动作理解因境而异: 动作加工中情境信息的自动整合

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

杨亦松, 林静, 何晓燕, 尹军(

)

宁波大学心理学系暨研究所; 宁波大学群体行为与社会心理服务研究中心, 浙江宁波 315211

收稿日期:2019-09-02出版日期:2020-06-25发布日期:2020-04-22
通讯作者:尹军E-mail:yinjun1@nbu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金面上项目(31871091);宁波大学研究生科研创新基金(G19057)

Contextual modulation of action interpretation: Automatic integration of situational contexts during action understanding

YANG Yisong, LIN Jing, HE Xiaoyan, YIN Jun(

)

Department of Psychology, Ningbo University; Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China

Received:2019-09-02Online:2020-06-25Published:2020-04-22
Contact:YIN Jun E-mail:yinjun1@nbu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对动作理解的机制, 模拟论主张大脑自发模拟他人的动作, 就相同的动作其理解也相同, 而理论论则认为人们基于合理性原则对他人动作进行推理, 相同的动作发生在不同的情境时会有不同的理解。但以往研究所采用动作材料的运动学特性和发生情境存在共变, 其难以区分动作理解是支持模拟论还是理论论。通过两项实验, 采用动画制作技术来产生有无约束情境下的追逐动作, 以指示动作加工过程的脑电μ抑制为指标, 对前述两种观点进行了检验。其中, 在约束情境中存在障碍物, 追逐者需改变运动方向以绕过障碍物, 从后方逐渐趋近目标; 而无约束情境中不存在障碍物, 但追逐者依然保持与存在约束情景下相同的运动模式。结果发现, 当追逐动作发生在存在约束的情境时, 其基于合理性原则推测可获得清晰的动作目标, 该条件下的μ抑制程度高于不存在约束情境的条件(实验1); 而当仅追逐者运动, 即趋近的目标不确定时, 虽然有约束和无约束情境间的物理差异与实验1相同, 但条件间μ抑制的差异消失(实验2); 且上述μ抑制并非与注意相关的枕叶α活动的泛化。该结果提示, 动作发生的情境信息影响人们对动作的理解, 即基于推理过程理解动作, 支持理论论观点。

图/表 5

图1存在约束情境(a)和不存在约束情境(b)的动作示意图

图2实验流程

图2实验流程

表1实验1和实验2中有无约束情境下不同脑电指标的能量值(μV2)

脑电指标	实验1: 追逐者和目标物均运动		实验2: 追逐者运动但目标物静止
脑电指标	有约束的情境	无约束的情境	有约束的情境	无约束的情境
顶叶μ	-1.955 (0.565)	-1.913 (0.564)	-1.929 (0.559)	-1.936 (0.569)
顶叶β	-0.093 (0.026)	-0.076 (0.030)	-0.084 (0.028)	-0.082 (0.028)
枕叶α	-3.782 (1.135)	-3.771 (1.138)	-3.761 (1.132)	-3.749 (1.133)

表1实验1和实验2中有无约束情境下不同脑电指标的能量值(μV2)

脑电指标	实验1: 追逐者和目标物均运动		实验2: 追逐者运动但目标物静止
脑电指标	有约束的情境	无约束的情境	有约束的情境	无约束的情境
顶叶μ	-1.955 (0.565)	-1.913 (0.564)	-1.929 (0.559)	-1.936 (0.569)
顶叶β	-0.093 (0.026)	-0.076 (0.030)	-0.084 (0.028)	-0.082 (0.028)
枕叶α	-3.782 (1.135)	-3.771 (1.138)	-3.761 (1.132)	-3.749 (1.133)

图3不同条件下顶叶(a)和枕叶(b) 8~13 Hz频段能量值注: *p < 0.05; 误差条为去除被试间变异后的标准误(Cousineau & O’Brien, 2014)

图4实验1和实验2不同条件下8~13 Hz频段能量地形图(a)及条件间能量差异地形图(b)

