -0.076 89.810 93.319
情境
真实性		 真实情境 8 4034 -0.271*** -0.345 -0.194 47.063*** 3.989* 85.126
虚拟情境 4 1042 0.088 -0.256 0.412 89.941*** 96.664
样本
来源		 东方国家 5 2437 -0.305*** -0.381 -0.225 100.237** 3.911* 78.568
西方国家 6 2174 -0.104 -0.286 0.085 181.418*** 94.370
非学生 9 4499 -0.214** -0.340 -0.081 170.148*** 0.876 95.298
学生 3 577 0.024 -0.432 0.470 66.940*** 97.012
消极
情绪		 情境
真实性		 真实情境 4 1716 0.227*** 0.182 0.272 1.943 0.516 0.000
虚拟情境 2 428 0.111 -0.209 0.410 11.429** 91.250
样本
来源		 东方国家 2 841 0.255*** 0.190 0.272 0.100 2.110 0.000
西方国家 4 1303 0.151* 0.023 0.275 13.668** 78.051
非学生 4 1716 0.227*** 0.182 0.272 1.943 0.516 0.000
学生 2 428 0.111 -0.209 0.410 11.429** 91.250
回避型购物
反应		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 2 841 -0.195*** -0.260 -0.129 0.016 22.197*** 0.000
实用型 9 2382 -0.460*** -0.538 -0.374 46.141*** 82.662
情境
真实性		 真实情境 9 2916 -0.386*** -0.482 -0.280 78.403*** 0.271 89.796
虚拟情境 2 307 -0.503* -0.797 -0.015 16.707*** 94.015
样本
来源		 东方国家 3 1373 -0.337* -0.579 -0.041 67.921*** 0.468 97.055
西方国家 8 1850 -0.441*** -0.527 -0.346 35.531*** 80.299
非学生 7 2480 -0.374*** -0.492 -0.243 72.819*** 1.120 91.760
学生 3 603 -0.507*** -0.680 -0.281 19.660*** 89.827

表4各调节变量对空间拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果
变量		 调节变量 k N ρ 95%置信区间 QW QB I2
低 高
积极情绪、
唤醒、自主		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 3 1306 -0.060 -0.377 0.270 76.396 0.714 97.382
实用型 7 3655 -0.214** -0.343 -0.076 89.810 93.319
情境
真实性		 真实情境 8 4034 -0.271*** -0.345 -0.194 47.063*** 3.989* 85.126
虚拟情境 4 1042 0.088 -0.256 0.412 89.941*** 96.664
样本
来源		 东方国家 5 2437 -0.305*** -0.381 -0.225 100.237** 3.911* 78.568
西方国家 6 2174 -0.104 -0.286 0.085 181.418*** 94.370
非学生 9 4499 -0.214** -0.340 -0.081 170.148*** 0.876 95.298
学生 3 577 0.024 -0.432 0.470 66.940*** 97.012
消极
情绪		 情境
真实性		 真实情境 4 1716 0.227*** 0.182 0.272 1.943 0.516 0.000
虚拟情境 2 428 0.111 -0.209 0.410 11.429** 91.250
样本
来源		 东方国家 2 841 0.255*** 0.190 0.272 0.100 2.110 0.000
西方国家 4 1303 0.151* 0.023 0.275 13.668** 78.051
非学生 4 1716 0.227*** 0.182 0.272 1.943 0.516 0.000
学生 2 428 0.111 -0.209 0.410 11.429** 91.250
回避型购物
反应		 购物环
境类型		 享乐型 2 841 -0.195*** -0.260 -0.129 0.016 22.197*** 0.000
实用型 9 2382 -0.460*** -0.538 -0.374 46.141*** 82.662
情境
真实性		 真实情境 9 2916 -0.386*** -0.482 -0.280 78.403*** 0.271 89.796
虚拟情境 2 307 -0.503* -0.797 -0.015 16.707*** 94.015
样本
来源		 东方国家 3 1373 -0.337* -0.579 -0.041 67.921*** 0.468 97.055
西方国家 8 1850 -0.441*** -0.527 -0.346 35.531*** 80.299
非学生 7 2480 -0.374*** -0.492 -0.243 72.819*** 1.120 91.760
学生 3 603 -0.507*** -0.680 -0.281 19.660*** 89.827


表5研究假设验证结果总结
研究假设 检验结果
H1a:社会拥挤会正向影响消费者的积极情绪和唤醒。 不成立
H1b:社会拥挤会负向影响消费者的消极情绪和自主。 部分成立
H2a:社会拥挤会引发消费者的行为应对, 正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 成立
H2b:社会拥挤会引发消费者的回避动机, 正向影响消费者回避反应中的风险厌恶。 成立
H2c:社会拥挤会导致消极的消费者态度和意愿, 即负向影响消费者回避反应中的满意度、支付与惠顾意愿、推断与评价。 部分成立
H3a:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的积极情绪、唤醒和自主。 部分成立
H3b:空间拥挤会正向影响消极情绪。 成立
H4a:空间拥挤会正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 不成立
H4b:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的回避型购物反应。 成立
H5:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到购物环境类型的调节。具体而言, 在享乐型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者积极情绪、趋近型购物反应和风险厌恶的正向影响更强; 在实用型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者消极情绪和回避型反应中消费者意愿和态度的负向影响更强。 部分成立
H6:研究情境的真实性(虚拟情境vs.真实情境)能够调节两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响。具体而言, 在虚拟拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 在真实拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 部分成立
H7:两类拥挤对个体情绪和购物反应的影响受到研究样本所属国家地域(东方国家vs.西方国家)的调节。具体而言, 对于西方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 对于东方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 不成立
H8:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到样本是否来源于学生群体的调节。对于学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更强; 对于非学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更弱。 部分成立

表5研究假设验证结果总结
研究假设 检验结果
H1a:社会拥挤会正向影响消费者的积极情绪和唤醒。 不成立
H1b:社会拥挤会负向影响消费者的消极情绪和自主。 部分成立
H2a:社会拥挤会引发消费者的行为应对, 正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 成立
H2b:社会拥挤会引发消费者的回避动机, 正向影响消费者回避反应中的风险厌恶。 成立
H2c:社会拥挤会导致消极的消费者态度和意愿, 即负向影响消费者回避反应中的满意度、支付与惠顾意愿、推断与评价。 部分成立
