![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1兰州大学管理学院, 兰州 730000
2东北大学工商管理学院, 沈阳 110167
收稿日期:
2019-11-15出版日期:
2020-10-25发布日期:
2020-08-24通讯作者:
马增光E-mail:xmgyx1496@163.com基金资助:
* 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71972092);国家自然科学基金面上项目(71972093);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(人文社科类)(2020jbkytd003);甘肃省社科规划面上项目(YB033)A meta-analysis of the effect of crowding on consumers’ emotional reactions and shopping-related behavioral reactions
LIU Wumei1, MA Zengguang2(![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/images/email.png)
1School of Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
Received:
2019-11-15Online:
2020-10-25Published:
2020-08-24Contact:
MA Zengguang E-mail:xmgyx1496@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要: 拥挤是由社会(人群)运动空间和物理空间受限引发的一种主观感受和客观状态。随着消费者所处的环境越来越拥挤, 近些年来消费者行为领域对拥挤的关注逐渐增多, 但目前的研究结论并不一致。本文通过元分析方法获得了38个研究、81个样本的149个效应值, 分别探讨了两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应(趋近型购物反应与回避型购物反应)的影响, 并尝试找出以往研究结果表现出异质性的原因。从情绪层面来看, 社会拥挤正向影响消费者的消极情绪, 负向影响自主感知; 空间拥挤负向影响消费者积极情绪, 正向影响消极情绪。从购物反应层面来看, 社会拥挤会显著增强消费者的趋近型购物反应(ρ = 0.208, N = 28624), 增加风险规避, 并负向影响消费者的购物态度和意愿(ρ = -0.135, N = 10094); 空间拥挤对消费者趋近型购物反应的影响并不显著, 但能负向影响回避型购物反应(ρ = -0.409, N = 3223)。进一步的调节分析发现, 购物环境类型、研究情境的真实性、是否为学生样本、以及样本来源于西方国家还是东方国家等能够调节拥挤对消费者部分情绪和购物反应的影响。本文最后讨论了研究结果, 并对管理实践和未来研究提供了建议。
图/表 7
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-10/Images/0439-755X-52-10-1237/img_1.png)
图1本文研究框架
![](http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlxb/fileup/0439-755X/FIGURE/2020-52-10/Images/0439-755X-52-10-1237/img_1.png)
表1社会拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | 双尾检验 | QW | I2 | Begg检验显著性 | 失安全系数 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | Z值 | p值 | ||||||||
情绪 | 41 | 10742 | 0.040 | -0.071 | 0.150 | 0.712 | 0.477 | 1309.207*** | 96.945 | 0.723 | — |
积极情绪 | 15 | 3587 | 0.035 | -0.109 | 0.178 | 0.478 | 0.633 | 246.352*** | 94.317 | 0.805 | — |
消极情绪 | 13 | 3377 | 0.235 | -0.003 | 0.448 | 1.937 | 0.053 | 582.671*** | 97.941 | 0.393 | 435 |
唤醒 | 7 | 2107 | 0.049 | -0.087 | 0.182 | 0.705 | 0.481 | 50.071*** | 88.017 | 0.652 | — |
自主感知 | 6 | 1671 | -0.378 | -0.511 | -0.227 | -4.676 | 0.000 | 47.822*** | 89.545 | 0.851 | 322 |
趋近型购物反应 | 31 | 28624 | 0.208 | 0.167 | 0.248 | 9.768 | 0.000 | 211.292*** | 85.802 | 0.020 | 5394 |
品牌依恋 | 11 | 1949 | 0.198 | 0.126 | 0.269 | 5.274 | 0.000 | 27.440** | 63.557 | 0.186 | 206 |
口碑传播 | 5 | 2069 | 0.207 | 0.112 | 0.298 | 4.213 | 0.000 | 11.520** | 65.279 | 0.624 | 72 |
能量摄入 | 6 | 1966 | 0.227 | 0.153 | 0.298 | 5.871 | 0.000 | 7.281 | 31.326 | 0.133 | 98 |
产品购买 | 4 | 11883 | 0.178 | 0.026 | 0.322 | 2.294 | 0.022 | 48.892*** | 93.864 | 1.000 | 484 |
关注自我与他人 | 5 | 10757 | 0.216 | 0.058 | 0.364 | 2.657 | 0.008 | 30.585*** | 86.922 | 0.624 | 318 |
回避型购物反应:意愿与态度 | 34 | 10094 | -0.135 | -0.251 | -0.015 | -2.200 | 0.028 | 1209.224*** | 97.271 | 0.173 | 653 |
满意度 | 16 | 5612 | -0.036 | -0.218 | 0.147 | -0.385 | 0.700 | 700.008*** | 97.857 | 0.528 | — |
推断与评价 | 11 | 3067 | -0.202 | -0.407 | 0.023 | -1.763 | 0.078 | 388.366*** | 97.425 | 0.139 | 131 |
惠顾与支付意愿 | 7 | 1415 | -0.266 | -0.358 | -0.168 | -5.226 | 0.000 | 20.323** | 70.477 | 0.453 | 176 |
回避型购物反应:风险厌恶 | 8 | 1143 | 0.416 | 0.277 | 0.537 | 5.478 | 0.000 | 42.896*** | 83.682 | 0.083 | 316 |
表1社会拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | 双尾检验 | QW | I2 | Begg检验显著性 | 失安全系数 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | Z值 | p值 | ||||||||
情绪 | 41 | 10742 | 0.040 | -0.071 | 0.150 | 0.712 | 0.477 | 1309.207*** | 96.945 | 0.723 | — |