参考文献 58

[1]	Amoruso, L., & Urgesi, C . (2016). Contextual modulation of motor resonance during the observation of everyday actions. Neuroimage, 134, 74-84.
[2]	Baker, C. L., Saxe, R., & Tenenbaum, J. B . (2009). Action understanding as inverse planning. Cognition, 113(3), 329-349.
[3]	Barrett, H. C., Todd, P. M., Miller, G. F., & Blythe, P.W . (2005). Accurate judgments of intention from motion cues alone: A cross-cultural study. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(4), 313-331.
[4]	Blakemore, S. J., & Decety, J . (2001). From the perception of action to the understanding of intention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(8), 561-567.
[5]	Brainard, D. H . (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), 433-436.
[6]	Brass, M., Schmitt, R. M., Spengler, S., & Gergely, G . (2007). Investigating action understanding: Inferential processes versus action simulation. Current Biology, 17(24), 2117-2121.
[7]	Brown, E. C., Wiersema, J. R., Pourtois, G., & Brüne, M . (2013). Modulation of motor cortex activity when observing rewarding and punishing actions. Neuropsychologia, 51(1), 52-58.
[8]	Carter Leno, V., Vitoratou, S., Kent, R., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Jones, C. R., ... Simonoff, E . (2019). Exploring the neurocognitive correlates of challenging behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23(5), 1152-1164.
[9]	Cavallo, A., Koul, A., Ansuini, C., Capozzi, F., & Becchio, C . (2016). Decoding intentions from movement kinematics. Scientific Reports, 6, 37036.
[10]	Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A . (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893-910.
[11]	Cracco, E., de Coster, L., Andres, M., & Brass, M . (2016). Mirroring multiple agents: motor resonance during action observation is modulated by the number of agents. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(9), 1422-1427.
[12]	Csibra, G . (2007). Action mirroring and action understanding: An alternative account. In: P. Haggard, Y. Rosetti, & M. Kawato (Eds.), Sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition (attention and performance XXII) (pp. 435-459). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[13]	Csibra, G., Bíró, S., Koós, O., & Gergely, G . (2003). One-year- old infants use teleological representations of actions productively. Cognitive Science, 27(1), 111-133.
[14]	Csibra, G., & Gergely, G . (2007). “Obsessed with goals”: Functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans. Acta Psychologica, 124(1), 60-78.
[15]	Cousineau, D., & O'Brien, F . (2014). Error bars in within- subject designs: A comment on Baguley (2012). Behavior Research Methods, 46(4), 1149-1151.
[16]	Dijkerman, H. C., & Smit, M. C . (2007). Interference of grasping observation during prehension, a behavioural study. Experimental Brain Research, 176, 387-396.
[17]	di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G . (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91(1), 176-180.
[18]	Duan, J. P., Yang, Z. X., He, X. Y., Shao, M. X., & Yin, J . (2018). Automatic attribution of social coordination information to chasing scenes: Evidence from mu suppression. Experimental Brain Research, 236(1), 117-127.
[19]	Fogassi, L., Ferrari, P. F., Gesierich, B., Rozzi, S., Chersi, F., & Rizzolatti, G . (2005). Parietal lobe: From action organization to intention understanding. Science, 308(5722), 662-667.
[20]	Fox, N. A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Yoo, K. H., Bowman, L. C., Cannon, E. N., Vanderwert, R. E., ... van Ijzendoorn, M. H . (2016). Assessing human mirror activity with EEG Mu rhythm: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(3), 291-313.
[21]	Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G . (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119(2), 593-609.
[22]	Gallese, V., & Goldman, A . (1998) Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(12), 493-501.
[23]	Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Király, I . (2002). Developmental psychology: Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 415(6873), 755.
[24]	Gergely, G., & Csibra, G . (2003). Teleological reasoning in infancy: The na?ve theory of rational action. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 287-292.
[25]	Hauser, M., & Wood, J . (2010). Evolving the capacity to understand actions, intentions, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 303-324.
[26]	Heider, F., & Simmel, M . (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. The American Journal of Psychology, 57, 243-259.
[27]	Hobson, H. M., & Bishop, D. V. M . (2016). Mu suppression-a good measure of the human mirror neuron system? Cortex, 82, 290-310.
[28]	Iacoboni, M., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Gallese, V., Buccino, G., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G . (2005). Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system. PLoS Biology, 3(3), e79.
[29]	Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., Rizzolatti, G . (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286, 2526-2528.
[30]	Jacob, P., & Jeannerod, M . (2005) The motor theory of social cognition: A critique. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(1), 21-25.
[31]	Jara-Ettinger, J., Gweon, H., Schulz, L. E., & Tenenbaum, J. B . (2016). The na?ve utility calculus: Computational principles underlying commonsense psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(8), 589-604.