H3a:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的积极情绪、唤醒和自主。 部分成立
H3b:空间拥挤会正向影响消极情绪。 成立
H4a:空间拥挤会正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 不成立
H4b:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的回避型购物反应。 成立
H5:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到购物环境类型的调节。具体而言, 在享乐型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者积极情绪、趋近型购物反应和风险厌恶的正向影响更强; 在实用型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者消极情绪和回避型反应中消费者意愿和态度的负向影响更强。 部分成立
H6:研究情境的真实性(虚拟情境vs.真实情境)能够调节两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响。具体而言, 在虚拟拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 在真实拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 部分成立
H7:两类拥挤对个体情绪和购物反应的影响受到研究样本所属国家地域(东方国家vs.西方国家)的调节。具体而言, 对于西方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 对于东方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 不成立
H8:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到样本是否来源于学生群体的调节。对于学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更强; 对于非学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更弱。 部分成立


附录2纳入元分析的原始研究的基本资料
研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数		 研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数
Aiello et al., 1975 28 SoC PE 0.357 Huang et al., 2017 150 SoC ApSR 0.359
Andrews et al., 2015 10690 SoC ApSR 0.284 Huang et al., 2017 126 SoC ApSR 0.265
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC NE -0.197 Huang et al., 2017 165 SoC ApSR 0.340
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC Ar -0.197 Huang et al., 2017 201 SoC ApSR 0.114
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC AvSR -0.385 Huang et al., 2017 200 SoC ApSR 0.105
Byun, & Mann, 2011 234 SoC PE 0.484 Huang et al., 2017 201 SoC ApSR 0.143
Byun, & Mann, 2011 234 SoC NE 0.007 Huang et al., 2017 204 SoC ApSR 0.034
Consiglio et al., 2018 323 SoC Do -0.23 Huang et al., 2017 202 SoC ApSR 0.101
Consiglio et al., 2018 1407 SoC ApSR 0.110 Huang et al., 2017 110 SoC ApSR 0.079
Consiglio et al., 2018 318 SoC ApSR 0.250 Huang et al., 2017 240 SoC ApSR 0.192
Consiglio et al., 2018 86 SoC ApSR 0.233 Huang et al., 2017 150 SoC ApSR 0.220
Consiglio et al., 2018 119 SoC ApSR 0.237 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC PE -0.166
Consiglio et al., 2018 139 SoC ApSR 0.076 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC Ar -0.267
Eroglu et al., 2005 296 SoC AvSR 0.120 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC Do 0.239
Eroglu et al., 2005 296 SpC AvSR -0.39 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC ApSR 0.041
vans et al., 2007 139 SoC NE -0.103 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC AvSR -0.031
Gelbrich & Sattler, 2014 272 SoC NE 0.260 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC PE 0.159
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC Do 0.330 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC NE -0.160
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC ApSR 0.070 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC AvSR 0.133
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC AvSR 0.370 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC PE -0.192
Hellmann et al., 2016 75 SoC ApSR 0.244 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC NE 0.215
Hellmann et al., 2016 75 SoC Do 0.201 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC AvSR -0.171
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 60 SoC ApSR 0.299 Kim & Runyan, 2011 382 SoC AvSR -0.344
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 1486 SoC ApSR 0.135 Langer & Saegert, 1977 80 SoC Do 0.548
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 97 SoC ApSR 0.244 Langer & Saegert, 1977 80 SoC AvSR 0.258
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 108 SoC ApSR 0.283 Levav & Zhu, 2009 115 SpC Do 0.217
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 107 SoC ApSR 0.210 Levav & Zhu, 2009 80 SpC ApSR 0.239
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 108 SoC ApSR 0.152 Levav & Zhu, 2009 82 SpC ApSR 0.292
研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数		 研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数
Levav & Zhu, 2009 84 SpC ApSR 0.209 Maeng et al., 2013 34 SoC ApSR 0.649