积极情绪 | 15 | 3587 | 0.035 | -0.109 | 0.178 | 0.478 | 0.633 | 246.352*** | 94.317 | 0.805 | — |
消极情绪 | 13 | 3377 | 0.235 | -0.003 | 0.448 | 1.937 | 0.053 | 582.671*** | 97.941 | 0.393 | 435 |
唤醒 | 7 | 2107 | 0.049 | -0.087 | 0.182 | 0.705 | 0.481 | 50.071*** | 88.017 | 0.652 | — |
自主感知 | 6 | 1671 | -0.378 | -0.511 | -0.227 | -4.676 | 0.000 | 47.822*** | 89.545 | 0.851 | 322 |
趋近型购物反应 | 31 | 28624 | 0.208 | 0.167 | 0.248 | 9.768 | 0.000 | 211.292*** | 85.802 | 0.020 | 5394 |
品牌依恋 | 11 | 1949 | 0.198 | 0.126 | 0.269 | 5.274 | 0.000 | 27.440** | 63.557 | 0.186 | 206 |
口碑传播 | 5 | 2069 | 0.207 | 0.112 | 0.298 | 4.213 | 0.000 | 11.520** | 65.279 | 0.624 | 72 |
能量摄入 | 6 | 1966 | 0.227 | 0.153 | 0.298 | 5.871 | 0.000 | 7.281 | 31.326 | 0.133 | 98 |
产品购买 | 4 | 11883 | 0.178 | 0.026 | 0.322 | 2.294 | 0.022 | 48.892*** | 93.864 | 1.000 | 484 |
关注自我与他人 | 5 | 10757 | 0.216 | 0.058 | 0.364 | 2.657 | 0.008 | 30.585*** | 86.922 | 0.624 | 318 |
回避型购物反应:意愿与态度 | 34 | 10094 | -0.135 | -0.251 | -0.015 | -2.200 | 0.028 | 1209.224*** | 97.271 | 0.173 | 653 |
满意度 | 16 | 5612 | -0.036 | -0.218 | 0.147 | -0.385 | 0.700 | 700.008*** | 97.857 | 0.528 | — |
推断与评价 | 11 | 3067 | -0.202 | -0.407 | 0.023 | -1.763 | 0.078 | 388.366*** | 97.425 | 0.139 | 131 |
惠顾与支付意愿 | 7 | 1415 | -0.266 | -0.358 | -0.168 | -5.226 | 0.000 | 20.323** | 70.477 | 0.453 | 176 |
回避型购物反应:风险厌恶 | 8 | 1143 | 0.416 | 0.277 | 0.537 | 5.478 | 0.000 | 42.896*** | 83.682 | 0.083 | 316 |
表2空间拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | 双尾检验 | QW | I2 | Begg检验显著性 | 失安全系数 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | Z值 | p值 | ||||||||
情绪 | 16 | 6573 | -0.037 | -0.165 | 0.092 | -0.560 | 0.576 | 416.998*** | 96.403 | 0.928 | 27 |
积极情绪 | 7 | 2944 | -0.219 | -0.380 | -0.044 | -2.449 | 0.014 | 139.209*** | 95.690 | 0.881 | 215 |
消极情绪 | 6 | 2144 | 0.192 | 0.110 | 0.270 | 4.571 | 0.000 | 17.293*** | 71.087 | 0.348 | 117 |
唤醒 | 3 | 1485 | -0.047 | -0.295 | 0.207 | -0.359 | 0.720 | 46.161*** | 95.667 | 0.602 | 5 |
趋近型购物反应 | 6 | 998 | 0.033 | -0.186 | 0.250 | 0.296 | 0.767 | 38.810*** | 89.756 | 0.039 | — |
冲动购买 | 3 | 752 | -0.213 | -0.281 | -0.144 | -5.899 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.602 | 21 |
多样化选择 | 3 | 246 | 0.293 | 0.173 | 0.405 | 4.650 | 0.000 | 0.481 | 0.000 | 0.602 | 14 |
回避型购物反应 | 11 | 3223 | -0.409 | -0.506 | -0.302 | -6.941 | 0.000 | 114.599*** | 91.274 | 0.392 | 1558 |
表2空间拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的元分析结果
结果变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | 双尾检验 | QW | I2 | Begg检验显著性 | 失安全系数 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | Z值 | p值 | ||||||||
情绪 | 16 | 6573 | -0.037 | -0.165 | 0.092 | -0.560 | 0.576 | 416.998*** | 96.403 | 0.928 | 27 |
积极情绪 | 7 | 2944 | -0.219 | -0.380 | -0.044 | -2.449 | 0.014 | 139.209*** | 95.690 | 0.881 | 215 |
消极情绪 | 6 | 2144 | 0.192 | 0.110 | 0.270 | 4.571 | 0.000 | 17.293*** | 71.087 | 0.348 | 117 |
唤醒 | 3 | 1485 | -0.047 | -0.295 | 0.207 | -0.359 | 0.720 | 46.161*** | 95.667 | 0.602 | 5 |
趋近型购物反应 | 6 | 998 | 0.033 | -0.186 | 0.250 | 0.296 | 0.767 | 38.810*** | 89.756 | 0.039 | — |
冲动购买 | 3 | 752 | -0.213 | -0.281 | -0.144 | -5.899 | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.602 | 21 |
多样化选择 | 3 | 246 | 0.293 | 0.173 | 0.405 | 4.650 | 0.000 | 0.481 | 0.000 | 0.602 | 14 |
回避型购物反应 | 11 | 3223 | -0.409 | -0.506 | -0.302 | -6.941 | 0.000 | 114.599*** | 91.274 | 0.392 | 1558 |
表3各调节变量对社会拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | |||||||||
积极情绪、 唤醒 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 5 | 1197 | 0.317*** | 0.170 | 0.451 | 24.560*** | 12.911*** | 83.713 |