[32]	Kamewari, K., Kato, M., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., & Hiraki, K . (2005). Six-and-a-half-month-old children positively attribute goals to human action and to humanoid-robot motion. Cognitive Development, 20(2), 303-320.
[33]	Kilner, J. M., Paulignan, Y., & Blakemore, S. J . (2003). An interference effect of observed biological movement on action. Current Biology, 13( 6), 522-525.
[34]	Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., & Hanslmayr, S . (2007). EEG alpha oscillations: The inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews, 53(1), 63-88.
[35]	Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., & Volkmar, F . (2003). The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: Lessons from autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 345-360.
[36]	Koski, L., Wohlschl?ger, A., Bekkering, H., Woods, R. P., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Iacoboni, M . (2002). Modulation of motor and premotor activity during imitation of target-directed actions. Cerebral Cortex, 12(8), 847-855.
[37]	Koul, A., Cavallo, A., Cauda, F., Costa, T., Diano, M., Pontil, M., & Becchio, C . (2018). Action observation areas represent intentions from subtle kinematic features. Cerebral Cortex, 28(7), 2647-2654.
[38]	Liepelt, R., Cramon, D. Y., & Brass, M . (2008). What is matched in direct matching? Intention attribution modulates motor priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(3), 578-591. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.578 URL
[39]	Luo, Y. Y . (2011). Three-month-old infants attribute goals to a non-human agent. Developmental Science, 14(2), 453-460. doi: 10.1111/desc.2011.14.issue-2 URL
[40]	Maris, E., & Oostenveld, R . (2007). Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG-and MEG-data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 164(1), 177-190.
[41]	Marsh, L. E., Mullett, T. L., Ropar, D., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C . (2014). Responses to irrational actions in action observation and mentalising networks of the human brain. NeuroImage, 103, 81-90.
[42]	Miller, S . (2001). Social action: A teleological account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[43]	Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W., & McNair, N. A . (2004). Mu rhythm modulation during observation of an object-directed grasp. Cognitive Brain Research, 19(2), 195-201.
[44]	Natraj, N., Poole, V., Mizelle, J. C., Flumini, A., Borghi, A. M., & Wheaton, L. A . (2013). Context and hand posture modulate the neural dynamics of tool-object perception. Neuropsychologia, 51(3), 506-519.
[45]	Onishi, K. H., Baillargeon, R., & Leslie, A. M . (2007). 15-month- old infants detect violations in pretend scenarios. Acta Psychologica, 124(1), 106-128.
[46]	Perry, A., Stein, L., & Bentin, S . (2011). Motor and attentional mechanisms involved in social interaction—Evidence from mu and alpha EEG suppression. Neuroimage, 58(3), 895-904. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.060 URL
[47]	Pomiechowska, B., & Csibra, G . (2017). Motor activation during action perception depends on action interpretation. Neuropsychologia, 105, 84-91.
[48]	Powell, L. J., & Spelke, E. S . (2013). Preverbal infants expect members of social groups to act alike. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(41), E3965-E3972.
[49]	Rizzolatti, G., & Craighero, L . (2004) The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 169-192.
[50]	Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V . (2001) Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Review Neuroscience, 2(9), 661-670.
[51]	Sommerville, J. A., Woodward, A. L., & Needham, A . (2005). Action experience alters 3-month-old infants' perception of others' actions. Cognition, 96(1), B1-B11.
[52]	Southgate, V., & Csibra, G . (2009). Inferring the outcome of an ongoing novel action at 13 months. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1794-1798.
[53]	Tangwiriyasakul, C., Verhagen, R., van Putten, M. J. A. M., & Rutten, W. L. C . (2013). Importance of baseline in event- related desynchronization during a combination task of motor imagery and motor observation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(2), 026009.
[54]	Ullman, T. D., Baker, C. L., Macindoe, O., Evans, O., Goodman, N. D., & Tenenbaum, J. B . (2009). Help or hinder: Bayesian models of social goal inference. In Y. Bengio et al.(Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems 22. Vancouver: NIPS Foundation.
[55]	Ulloa, E. R., & Pineda, J. A . (2007). Recognition of point-light biological motion: Mu rhythms and mirror neuron activity. Behavioural Brain Research, 183(2), 188-194.
[56]	Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J . (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655-684. doi: 10.1111/cdev.2001.72.issue-3 URL
[57]	Ye, H. S . (2016). The significances of mirror neurons. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 48(4), 444-456. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.00444 URL
	[ 叶浩生 . (2016). 镜像神经元的意义. 心理学报, 48(4), 444-456.]
[58]	Yin, J., Xu, H. K., Ding, X. W., Liang, J. Y., Shui, R. D., & Shen, M. W . (2016). Social constraints from an observer's perspective: Coordinated actions make an agent's position more predictable. Cognition, 151, 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.009 URL