Li, 2004 532 SpC PE -0.292 Maeng et al., 2013 56 SoC ApSR 0.283
Li, 2004 532 SpC Ar -0.186 Mattila & Hanks, 2012 233 SoC NE 0.187
Li, 2004 532 SpC Do -0.353 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC PE -0.265
Li, 2004 532 SpC AvSR -0.472 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC Ar 0.100
Li, 2004 532 SpC ApSR -0.174 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC AvSR -0.173
Li, 2004 532 SoC PE 0.175 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC AvSR -0.221
Li, 2004 532 SoC Ar 0.05 Novelli et al., 2013 112 SoC PE 0.25
Li, 2004 532 SoC Do 0.201 O’Guinn et al., 2015 86 SoC AvSR -0.257
Li, 2004 532 SoC AvSR 0.314 O’Guinn et al., 2015 247 SoC AvSR -0.130
Li, 2004 532 SoC ApSR 0.155 O’Guinn et al., 2015 138 SoC AvSR -0.213
Li, 2004 532 SoC AvSR 0.08 O’Guinn et al., 2015 75 SoC AvSR -0.686
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC PE -0.090 O’Guinn et al., 2015 474 SoC AvSR -0.164
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC NE 0.147 O’Guinn et al., 2015 84 SoC AvSR -0.326
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC Ar -0.070 O’Guinn et al., 2015 247 SoC AvSR -0.182
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC AvSR -0.160 O’Guinn et al., 2015 138 SoC AvSR -0.381
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC PE -0.200 Poon & Grohmann, 2014 197 SpC NE -0.046
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC NE 0.173 Rafaeli & Sutton, 1990 194 SoC PE -0.085
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC Ar -0.080 Shirai, 2017 169 SoC AvSR 0.383
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC AvSR -0.36 Shirai, 2017 578 SoC AvSR 0.119
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC PE -0.110 Tse et al., 2002 300 SoC AvSR 0.328
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC NE 0.103 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC AvSR 0.096
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC AvSR -0.223 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC ApSR -0.034
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC PE -0.270 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC AvSR -0.512
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC NE 0.126 Xu & Albarracín, 2016 106 SpC ApSR -0.186
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC AvSR -0.320 Xu & Albarracín, 2016 114 SpC ApSR -0.169
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC PE -0.095 Yildirim & Akalin-Baskaya, 2007 465 SpC PE 0.228
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC NE 0.143 常耀, 2017 974 SoC AvSR -0.350
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC Ar 0.230 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC ApSR 0.135
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC AvSR -0.180 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC PE -0.11
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC PE -0.355 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC NE 0.078
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC NE 0.221 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC ApSR -0.383
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC Ar 0.200 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC PE -0.043
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC AvSR -0.560 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC Ar -0.105
Machleit et al., 1994 76 SoC AvSR -0.350 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 94 SoC NE 0.421
Machleit et al., 1994 76 SpC AvSR -0.230 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 94 SoC PE -0.53
Machleit et al., 1994 140 SoC AvSR 0.010 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 10229 SoC ApSR 0.226
Machleit et al., 1994 140 SpC AvSR -0.280 户文月, 2015 653 SoC AvSR -0.093
Machleit et al., 1994 117 SoC AvSR -0.070 李娜, 2018 67 SoC ApSR 0.553
Machleit et al., 1994 117 SpC AvSR -0.380 李娜, 2018 82 SoC AvSR -0.635
Machleit et al., 1994 115 SoC AvSR 0.130 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC PE 0.253
Machleit et al., 1994 115 SpC AvSR -0.250 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC NE -0.172
Maeng & Tanner, 2013 164 SoC ApSR 0.257 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC AvSR 0.239