实用型 | 12 | 4047 | -0.011 | -0.110 | 0.088 | 102.240*** | 89.241 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 16 | 4832 | 0.065 | -0.047 | 0.176 | 215.578*** | 0.339 | 93.042 | |
虚拟情境 | 6 | 830 | -0.029 | -0.313 | 0.260 | 82.065*** | 93.907 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 10 | 2645 | -0.032 | -0.186 | 0.123 | 134.972** | 1.541 | 93.332 | |
西方国家 | 12 | 3049 | 0.102 | -0.042 | 0.242 | 156.480*** | 92.970 | |||
非学生 | 15 | 4864 | 0.050 | -0.064 | 0.163 | 1166.026*** | 0.020 | 93.388 | ||
学生 | 7 | 830 | 0.028 | -0.244 | 0.296 | 145.47 6*** | 93.166 | |||
消极情绪、 自主感知 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 4 | 1136 | -0.153** | -0.257 | -0.046 | 8.690* | 1.470 | 65.479 |
实用型 | 9 | 3123 | 0.089 | -0.281 | 0.436 | 878.163*** | 99.089 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 11 | 3873 | -0.008 | -0.305 | 0.290 | 906.890*** | 0.319 | 98.897 | |
虚拟情境 | 8 | 1175 | 0.100 | -0.120 | 0.311 | 92.549*** | 92.436 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 5 | 1591 | -0.017 | -0.212 | 0.179 | 57.671** | 0.161 | 93.064 | |
西方国家 | 14 | 3457 | 0.054 | -0.229 | 0.329 | 899.181*** | 98.554 | |||
非学生 | 13 | 4429 | -0.012 | -0.217 | 0.249 | 941.150*** | 0.740 | 98.725 | ||
学生 | 6 | 619 | 0.149 | -0.106 | 0.386 | 46.211*** | 89.180 | |||
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
低 | 高 | |||||||||
趋近型购 物反应 | 情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 12 | 25708 | 0.253*** | 0.169 | 0.333 | 804.337*** | 1.182 | 98.632 |
虚拟情境 | 20 | 2916 | 0.196*** | 0.136 | 0.255 | 52.403*** | 63.743 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 9 | 22186 | 0.273*** | 0.221 | 0.323 | 50.752*** | 8.829** | 58.636 | |
西方国家 | 20 | 6233 | 0.169*** | 0.124 | 0.213 | 47.886*** | 65.868 | |||
非学生 | 18 | 27057 | 0.185*** | 0.133 | 0.236 | 194.039** | 3.225? | 91.239 | ||
学生 | 13 | 1567 | 0.256** | 0.229 | 0.313 | 17.156 | 30.054 | |||
回避反应: 风险厌恶 | 样本 来源 | 非学生 | 2 | 649 | 0.235* | 0.009 | 0.438 | 8.632** | 3.541? | 88.416 |
学生 | 6 | 494 | 0.486*** | 0.322 | 0.621 | 21.741** | 77.002 | |||
回避反应: 意愿与态度 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 6 | 2698 | 0.050 | -0.233 | 0.326 | 257.004** | 1.034 | 98.055 |
实用型 | 24 | 6558 | -0.115 | -0.252 | 0.026 | 744.795*** | 96.912 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 17 | 6457 | 0.011 | -0.151 | 0.172 | 681.678*** | 5.769* | 97.653 | |
虚拟情境 | 17 | 3637 | -0.278** | -0.434 | -0.106 | 455.354*** | 96.486 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 11 | 4485 | -0.012 | -0.223 | 0.200 | 508.519*** | 2.197 | 98.034 | |
西方国家 | 22 | 5031 | -0.209** | -0.353 | -0.056 | 630.256*** | 96.668 | |||
非学生 | 23 | 8382 | -0.103 | -0.248 | 0.045 | 1026.715*** | 0.794 | 97.857 | ||
学生 | 10 | 1572 | -0.223* | -0.424 | -0.001 | 174.160*** | 94.832 |
表3各调节变量对社会拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | |||||||||
积极情绪、 唤醒 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 5 | 1197 | 0.317*** | 0.170 | 0.451 | 24.560*** | 12.911*** | 83.713 |
实用型 | 12 | 4047 | -0.011 | -0.110 | 0.088 | 102.240*** | 89.241 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 16 | 4832 | 0.065 | -0.047 | 0.176 | 215.578*** | 0.339 | 93.042 | |
虚拟情境 | 6 | 830 | -0.029 | -0.313 | 0.260 | 82.065*** | 93.907 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 10 | 2645 | -0.032 | -0.186 | 0.123 | 134.972** | 1.541 | 93.332 | |
西方国家 | 12 | 3049 | 0.102 | -0.042 | 0.242 | 156.480*** | 92.970 | |||
非学生 | 15 | 4864 | 0.050 | -0.064 | 0.163 | 1166.026*** | 0.020 | 93.388 | ||
学生 | 7 | 830 | 0.028 | -0.244 | 0.296 | 145.47 6*** | 93.166 | |||
