) 南京大学心理学系, 南京 210023
收稿日期:2019-09-06出版日期:2020-06-25发布日期:2020-04-22通讯作者:周仁来E-mail:rlzhou@nju.edu.cn基金资助:* 江苏高校哲学社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(2015JDXM001);南京大学双创示范基地重点项目(SCJD0406);南京大学博士研究生创新创意计划(CXCY18-06)Altered reward processing in women with premenstrual syndrome: Evidence from ERPs and time-frequency analysis
HOU Lulu, CHEN Lirong, ZHOU Renlai() Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
Received:2019-09-06Online:2020-06-25Published:2020-04-22Contact:ZHOU Renlai E-mail:rlzhou@nju.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 研究表明, 经前期综合征(Premenstrual syndromes, PMS)女性的情绪平衡性存在问题, 而现有研究多从负性情绪上升的角度考察PMS的发病机制, 而对其正性情绪缺损的关注不足。鉴于正性情绪与奖赏进程密切相关, 本研究试图从奖赏进程失调的角度考察PMS女性与健康女性的差异以及该差异是否存在阶段特异性的问题, 以期从正性情绪缺损的角度揭示其发病机制。具体而言, 分别选取PMS女性与健康女性23名和22名, 考察两组被试在黄体晚期(即经前期)和卵泡早期(即经后期)正性情绪以及完成赌博任务时的脑电数据时域和频域的差异。主观问卷结果显示, PMS女性的愉快和平静情绪低于健康女性, 并且情绪平衡性也低于健康女性, 但无明显的阶段特异性。时域分析结果显示, PMS组在经前期收到奖赏反馈后奖赏正波(reward positivity, RewP)的波幅和差异波(即奖赏条件和惩罚条件下的差值)的波幅均低于健康女性, 进一步的相关分析结果显示, 对于PMS组来说, 经前期奖赏条件下的RewP波幅和差异波波幅与经前期的情绪平衡性显著正相关。频域分析的结果则发现PMS组在经前期奖赏条件下的θ频段(4~7 Hz, 250~400 ms)能量低于健康组。研究表明, PMS女性在经前期的奖赏加工进程存在异常, 表现为对奖赏反馈的预期增强, 而在收到奖赏反馈后又出现了钝化反应, 且奖赏进程的失调与情绪平衡性相关。本研究为理解PMS女性奖赏进程失调的动态加工时程和神经震荡特征及其与情绪平衡性的关系提供了初步的神经生理证据。
图/表 10
图1单一试次流程图
图1单一试次流程图表1时域分析和频域分析每种条件有效试次数(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件(次) | 19.00 ± 1.34 | 19.30 ± 1.01 | 19.50 ± 0.74 | 19.41 ± 0.80 |
| 惩罚条件(次) | 19.08 ± 1.50 | 19.08 ± 1.12 | 18.73 ± 1.42 | 19.32 ± 1.21 |
表1时域分析和频域分析每种条件有效试次数(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件(次) | 19.00 ± 1.34 | 19.30 ± 1.01 | 19.50 ± 0.74 | 19.41 ± 0.80 |
| 惩罚条件(次) | 19.08 ± 1.50 | 19.08 ± 1.12 | 18.73 ± 1.42 | 19.32 ± 1.21 |
表2人口学变量(M ± SD)
| 变量 | PMS组(n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄(岁) | 21.35 ± 2.35 | 21.45± 1.87 | -0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.97 ± 1.44 | 19.88 ±1.76 | 0.20 |
| 月经持续时间(天) | 5.48 ± 0.99 | 5.50 ± 1.14 | -0.07 |
| 月经周期长度(天) | 30.35 ± 2.77 | 29.50 ± 3.22 | 0.95 |
表2人口学变量(M ± SD)
| 变量 | PMS组(n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | t |
|---|---|---|---|
| 年龄(岁) | 21.35 ± 2.35 | 21.45± 1.87 | -0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.97 ± 1.44 | 19.88 ±1.76 | 0.20 |
| 月经持续时间(天) | 5.48 ± 0.99 | 5.50 ± 1.14 | -0.07 |
| 月经周期长度(天) | 30.35 ± 2.77 | 29.50 ± 3.22 | 0.95 |
表3主观问卷和激素结果(M ± SD)
| 量表/激素 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | F | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | 组别 | 阶段 | 组别×阶段 | |
| PANAS-NA | 25.30 ± 5.70 | 25.35 ± 4.18 | 21.14 ± 4.02 | 21.32 ± 4.18 | 14.46*** | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| PANAS-PA | 23.39 ± 5.91 | 23.78 ± 4.95 | 21.45 ± 4.53 | 21.73 ± 5.35 | 2.33 | 0.16 | 0.01 |