Maeng et al., 2013 73 SoC ApSR 0.279 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC PE -0.192
Maeng et al., 2013 100 SoC ApSR 0.393 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC NE 0.223
Maeng et al., 2013 380 SoC ApSR 0.287 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC AvSR -0.168
Maeng et al., 2013 34 SoC NE 0.499

附录2纳入元分析的原始研究的基本资料
研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数		 研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数
Aiello et al., 1975 28 SoC PE 0.357 Huang et al., 2017 150 SoC ApSR 0.359
Andrews et al., 2015 10690 SoC ApSR 0.284 Huang et al., 2017 126 SoC ApSR 0.265
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC NE -0.197 Huang et al., 2017 165 SoC ApSR 0.340
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC Ar -0.197 Huang et al., 2017 201 SoC ApSR 0.114
Baker & Wakefield, 2012 300 SoC AvSR -0.385 Huang et al., 2017 200 SoC ApSR 0.105
Byun, & Mann, 2011 234 SoC PE 0.484 Huang et al., 2017 201 SoC ApSR 0.143
Byun, & Mann, 2011 234 SoC NE 0.007 Huang et al., 2017 204 SoC ApSR 0.034
Consiglio et al., 2018 323 SoC Do -0.23 Huang et al., 2017 202 SoC ApSR 0.101
Consiglio et al., 2018 1407 SoC ApSR 0.110 Huang et al., 2017 110 SoC ApSR 0.079
Consiglio et al., 2018 318 SoC ApSR 0.250 Huang et al., 2017 240 SoC ApSR 0.192
Consiglio et al., 2018 86 SoC ApSR 0.233 Huang et al., 2017 150 SoC ApSR 0.220
Consiglio et al., 2018 119 SoC ApSR 0.237 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC PE -0.166
Consiglio et al., 2018 139 SoC ApSR 0.076 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC Ar -0.267
Eroglu et al., 2005 296 SoC AvSR 0.120 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC Do 0.239
Eroglu et al., 2005 296 SpC AvSR -0.39 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC ApSR 0.041
vans et al., 2007 139 SoC NE -0.103 Hwang et al., 2012 61 SoC AvSR -0.031
Gelbrich & Sattler, 2014 272 SoC NE 0.260 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC PE 0.159
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC Do 0.330 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC NE -0.160
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC ApSR 0.070 Kim et al., 2016 409 SoC AvSR 0.133
Harrell et al., 1980 600 SoC AvSR 0.370 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC PE -0.192
Hellmann et al., 2016 75 SoC ApSR 0.244 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC NE 0.215
Hellmann et al., 2016 75 SoC Do 0.201 Kim et al., 2016 409 SpC AvSR -0.171
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 60 SoC ApSR 0.299 Kim & Runyan, 2011 382 SoC AvSR -0.344
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 1486 SoC ApSR 0.135 Langer & Saegert, 1977 80 SoC Do 0.548
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 97 SoC ApSR 0.244 Langer & Saegert, 1977 80 SoC AvSR 0.258
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 108 SoC ApSR 0.283 Levav & Zhu, 2009 115 SpC Do 0.217
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 107 SoC ApSR 0.210 Levav & Zhu, 2009 80 SpC ApSR 0.239
Hock & Bagchi, 2017 108 SoC ApSR 0.152 Levav & Zhu, 2009 82 SpC ApSR 0.292
研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数		 研究 样本量 拥挤 情绪 购物
反应		 相关
系数
Levav & Zhu, 2009 84 SpC ApSR 0.209 Maeng et al., 2013 34 SoC ApSR 0.649
Li, 2004 532 SpC PE -0.292 Maeng et al., 2013 56 SoC ApSR 0.283
Li, 2004 532 SpC Ar -0.186 Mattila & Hanks, 2012 233 SoC NE 0.187
Li, 2004 532 SpC Do -0.353 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC PE -0.265
Li, 2004 532 SpC AvSR -0.472 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC Ar 0.100
Li, 2004 532 SpC ApSR -0.174 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC AvSR -0.173
Li, 2004 532 SoC PE 0.175 Mehta et al., 2013 201 SoC AvSR -0.221
Li, 2004 532 SoC Ar 0.05 Novelli et al., 2013 112 SoC PE 0.25
Li, 2004 532 SoC Do 0.201 O’Guinn et al., 2015 86 SoC AvSR -0.257
Li, 2004 532 SoC AvSR 0.314 O’Guinn et al., 2015 247 SoC AvSR -0.130
Li, 2004 532 SoC ApSR 0.155 O’Guinn et al., 2015 138 SoC AvSR -0.213
Li, 2004 532 SoC AvSR 0.08 O’Guinn et al., 2015 75 SoC AvSR -0.686
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC PE -0.090 O’Guinn et al., 2015 474 SoC AvSR -0.164