消极情绪、 自主感知 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 4 | 1136 | -0.153** | -0.257 | -0.046 | 8.690* | 1.470 | 65.479 |
实用型 | 9 | 3123 | 0.089 | -0.281 | 0.436 | 878.163*** | 99.089 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 11 | 3873 | -0.008 | -0.305 | 0.290 | 906.890*** | 0.319 | 98.897 | |
虚拟情境 | 8 | 1175 | 0.100 | -0.120 | 0.311 | 92.549*** | 92.436 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 5 | 1591 | -0.017 | -0.212 | 0.179 | 57.671** | 0.161 | 93.064 | |
西方国家 | 14 | 3457 | 0.054 | -0.229 | 0.329 | 899.181*** | 98.554 | |||
非学生 | 13 | 4429 | -0.012 | -0.217 | 0.249 | 941.150*** | 0.740 | 98.725 | ||
学生 | 6 | 619 | 0.149 | -0.106 | 0.386 | 46.211*** | 89.180 | |||
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
低 | 高 | |||||||||
趋近型购 物反应 | 情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 12 | 25708 | 0.253*** | 0.169 | 0.333 | 804.337*** | 1.182 | 98.632 |
虚拟情境 | 20 | 2916 | 0.196*** | 0.136 | 0.255 | 52.403*** | 63.743 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 9 | 22186 | 0.273*** | 0.221 | 0.323 | 50.752*** | 8.829** | 58.636 | |
西方国家 | 20 | 6233 | 0.169*** | 0.124 | 0.213 | 47.886*** | 65.868 | |||
非学生 | 18 | 27057 | 0.185*** | 0.133 | 0.236 | 194.039** | 3.225? | 91.239 | ||
学生 | 13 | 1567 | 0.256** | 0.229 | 0.313 | 17.156 | 30.054 | |||
回避反应: 风险厌恶 | 样本 来源 | 非学生 | 2 | 649 | 0.235* | 0.009 | 0.438 | 8.632** | 3.541? | 88.416 |
学生 | 6 | 494 | 0.486*** | 0.322 | 0.621 | 21.741** | 77.002 | |||
回避反应: 意愿与态度 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 6 | 2698 | 0.050 | -0.233 | 0.326 | 257.004** | 1.034 | 98.055 |
实用型 | 24 | 6558 | -0.115 | -0.252 | 0.026 | 744.795*** | 96.912 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 17 | 6457 | 0.011 | -0.151 | 0.172 | 681.678*** | 5.769* | 97.653 | |
虚拟情境 | 17 | 3637 | -0.278** | -0.434 | -0.106 | 455.354*** | 96.486 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 11 | 4485 | -0.012 | -0.223 | 0.200 | 508.519*** | 2.197 | 98.034 | |
西方国家 | 22 | 5031 | -0.209** | -0.353 | -0.056 | 630.256*** | 96.668 | |||
非学生 | 23 | 8382 | -0.103 | -0.248 | 0.045 | 1026.715*** | 0.794 | 97.857 | ||
学生 | 10 | 1572 | -0.223* | -0.424 | -0.001 | 174.160*** | 94.832 |
表4各调节变量对空间拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | |||||||||
积极情绪、 唤醒、自主 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 3 | 1306 | -0.060 | -0.377 | 0.270 | 76.396 | 0.714 | 97.382 |
实用型 | 7 | 3655 | -0.214** | -0.343 | -0.076 | 89.810 | 93.319 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 8 | 4034 | -0.271*** | -0.345 | -0.194 | 47.063*** | 3.989* | 85.126 | |
虚拟情境 | 4 | 1042 | 0.088 | -0.256 | 0.412 | 89.941*** | 96.664 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 5 | 2437 | -0.305*** | -0.381 | -0.225 | 100.237** | 3.911* | 78.568 | |
西方国家 | 6 | 2174 | -0.104 | -0.286 | 0.085 | 181.418*** | 94.370 | |||
非学生 | 9 | 4499 | -0.214** | -0.340 | -0.081 | 170.148*** | 0.876 | 95.298 | ||
学生 | 3 | 577 | 0.024 | -0.432 | 0.470 | 66.940*** | 97.012 | |||
消极 情绪 | 情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 4 | 1716 | 0.227*** | 0.182 | 0.272 | 1.943 | 0.516 | 0.000 |
虚拟情境 | 2 | 428 | 0.111 | -0.209 | 0.410 | 11.429** | 91.250 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 2 | 841 | 0.255*** | 0.190 | 0.272 | 0.100 | 2.110 | 0.000 | |
西方国家 | 4 | 1303 | 0.151* | 0.023 | 0.275 | 13.668** | 78.051 | |||
非学生 | 4 | 1716 | 0.227*** | 0.182 | 0.272 | 1.943 | 0.516 | 0.000 | ||
学生 | 2 | 428 | 0.111 | -0.209 | 0.410 | 11.429** | 91.250 | |||
回避型购物 反应 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 2 | 841 | -0.195*** | -0.260 | -0.129 | 0.016 | 22.197*** | 0.000 |