| PANAS-AB | -1.91 ± 3.26 | -1.57 ± 4.04 | 0.32 ± 4.44 | 0.41 ± 4.44 | 4.18* | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| BES-愉悦度 | 4.65 ± 1.70 | 4.65 ± 1.97 | 5.77 ± 1.41 | 5.68 ± 1.09 | 10.06** | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| BES-唤醒度 | 4.74 ± 1.60 | 4.65 ± 1.47 | 4.91 ± 1.11 | 5.05 ± 1.33 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| BES-愉快 | 5.17 ± 1.85 | 4.78 ± 1.86 | 5.86 ± 1.39 | 5.68 ± 1.73 | 4.15* | 0.74 | 0.10 |
| BES-愤怒 | 4.52 ± 1.62 | 4.65 ± 1.92 | 3.22 ± 1.41 | 3.50 ± 1.37 | 10.35** | 0.49 | 0.06 |
| BES-恐惧 | 4.34 ± 1.72 | 4.09 ± 2.09 | 3.36 ± 1.68 | 2.82 ± 1.40 | 7.42** | 1.64 | 0.20 |
| BES-悲伤 | 5.04 ± 1.80 | 4.87 ± 1.91 | 4.00 ± 1.77 | 3.45 ± 1.82 | 8.42** | 1.10 | 0.29 |
| BES-平静 | 4.96 ± 1.80 | 4.35 ± 1.87 | 5.55 ± 1.44 | 5.36 ± 1.94 | 3.17+ | 2.03 | 0.59 |
| BES-厌恶 | 4.87 ± 1.63 | 4.39 ± 2.15 | 3.45 ± 1.68 | 3.59 ± 1.99 | 6.64* | 0.23 | 0.74 |
| BES-惊奇 | 4.61 ± 1.67 | 4.04 ± 1.94 | 4.05 ± 1.91 | 4.36 ± 1.76 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 1.68 |
| SHAPS | 25.65 ± 4.76 | 25.70 ± 5.20 | 22.86 ± 4.38 | 23.55 ± 5.84 | 3.52+ | 0.24 | 0.18 |
| 雌二醇 | 135.45 ± 110.80 | 110.58 ± 77.44 | 141.64 ± 85.92 | 111.51 ± 78.06 | 0.51 | 1.97 | 0.07 |
| 孕酮 | 821.27 ± 631.21 | 434.16 ± 260.53 | 778.60 ± 420.90 | 435.79 ± 299.38 | 0.08 | 20.16*** | 0.20 |
表3主观问卷和激素结果(M ± SD)
| 量表/激素 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | F | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | 组别 | 阶段 | 组别×阶段 | |
| PANAS-NA | 25.30 ± 5.70 | 25.35 ± 4.18 | 21.14 ± 4.02 | 21.32 ± 4.18 | 14.46*** | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| PANAS-PA | 23.39 ± 5.91 | 23.78 ± 4.95 | 21.45 ± 4.53 | 21.73 ± 5.35 | 2.33 | 0.16 | 0.01 |
| PANAS-AB | -1.91 ± 3.26 | -1.57 ± 4.04 | 0.32 ± 4.44 | 0.41 ± 4.44 | 4.18* | 0.11 | 0.04 |
| BES-愉悦度 | 4.65 ± 1.70 | 4.65 ± 1.97 | 5.77 ± 1.41 | 5.68 ± 1.09 | 10.06** | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| BES-唤醒度 | 4.74 ± 1.60 | 4.65 ± 1.47 | 4.91 ± 1.11 | 5.05 ± 1.33 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
| BES-愉快 | 5.17 ± 1.85 | 4.78 ± 1.86 | 5.86 ± 1.39 | 5.68 ± 1.73 | 4.15* | 0.74 | 0.10 |
| BES-愤怒 | 4.52 ± 1.62 | 4.65 ± 1.92 | 3.22 ± 1.41 | 3.50 ± 1.37 | 10.35** | 0.49 | 0.06 |
| BES-恐惧 | 4.34 ± 1.72 | 4.09 ± 2.09 | 3.36 ± 1.68 | 2.82 ± 1.40 | 7.42** | 1.64 | 0.20 |
| BES-悲伤 | 5.04 ± 1.80 | 4.87 ± 1.91 | 4.00 ± 1.77 | 3.45 ± 1.82 | 8.42** | 1.10 | 0.29 |
| BES-平静 | 4.96 ± 1.80 | 4.35 ± 1.87 | 5.55 ± 1.44 | 5.36 ± 1.94 | 3.17+ | 2.03 | 0.59 |
| BES-厌恶 | 4.87 ± 1.63 | 4.39 ± 2.15 | 3.45 ± 1.68 | 3.59 ± 1.99 | 6.64* | 0.23 | 0.74 |