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC NE 0.147 O’Guinn et al., 2015 84 SoC AvSR -0.326
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC Ar -0.070 O’Guinn et al., 2015 247 SoC AvSR -0.182
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SoC AvSR -0.160 O’Guinn et al., 2015 138 SoC AvSR -0.381
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC PE -0.200 Poon & Grohmann, 2014 197 SpC NE -0.046
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC NE 0.173 Rafaeli & Sutton, 1990 194 SoC PE -0.085
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC Ar -0.080 Shirai, 2017 169 SoC AvSR 0.383
Machleit et al., 2000 722 SpC AvSR -0.36 Shirai, 2017 578 SoC AvSR 0.119
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC PE -0.110 Tse et al., 2002 300 SoC AvSR 0.328
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC NE 0.103 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC AvSR 0.096
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SoC AvSR -0.223 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC ApSR -0.034
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC PE -0.270 Wei et al., 2019 269 SoC AvSR -0.512
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC NE 0.126 Xu & Albarracín, 2016 106 SpC ApSR -0.186
Machleit et al., 2000 153 SpC AvSR -0.320 Xu & Albarracín, 2016 114 SpC ApSR -0.169
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC PE -0.095 Yildirim & Akalin-Baskaya, 2007 465 SpC PE 0.228
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC NE 0.143 常耀, 2017 974 SoC AvSR -0.350
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC Ar 0.230 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC ApSR 0.135
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SoC AvSR -0.180 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC PE -0.11
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC PE -0.355 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 124 SoC NE 0.078
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC NE 0.221 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC ApSR -0.383
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC Ar 0.200 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC PE -0.043
Machleit et al., 2000 231 SpC AvSR -0.560 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 60 SoC Ar -0.105
Machleit et al., 1994 76 SoC AvSR -0.350 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 94 SoC NE 0.421
Machleit et al., 1994 76 SpC AvSR -0.230 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 94 SoC PE -0.53
Machleit et al., 1994 140 SoC AvSR 0.010 丁瑛, 钟嘉琦, 2020 10229 SoC ApSR 0.226
Machleit et al., 1994 140 SpC AvSR -0.280 户文月, 2015 653 SoC AvSR -0.093
Machleit et al., 1994 117 SoC AvSR -0.070 李娜, 2018 67 SoC ApSR 0.553
Machleit et al., 1994 117 SpC AvSR -0.380 李娜, 2018 82 SoC AvSR -0.635
Machleit et al., 1994 115 SoC AvSR 0.130 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC PE 0.253
Machleit et al., 1994 115 SpC AvSR -0.250 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC NE -0.172
Maeng & Tanner, 2013 164 SoC ApSR 0.257 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SoC AvSR 0.239
Maeng et al., 2013 73 SoC ApSR 0.279 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC PE -0.192
Maeng et al., 2013 100 SoC ApSR 0.393 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC NE 0.223
Maeng et al., 2013 380 SoC ApSR 0.287 张圆刚等, 2018 432 SpC AvSR -0.168
Maeng et al., 2013 34 SoC NE 0.499







(*为纳入元分析的文献)
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[9] Bullock, R. J. (1986). A meta-analysis method for od case studies. Group & Organization Studies, 11(1-2), 33-48.
[10] Burnett, J. J., & Dune, P. M. (1986). An appraisal of the use of student subjects in marketing research. Journal of Business Research, 14(4), 329-343.
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[11] *Byun, S. E., & Mann, M. (2011). The influence of others: The impact of perceived human crowding on perceived competition, emotions, and hedonic shopping value. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(4), 284-297.
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