实用型 | 9 | 2382 | -0.460*** | -0.538 | -0.374 | 46.141*** | 82.662 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 9 | 2916 | -0.386*** | -0.482 | -0.280 | 78.403*** | 0.271 | 89.796 | |
虚拟情境 | 2 | 307 | -0.503* | -0.797 | -0.015 | 16.707*** | 94.015 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 3 | 1373 | -0.337* | -0.579 | -0.041 | 67.921*** | 0.468 | 97.055 | |
西方国家 | 8 | 1850 | -0.441*** | -0.527 | -0.346 | 35.531*** | 80.299 | |||
非学生 | 7 | 2480 | -0.374*** | -0.492 | -0.243 | 72.819*** | 1.120 | 91.760 | ||
学生 | 3 | 603 | -0.507*** | -0.680 | -0.281 | 19.660*** | 89.827 |
表4各调节变量对空间拥挤与消费者情绪和购物反应关系的调节作用
结果 变量 | 调节变量 | k | N | ρ | 95%置信区间 | QW | QB | I2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
低 | 高 | |||||||||
积极情绪、 唤醒、自主 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 3 | 1306 | -0.060 | -0.377 | 0.270 | 76.396 | 0.714 | 97.382 |
实用型 | 7 | 3655 | -0.214** | -0.343 | -0.076 | 89.810 | 93.319 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 8 | 4034 | -0.271*** | -0.345 | -0.194 | 47.063*** | 3.989* | 85.126 | |
虚拟情境 | 4 | 1042 | 0.088 | -0.256 | 0.412 | 89.941*** | 96.664 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 5 | 2437 | -0.305*** | -0.381 | -0.225 | 100.237** | 3.911* | 78.568 | |
西方国家 | 6 | 2174 | -0.104 | -0.286 | 0.085 | 181.418*** | 94.370 | |||
非学生 | 9 | 4499 | -0.214** | -0.340 | -0.081 | 170.148*** | 0.876 | 95.298 | ||
学生 | 3 | 577 | 0.024 | -0.432 | 0.470 | 66.940*** | 97.012 | |||
消极 情绪 | 情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 4 | 1716 | 0.227*** | 0.182 | 0.272 | 1.943 | 0.516 | 0.000 |
虚拟情境 | 2 | 428 | 0.111 | -0.209 | 0.410 | 11.429** | 91.250 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 2 | 841 | 0.255*** | 0.190 | 0.272 | 0.100 | 2.110 | 0.000 | |
西方国家 | 4 | 1303 | 0.151* | 0.023 | 0.275 | 13.668** | 78.051 | |||
非学生 | 4 | 1716 | 0.227*** | 0.182 | 0.272 | 1.943 | 0.516 | 0.000 | ||
学生 | 2 | 428 | 0.111 | -0.209 | 0.410 | 11.429** | 91.250 | |||
回避型购物 反应 | 购物环 境类型 | 享乐型 | 2 | 841 | -0.195*** | -0.260 | -0.129 | 0.016 | 22.197*** | 0.000 |
实用型 | 9 | 2382 | -0.460*** | -0.538 | -0.374 | 46.141*** | 82.662 | |||
情境 真实性 | 真实情境 | 9 | 2916 | -0.386*** | -0.482 | -0.280 | 78.403*** | 0.271 | 89.796 | |
虚拟情境 | 2 | 307 | -0.503* | -0.797 | -0.015 | 16.707*** | 94.015 | |||
样本 来源 | 东方国家 | 3 | 1373 | -0.337* | -0.579 | -0.041 | 67.921*** | 0.468 | 97.055 | |
西方国家 | 8 | 1850 | -0.441*** | -0.527 | -0.346 | 35.531*** | 80.299 | |||
非学生 | 7 | 2480 | -0.374*** | -0.492 | -0.243 | 72.819*** | 1.120 | 91.760 | ||
学生 | 3 | 603 | -0.507*** | -0.680 | -0.281 | 19.660*** | 89.827 |
表5研究假设验证结果总结
研究假设 | 检验结果 |
---|---|
H1a:社会拥挤会正向影响消费者的积极情绪和唤醒。 | 不成立 |
H1b:社会拥挤会负向影响消费者的消极情绪和自主。 | 部分成立 |
H2a:社会拥挤会引发消费者的行为应对, 正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 | 成立 |
H2b:社会拥挤会引发消费者的回避动机, 正向影响消费者回避反应中的风险厌恶。 | 成立 |
H2c:社会拥挤会导致消极的消费者态度和意愿, 即负向影响消费者回避反应中的满意度、支付与惠顾意愿、推断与评价。 | 部分成立 |
H3a:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的积极情绪、唤醒和自主。 | 部分成立 |
H3b:空间拥挤会正向影响消极情绪。 | 成立 |
H4a:空间拥挤会正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 | 不成立 |
H4b:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的回避型购物反应。 | 成立 |
H5:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到购物环境类型的调节。具体而言, 在享乐型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者积极情绪、趋近型购物反应和风险厌恶的正向影响更强; 在实用型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者消极情绪和回避型反应中消费者意愿和态度的负向影响更强。 | 部分成立 |
H6:研究情境的真实性(虚拟情境vs.真实情境)能够调节两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响。具体而言, 在虚拟拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 在真实拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 | 部分成立 |
