) 1 宁波大学心理学系暨研究所, 宁波 315211
2 华南师范大学, 国家绿色光电子国际联合研究中心, 广州 510006
3 华南师范大学, 华南先进光电子研究院, 广东省光信息材料与技术重点实验室&彩色动态电子纸显示技术研究所, 广州 510006
4 华南师范大学, 心理学院, 光与身心健康实验室, 广州 510631
收稿日期:2018-07-18出版日期:2019-11-25发布日期:2019-08-19通讯作者:陈庆伟E-mail:qingwei.chen@m.scnu.edu.cn基金资助:* 教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目(15YJC190024);国家教育部人文社会科学研究项目资助(18YJC190027)The behavioral patterns of stereotype activation among four different warmth-competence social groups based on Stereotype Content Model
YANG Yaping1, XU Qiang1, ZHU Tingting1, ZHENG Xutao1, DONG Xiaoye1, CHEN Qingwei2,3,4() 1 Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
2 National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
4 Lab of Light and Physio-psychological Health, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
Received:2018-07-18Online:2019-11-25Published:2019-08-19Contact:CHEN Qingwei E-mail:qingwei.chen@m.scnu.edu.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 刻板印象激活是社会知觉中至关重要的认知过程, 以往关于刻板印象激活的研究主要聚焦于某一类或两类社会群体, 导致对于刻板印象激活缺乏整体性的认识。本研究立足于经典的用于分类社会群体的刻板印象内容模型(SCM), 采用启动-靶子一致性判断任务和词汇判断任务, 分别从外显和内隐两个层面对该模型下不同热情-能力的4类社会群体刻板印象激活效应的行为模式进行系统的探讨。结果发现, 无论是外显层面还是内隐层面, 高热情-高能力、高热情-低能力、低热情-高能力三类社会群体均遵循经典的刻板印象激活模式——一致条件下的反应时更快; 而低热情-低能力群体则在外显和內隐加工上均表现出刻板印象激活效应的反转模式——冲突条件下比一致条件下的反应更快更准确。本研究拓宽了刻板印象激活的研究视角, 首次发现低热情-低能力群体具有与传统相反的刻板印象激活效应模式, 这一结果为该群体加工的特异性提供了新的证据。未来研究可以从注意和厌恶情绪的角度对刻板印象激活效应反转模式的加工机制进行深入探讨。
图/表 6
图1试次呈现流程图
图1试次呈现流程图表1实验1和实验2中实验处理类型及其实验刺激说明
| 社会群体 | 实验2(靶子包括4类群体的刻板印象词语及其对应的假词, 假词不分析) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实验1(靶子均为词) | 由真词的形近字构成的假词 | |||||
| 一致性 | 刺激举例 | 试次个数 | 一致性 | 刺激举例 | 试次个数 | |
| HW-HC | 一致 | 军人-正义 | 30 | 一致 | 军人-止丈 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 军人-瘦弱 | 30 | 冲突 | 军人-叟溺 | 30 | |
| HW-LC | 一致 | 老年人-慈祥 | 30 | 一致 | 老年人-滋样 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 老年人-挥霍 | 30 | 冲突 | 老年人-浑霞 | 30 | |
| LW-HC | 一致 | 商人-有钱 | 30 | 一致 | 商人-肴线 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 商人-贫穷 | 30 | 冲突 | 商人-贪罕 | 30 | |
| LW-LC | 一致 | 乞丐-懒惰 | 30 | 一致 | 乞丐-濑隋 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 乞丐-勤劳 | 30 | 冲突 | 乞丐-谨荧 | 30 | |
表1实验1和实验2中实验处理类型及其实验刺激说明
| 社会群体 | 实验2(靶子包括4类群体的刻板印象词语及其对应的假词, 假词不分析) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实验1(靶子均为词) | 由真词的形近字构成的假词 | |||||
| 一致性 | 刺激举例 | 试次个数 | 一致性 | 刺激举例 | 试次个数 | |
| HW-HC | 一致 | 军人-正义 | 30 | 一致 | 军人-止丈 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 军人-瘦弱 | 30 | 冲突 | 军人-叟溺 | 30 | |
| HW-LC | 一致 | 老年人-慈祥 | 30 | 一致 | 老年人-滋样 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 老年人-挥霍 | 30 | 冲突 | 老年人-浑霞 | 30 | |
| LW-HC | 一致 | 商人-有钱 | 30 | 一致 | 商人-肴线 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 商人-贫穷 | 30 | 冲突 | 商人-贪罕 | 30 | |
| LW-LC | 一致 | 乞丐-懒惰 | 30 | 一致 | 乞丐-濑隋 | 30 |
| 冲突 | 乞丐-勤劳 | 30 | 冲突 | 乞丐-谨荧 | 30 | |
表2分类-确认任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词一致性判别的正确率和反应时 (M; SE)
| 观测指标 | 启动 社会群体 | 启动-靶子的一致性 | Mean Difference (I-C) | F | p | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一致(C) | 冲突(I) | ||||||
| 正确率 (Accuracy) | HW-HC | 0.971 (0.006) | 0.944 (0.007) | -0.027 | 10.08 | 0.003 | 0.171 |
| HW-LC | 0.938 (0.007) | 0.935 (0.010) | -0.003 | 0.07 | 0.788 | 0.001 | |
| LW-HC | 0.877 (0.012) | 0.903 (0.010) | 0.025 | 2.21 | 0.143 | 0.043 | |