| BES-惊奇 | 4.61 ± 1.67 | 4.04 ± 1.94 | 4.05 ± 1.91 | 4.36 ± 1.76 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 1.68 |
| SHAPS | 25.65 ± 4.76 | 25.70 ± 5.20 | 22.86 ± 4.38 | 23.55 ± 5.84 | 3.52+ | 0.24 | 0.18 |
| 雌二醇 | 135.45 ± 110.80 | 110.58 ± 77.44 | 141.64 ± 85.92 | 111.51 ± 78.06 | 0.51 | 1.97 | 0.07 |
| 孕酮 | 821.27 ± 631.21 | 434.16 ± 260.53 | 778.60 ± 420.90 | 435.79 ± 299.38 | 0.08 | 20.16*** | 0.20 |
表4奖赏实验范式行为数据(M ± SD)
| 指标 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 选择“f” (次) | 21.65 ± 5.48 | 20.57 ± 5.74 | 21.82 ± 5.12 | 19.86 ± 3.91 |
| 选择“j” (次) | 18.34 ± 5.48 | 19.43 ± 5.74 | 18.18 ± 5.12 | 20.14 ± 3.91 |
| 反应时(ms) | 729.31 ± 407.18 | 628.71 ± 177.38 | 894.38 ± 567.78 | 751.59 ± 302.32 |
表4奖赏实验范式行为数据(M ± SD)
| 指标 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 选择“f” (次) | 21.65 ± 5.48 | 20.57 ± 5.74 | 21.82 ± 5.12 | 19.86 ± 3.91 |
| 选择“j” (次) | 18.34 ± 5.48 | 19.43 ± 5.74 | 18.18 ± 5.12 | 20.14 ± 3.91 |
| 反应时(ms) | 729.31 ± 407.18 | 628.71 ± 177.38 | 894.38 ± 567.78 | 751.59 ± 302.32 |
图2健康组和PMS组在经前期和经后期的波形图与地形图, 其中地形图为差异波250~350 ms的平均地形图(为了方便显示, 图中差异波为惩罚条件-奖赏条件)。
图2健康组和PMS组在经前期和经后期的波形图与地形图, 其中地形图为差异波250~350 ms的平均地形图(为了方便显示, 图中差异波为惩罚条件-奖赏条件)。表5PMS组和健康组在经前期和经后期奖赏、惩罚条件和差异波的平均波幅(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件 | 18.36 ± 9.34 | 22.65 ± 8.13 | 24.25 ± 11.17 | 25.81 ± 11.36 |
| 惩罚条件 | 14.04 ± 8.30 | 15.85 ± 8.64 | 15.03 ± 9.93 | 17.74 ± 9.41 |
| 差异波 | 4.32 ± 3.84 | 6.81 ± 6.01 | 9.22 ± 7.16 | 8.07 ± 7.73 |
表5PMS组和健康组在经前期和经后期奖赏、惩罚条件和差异波的平均波幅(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件 | 18.36 ± 9.34 | 22.65 ± 8.13 | 24.25 ± 11.17 | 25.81 ± 11.36 |
| 惩罚条件 | 14.04 ± 8.30 | 15.85 ± 8.64 | 15.03 ± 9.93 | 17.74 ± 9.41 |
| 差异波 | 4.32 ± 3.84 | 6.81 ± 6.01 | 9.22 ± 7.16 | 8.07 ± 7.73 |
图3PMS组经前期奖赏条件和差异波的平均波幅与PANAS-AB的相关, 差异波的波幅为奖赏条件-惩罚条件。
图3PMS组经前期奖赏条件和差异波的平均波幅与PANAS-AB的相关, 差异波的波幅为奖赏条件-惩罚条件。
图4健康组和PMS组在经前期和经后期θ频段能量差值的频谱图及其地形图(250~400 ms, 图中差值为惩罚条件-奖赏条件)
图4健康组和PMS组在经前期和经后期θ频段能量差值的频谱图及其地形图(250~400 ms, 图中差值为惩罚条件-奖赏条件)表6PMS组和健康组在经前期和经后期奖赏、惩罚条件θ频段能量及其差值(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件 | 0.98 ± 1.07 | 1.34 ± 1.26 | 1.85 ± 1.07 | 1.72 ± 1.21 |
| 惩罚条件 | 2.53 ± 2.59 | 2.46 ± 2.69 | 2.55 ± 2.08 | 2.96 ± 2.41 |
| 差值 | -1.54 ± 1.74 | -1.12 ± 1.61 | -0.70 ± 1.69 | -1.24 ± 1.68 |
表6PMS组和健康组在经前期和经后期奖赏、惩罚条件θ频段能量及其差值(M ± SD)
| 条件 | PMS (n = 23) | 健康组(n = 22) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经前期 | 经后期 | 经前期 | 经后期 | |
| 奖赏条件 | 0.98 ± 1.07 | 1.34 ± 1.26 | 1.85 ± 1.07 | 1.72 ± 1.21 |
| 惩罚条件 | 2.53 ± 2.59 | 2.46 ± 2.69 | 2.55 ± 2.08 | 2.96 ± 2.41 |
| 差值 | -1.54 ± 1.74 | -1.12 ± 1.61 | -0.70 ± 1.69 | -1.24 ± 1.68 |
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