H7:两类拥挤对个体情绪和购物反应的影响受到研究样本所属国家地域(东方国家vs.西方国家)的调节。具体而言, 对于西方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 对于东方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 | 不成立 |
H8:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到样本是否来源于学生群体的调节。对于学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更强; 对于非学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更弱。 | 部分成立 |
表5研究假设验证结果总结
研究假设 | 检验结果 |
---|---|
H1a:社会拥挤会正向影响消费者的积极情绪和唤醒。 | 不成立 |
H1b:社会拥挤会负向影响消费者的消极情绪和自主。 | 部分成立 |
H2a:社会拥挤会引发消费者的行为应对, 正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 | 成立 |
H2b:社会拥挤会引发消费者的回避动机, 正向影响消费者回避反应中的风险厌恶。 | 成立 |
H2c:社会拥挤会导致消极的消费者态度和意愿, 即负向影响消费者回避反应中的满意度、支付与惠顾意愿、推断与评价。 | 部分成立 |
H3a:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的积极情绪、唤醒和自主。 | 部分成立 |
H3b:空间拥挤会正向影响消极情绪。 | 成立 |
H4a:空间拥挤会正向影响消费者的趋近型购物反应。 | 不成立 |
H4b:空间拥挤会负向影响消费者的回避型购物反应。 | 成立 |
H5:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到购物环境类型的调节。具体而言, 在享乐型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者积极情绪、趋近型购物反应和风险厌恶的正向影响更强; 在实用型购物环境下, 两类拥挤对消费者消极情绪和回避型反应中消费者意愿和态度的负向影响更强。 | 部分成立 |
H6:研究情境的真实性(虚拟情境vs.真实情境)能够调节两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响。具体而言, 在虚拟拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 在真实拥挤情境下, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 | 部分成立 |
H7:两类拥挤对个体情绪和购物反应的影响受到研究样本所属国家地域(东方国家vs.西方国家)的调节。具体而言, 对于西方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更强; 对于东方国家的消费者, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响均更弱。 | 不成立 |
H8:两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的影响受到样本是否来源于学生群体的调节。对于学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更强; 对于非学生样本, 两类拥挤对消费者情绪和购物反应的正向和负向影响更弱。 | 部分成立 |
附录2纳入元分析的原始研究的基本资料
研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 | 研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 | SoC | PE | 0.357 | 150 | SoC | ApSR | 0.359 | ||||
10690 | SoC | ApSR | 0.284 | 126 | SoC | ApSR | 0.265 | ||||
300 | SoC | NE | -0.197 | 165 | SoC | ApSR | 0.340 | ||||
300 | SoC | Ar | -0.197 | 201 | SoC | ApSR | 0.114 | ||||
300 | SoC | AvSR | -0.385 | 200 | SoC | ApSR | 0.105 | ||||
234 | SoC | PE | 0.484 | 201 | SoC | ApSR | 0.143 | ||||
234 | SoC | NE | 0.007 | 204 | SoC | ApSR | 0.034 | ||||
323 | SoC | Do | -0.23 | 202 | SoC | ApSR | 0.101 | ||||
1407 | SoC | ApSR | 0.110 | 110 | SoC | ApSR | 0.079 | ||||
318 | SoC | ApSR | 0.250 | 240 | SoC | ApSR | 0.192 | ||||
86 | SoC | ApSR | 0.233 | 150 | SoC | ApSR | 0.220 | ||||
119 | SoC | ApSR | 0.237 | 61 | SoC | PE | -0.166 | ||||
139 | SoC | ApSR | 0.076 | 61 | SoC | Ar | -0.267 | ||||
296 | SoC | AvSR | 0.120 | 61 | SoC | Do | 0.239 | ||||
296 | SpC | AvSR | -0.39 | 61 | SoC | ApSR | 0.041 | ||||
139 | SoC | NE | -0.103 | 61 | SoC | AvSR | -0.031 | ||||
272 | SoC | NE | 0.260 | 409 | SoC | PE | 0.159 | ||||
600 | SoC | Do | 0.330 | 409 | SoC | NE | -0.160 | ||||
600 | SoC | ApSR | 0.070 | 409 | SoC | AvSR | 0.133 | ||||
600 | SoC | AvSR | 0.370 | 409 | SpC | PE | -0.192 | ||||
75 | SoC | ApSR | 0.244 | 409 | SpC | NE | 0.215 | ||||
75 | SoC | Do | 0.201 | 409 | SpC | AvSR | -0.171 | ||||
60 | SoC | ApSR | 0.299 | 382 | SoC | AvSR | -0.344 | ||||
1486 | SoC | ApSR | 0.135 | 80 | SoC | Do | 0.548 | ||||
97 | SoC | ApSR | 0.244 | 80 | SoC | AvSR | 0.258 | ||||
108 | SoC | ApSR | 0.283 | 115 | SpC | Do | 0.217 | ||||
107 | SoC | ApSR | 0.210 | 80 | SpC | ApSR | 0.239 | ||||
108 | SoC | ApSR | 0.152 | 82 | SpC | ApSR | 0.292 | ||||
研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 | 研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 |
84 | SpC | ApSR | 0.209 | 34 | SoC | ApSR | 0.649 | ||||