| LW-LC | 0.843 (0.010) | 0.918 (0.012) | 0.075 | 21.30 | 0.000 | 0.303 | |
| 反应时 RT (ms) | HW-HC | 774 (23) | 851 (26) | 77 | 27.73 | 0.000 | 0.361 |
| HW-LC | 839 (24) | 875 (28) | 36 | 5.64 | 0.022 | 0.103 | |
| LW-HC | 872 (24) | 911(26) | 39 | 6.35 | 0.015 | 0.115 | |
| LW-LC | 937 (29) | 856 (26) | -81 | 34.75 | 0.000 | 0.415 | |
表2分类-确认任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词一致性判别的正确率和反应时 (M; SE)
| 观测指标 | 启动 社会群体 | 启动-靶子的一致性 | Mean Difference (I-C) | F | p | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一致(C) | 冲突(I) | ||||||
| 正确率 (Accuracy) | HW-HC | 0.971 (0.006) | 0.944 (0.007) | -0.027 | 10.08 | 0.003 | 0.171 |
| HW-LC | 0.938 (0.007) | 0.935 (0.010) | -0.003 | 0.07 | 0.788 | 0.001 | |
| LW-HC | 0.877 (0.012) | 0.903 (0.010) | 0.025 | 2.21 | 0.143 | 0.043 | |
| LW-LC | 0.843 (0.010) | 0.918 (0.012) | 0.075 | 21.30 | 0.000 | 0.303 | |
| 反应时 RT (ms) | HW-HC | 774 (23) | 851 (26) | 77 | 27.73 | 0.000 | 0.361 |
| HW-LC | 839 (24) | 875 (28) | 36 | 5.64 | 0.022 | 0.103 | |
| LW-HC | 872 (24) | 911(26) | 39 | 6.35 | 0.015 | 0.115 | |
| LW-LC | 937 (29) | 856 (26) | -81 | 34.75 | 0.000 | 0.415 | |
图2外显任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词进行一致性判别的正确率(A)和反应时(B)以及内隐LDT中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词进行真假词判别的正确率(C)和反应时(D)
图2外显任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词进行一致性判别的正确率(A)和反应时(B)以及内隐LDT中不同社会群体启动下对靶子词进行真假词判别的正确率(C)和反应时(D)
图3外显任务中不同社会群体启动下一致和冲突靶子词在正确率(A)和反应时上(B)的差异(冲突减一致)以及内隐LDT中不同社会群体启动下一致和冲突靶子词在正确率(C)和反应时上(D)的差异(冲突减一致)
图3外显任务中不同社会群体启动下一致和冲突靶子词在正确率(A)和反应时上(B)的差异(冲突减一致)以及内隐LDT中不同社会群体启动下一致和冲突靶子词在正确率(C)和反应时上(D)的差异(冲突减一致)表3词汇判断任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子进行真假词判别的正确率和反应时(M; SE)
| 观测指标 | 启动 社会群体 | 启动-靶子的一致性 | Mean Difference (I-C) | F | p | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一致(C) | 冲突(I) | ||||||
| 正确率 (Accuracy) | HW-HC | 0.967 (0.010) | 0.914 (0.015) | -0.052 | 18.16 | 0.000 | 0.287 |
| HW-LC | 0.953 (0.011) | 0.927 (0.014) | -0.026 | 5.33 | 0.026 | 0.106 | |
| LW-HC | 0.931 (0.011) | 0.914 (0.016) | -0.017 | 3.01 | 0.090 | 0.063 | |
| LW-LC | 0.928 (0.009) | 0.952 (0.010) | 0.024 | 6.29 | 0.016 | 0.123 | |
| 反应时 RT (ms) | HW-HC | 582 (18) | 638 (19) | 56 | 57.11 | 0.000 | 0.559 |
| HW-LC | 588 (17) | 618 (18) | 30 | 13.99 | 0.001 | 0.237 | |
| LW-HC | 607 (17) | 625 (18) | 18 | 4.98 | 0.031 | 0.100 | |
| LW-LC | 631 (18) | 576 (16) | -55 | 48.47 | 0.000 | 0.519 | |
表3词汇判断任务中不同社会群体启动下对靶子进行真假词判别的正确率和反应时(M; SE)
| 观测指标 | 启动 社会群体 | 启动-靶子的一致性 | Mean Difference (I-C) | F | p | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一致(C) | 冲突(I) | ||||||
| 正确率 (Accuracy) | HW-HC | 0.967 (0.010) | 0.914 (0.015) | -0.052 | 18.16 | 0.000 | 0.287 |
| HW-LC | 0.953 (0.011) | 0.927 (0.014) | -0.026 | 5.33 | 0.026 | 0.106 | |
| LW-HC | 0.931 (0.011) | 0.914 (0.016) | -0.017 | 3.01 | 0.090 | 0.063 | |
| LW-LC | 0.928 (0.009) | 0.952 (0.010) | 0.024 | 6.29 | 0.016 | 0.123 | |
| 反应时 RT (ms) | HW-HC | 582 (18) | 638 (19) | 56 | 57.11 | 0.000 | 0.559 |
| HW-LC | 588 (17) | 618 (18) | 30 | 13.99 | 0.001 | 0.237 | |
| LW-HC | 607 (17) | 625 (18) | 18 | 4.98 | 0.031 | 0.100 | |
| LW-LC | 631 (18) | 576 (16) | -55 | 48.47 | 0.000 | 0.519 | |
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