532 | SpC | PE | -0.292 | 56 | SoC | ApSR | 0.283 | ||||
532 | SpC | Ar | -0.186 | 233 | SoC | NE | 0.187 | ||||
532 | SpC | Do | -0.353 | 201 | SoC | PE | -0.265 | ||||
532 | SpC | AvSR | -0.472 | 201 | SoC | Ar | 0.100 | ||||
532 | SpC | ApSR | -0.174 | 201 | SoC | AvSR | -0.173 | ||||
532 | SoC | PE | 0.175 | 201 | SoC | AvSR | -0.221 | ||||
532 | SoC | Ar | 0.05 | 112 | SoC | PE | 0.25 | ||||
532 | SoC | Do | 0.201 | 86 | SoC | AvSR | -0.257 | ||||
532 | SoC | AvSR | 0.314 | 247 | SoC | AvSR | -0.130 | ||||
532 | SoC | ApSR | 0.155 | 138 | SoC | AvSR | -0.213 | ||||
532 | SoC | AvSR | 0.08 | 75 | SoC | AvSR | -0.686 | ||||
722 | SoC | PE | -0.090 | 474 | SoC | AvSR | -0.164 | ||||
722 | SoC | NE | 0.147 | 84 | SoC | AvSR | -0.326 | ||||
722 | SoC | Ar | -0.070 | 247 | SoC | AvSR | -0.182 | ||||
722 | SoC | AvSR | -0.160 | 138 | SoC | AvSR | -0.381 | ||||
722 | SpC | PE | -0.200 | 197 | SpC | NE | -0.046 | ||||
722 | SpC | NE | 0.173 | 194 | SoC | PE | -0.085 | ||||
722 | SpC | Ar | -0.080 | 169 | SoC | AvSR | 0.383 | ||||
722 | SpC | AvSR | -0.36 | 578 | SoC | AvSR | 0.119 | ||||
153 | SoC | PE | -0.110 | 300 | SoC | AvSR | 0.328 | ||||
153 | SoC | NE | 0.103 | 269 | SoC | AvSR | 0.096 | ||||
153 | SoC | AvSR | -0.223 | 269 | SoC | ApSR | -0.034 | ||||
153 | SpC | PE | -0.270 | 269 | SoC | AvSR | -0.512 | ||||
153 | SpC | NE | 0.126 | 106 | SpC | ApSR | -0.186 | ||||
153 | SpC | AvSR | -0.320 | 114 | SpC | ApSR | -0.169 | ||||
231 | SoC | PE | -0.095 | 465 | SpC | PE | 0.228 | ||||
231 | SoC | NE | 0.143 | 974 | SoC | AvSR | -0.350 | ||||
231 | SoC | Ar | 0.230 | 124 | SoC | ApSR | 0.135 | ||||
231 | SoC | AvSR | -0.180 | 124 | SoC | PE | -0.11 | ||||
231 | SpC | PE | -0.355 | 124 | SoC | NE | 0.078 | ||||
231 | SpC | NE | 0.221 | 60 | SoC | ApSR | -0.383 | ||||
231 | SpC | Ar | 0.200 | 60 | SoC | PE | -0.043 | ||||
231 | SpC | AvSR | -0.560 | 60 | SoC | Ar | -0.105 | ||||
76 | SoC | AvSR | -0.350 | 94 | SoC | NE | 0.421 | ||||
76 | SpC | AvSR | -0.230 | 94 | SoC | PE | -0.53 | ||||
140 | SoC | AvSR | 0.010 | 10229 | SoC | ApSR | 0.226 | ||||
140 | SpC | AvSR | -0.280 | 653 | SoC | AvSR | -0.093 | ||||
117 | SoC | AvSR | -0.070 | 67 | SoC | ApSR | 0.553 | ||||
117 | SpC | AvSR | -0.380 | 82 | SoC | AvSR | -0.635 | ||||
115 | SoC | AvSR | 0.130 | 432 | SoC | PE | 0.253 | ||||
115 | SpC | AvSR | -0.250 | 432 | SoC | NE | -0.172 | ||||
164 | SoC | ApSR | 0.257 | 432 | SoC | AvSR | 0.239 | ||||
73 | SoC | ApSR | 0.279 | 432 | SpC | PE | -0.192 | ||||
100 | SoC | ApSR | 0.393 | 432 | SpC | NE | 0.223 | ||||
380 | SoC | ApSR | 0.287 | 432 | SpC | AvSR | -0.168 | ||||
34 | SoC | NE | 0.499 |
附录2纳入元分析的原始研究的基本资料
研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 | 研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 | SoC | PE | 0.357 | 150 | SoC | ApSR | 0.359 | ||||
10690 | SoC | ApSR | 0.284 | 126 | SoC | ApSR | 0.265 | ||||
300 | SoC | NE | -0.197 | 165 | SoC | ApSR | 0.340 | ||||
300 | SoC | Ar | -0.197 | 201 | SoC | ApSR | 0.114 | ||||
300 | SoC | AvSR | -0.385 | 200 | SoC | ApSR | 0.105 | ||||
234 | SoC | PE | 0.484 | 201 | SoC | ApSR | 0.143 | ||||
234 | SoC | NE | 0.007 | 204 | SoC | ApSR | 0.034 | ||||
323 | SoC | Do | -0.23 | 202 | SoC | ApSR | 0.101 | ||||
1407 | SoC | ApSR | 0.110 | 110 | SoC | ApSR | 0.079 | ||||
318 | SoC | ApSR | 0.250 | 240 | SoC | ApSR | 0.192 | ||||
86 | SoC | ApSR | 0.233 | 150 | SoC | ApSR | 0.220 | ||||
119 | SoC | ApSR | 0.237 | 61 | SoC | PE | -0.166 | ||||
139 | SoC | ApSR | 0.076 | 61 | SoC | Ar | -0.267 | ||||
296 | SoC | AvSR | 0.120 | 61 | SoC | Do | 0.239 | ||||
296 | SpC | AvSR | -0.39 | 61 | SoC | ApSR | 0.041 | ||||
139 | SoC | NE | -0.103 | 61 | SoC | AvSR | -0.031 | ||||
272 | SoC | NE | 0.260 | 409 | SoC | PE | 0.159 | ||||
600 | SoC | Do | 0.330 | 409 | SoC | NE | -0.160 | ||||
600 | SoC | ApSR | 0.070 | 409 | SoC | AvSR | 0.133 | ||||
600 | SoC | AvSR | 0.370 | 409 | SpC | PE | -0.192 | ||||
75 | SoC | ApSR | 0.244 | 409 | SpC | NE | 0.215 | ||||
75 | SoC | Do | 0.201 | 409 | SpC | AvSR | -0.171 | ||||
60 | SoC | ApSR | 0.299 | 382 | SoC | AvSR | -0.344 | ||||
1486 | SoC | ApSR | 0.135 | 80 | SoC | Do | 0.548 | ||||
97 | SoC | ApSR | 0.244 | 80 | SoC | AvSR | 0.258 | ||||
108 | SoC | ApSR | 0.283 | 115 | SpC | Do | 0.217 | ||||
107 | SoC | ApSR | 0.210 | 80 | SpC | ApSR | 0.239 | ||||
108 | SoC | ApSR | 0.152 | 82 | SpC | ApSR | 0.292 | ||||
研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 | 研究 | 样本量 | 拥挤 | 情绪 | 购物 反应 | 相关 系数 |
84 | SpC | ApSR | 0.209 | 34 | SoC | ApSR | 0.649 | ||||
532 | SpC | PE | -0.292 | 56 | SoC | ApSR | 0.283 | ||||
532 | SpC | Ar | -0.186 | 233 | SoC | NE | 0.187 | ||||
532 | SpC | Do | -0.353 | 201 | SoC | PE | -0.265 | ||||
532 | SpC | AvSR | -0.472 | 201 | SoC | Ar | 0.100 | ||||
532 | SpC | ApSR | -0.174 | 201 | SoC | AvSR | -0.173 | ||||
532 | SoC | PE | 0.175 | 201 | SoC | AvSR | -0.221 | ||||
532 | SoC | Ar | 0.05 | 112 | SoC | PE | 0.25 | ||||
532 | SoC | Do | 0.201 | 86 | SoC | AvSR | -0.257 | ||||
532 | SoC | AvSR | 0.314 | 247 | SoC | AvSR | -0.130 | ||||
532 | SoC | ApSR | 0.155 | 138 | SoC | AvSR | -0.213 | ||||
532 | SoC | AvSR | 0.08 | 75 | SoC | AvSR | -0.686 | ||||
722 | SoC | PE | -0.090 | 474 | SoC | AvSR | -0.164 | ||||
722 | SoC | NE | 0.147 | 84 | SoC | AvSR | -0.326 | ||||
722 | SoC | Ar | -0.070 | 247 | SoC | AvSR | -0.182 | ||||
722 | SoC | AvSR | -0.160 | 138 | SoC | AvSR | -0.381 | ||||
722 | SpC | PE | -0.200 | 197 | SpC | NE | -0.046 | ||||
722 | SpC | NE | 0.173 | 194 | SoC | PE | -0.085 | ||||
722 | SpC | Ar | -0.080 | 169 | SoC | AvSR | 0.383 | ||||
722 | SpC | AvSR | -0.36 | 578 | SoC | AvSR | 0.119 | ||||
153 | SoC | PE | -0.110 | 300 | SoC | AvSR | 0.328 | ||||
153 | SoC | NE | 0.103 | 269 | SoC | AvSR | 0.096 | ||||
153 | SoC | AvSR | -0.223 | 269 | SoC | ApSR | -0.034 | ||||
153 | SpC | PE | -0.270 | 269 | SoC | AvSR | -0.512 | ||||
153 | SpC | NE | 0.126 | 106 | SpC | ApSR | -0.186 | ||||
153 | SpC | AvSR | -0.320 | 114 | SpC | ApSR | -0.169 | ||||
231 | SoC | PE | -0.095 | 465 | SpC | PE | 0.228 | ||||
231 | SoC | NE | 0.143 | 974 | SoC | AvSR | -0.350 | ||||
231 | SoC | Ar | 0.230 | 124 | SoC | ApSR | 0.135 | ||||
231 | SoC | AvSR | -0.180 | 124 | SoC | PE | -0.11 | ||||
231 | SpC | PE | -0.355 | 124 | SoC | NE | 0.078 | ||||
231 | SpC | NE | 0.221 | 60 | SoC | ApSR | -0.383 | ||||
231 | SpC | Ar | 0.200 | 60 | SoC | PE | -0.043 | ||||
231 | SpC | AvSR | -0.560 | 60 | SoC | Ar | -0.105 | ||||
76 | SoC | AvSR | -0.350 | 94 | SoC | NE | 0.421 | ||||
76 | SpC | AvSR | -0.230 | 94 | SoC | PE | -0.53 | ||||
140 | SoC | AvSR | 0.010 | 10229 | SoC | ApSR | 0.226 | ||||
140 | SpC | AvSR | -0.280 | 653 | SoC | AvSR | -0.093 | ||||
117 | SoC | AvSR | -0.070 | 67 | SoC | ApSR | 0.553 | ||||
117 | SpC | AvSR | -0.380 | 82 | SoC | AvSR | -0.635 | ||||
115 | SoC | AvSR | 0.130 | 432 | SoC | PE | 0.253 | ||||
115 | SpC | AvSR | -0.250 | 432 | SoC | NE | -0.172 | ||||
164 | SoC | ApSR | 0.257 | 432 | SoC | AvSR | 0.239 | ||||
73 | SoC | ApSR | 0.279 | 432 | SpC | PE | -0.192 | ||||
100 | SoC | ApSR | 0.393 | 432 | SpC | NE | 0.223 | ||||
380 | SoC | ApSR | 0.287 | 432 | SpC | AvSR | -0.168 | ||||
34 | SoC | NE | 0.499 |
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