) 山西师范大学教育科学学院, 太原 030031
收稿日期:2020-11-12出版日期:2021-10-15发布日期:2021-08-23通讯作者:肖风E-mail:xiaofeng19850328@gmail.com基金资助:国家自然科学基金青年项目(31800955);山西省应用基础研究项目(201801D221261);山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020W055)Automatic perspective taking: The debate between implicit mentalizing and submentalizing
LI Yi, XIAO Feng() Department of Education Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
Received:2020-11-12Online:2021-10-15Published:2021-08-23Contact:XIAO Feng E-mail:xiaofeng19850328@gmail.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 自动观点采择现象已有很多研究证实, 但其产生机制还存在争议。目前存在内隐心智化与潜心智化两种观点：前者认为自动观点采择是自发采择他人视角的领域特殊加工; 而后者提出自动观点采择实质为反射性注意定向、位置的空间编码等领域一般加工, 模拟了心智化在社会环境中的作用。在内隐心智化和潜心智化可独立或共同运行的基础上, 提出了内隐心智化和潜心智化协同作用模型。未来研究应借助先进的技术手段研究多样的被试群体, 探索自动观点采择的作用机制。
图/表 7
图1点观点采择实验材料, 左图为女性被试一致条件的实验材料, 右图为男性被试不一致条件的实验材料(基于Samson等人(2010)改编)
图1点观点采择实验材料, 左图为女性被试一致条件的实验材料, 右图为男性被试不一致条件的实验材料(基于Samson等人(2010)改编)
图2社会Simon任务(基于Freundlieb等人(2016)改编)
图2社会Simon任务(基于Freundlieb等人(2016)改编)
图3模糊数字任务(基于Surtees等人(2016)改编)
图3模糊数字任务(基于Surtees等人(2016)改编)
图4错误信念任务, 仅眼动记录最后60~70秒(基于Schneider等人(2012)改编)
图4错误信念任务, 仅眼动记录最后60~70秒(基于Schneider等人(2012)改编)
图5社会视角获取的三种实验范式
图5社会视角获取的三种实验范式表1自动观点采择的实验范式、解释及影响因素
| 内隐心智化 | 潜心智化 | |
|---|---|---|
| 定义 | 自动加工他人视角 | 不涉及心理状态的加工, 例如注意定向, 分心等 |
| 一致性效应 | 自动加工他人视角, 干扰自己视角判断 | 他人朝向方向和整体场景冲突 |
| 点观点采择：异我中心干扰效应 | 自动加工他人视角下的点数 | 身体朝向线索导致注意自动定向 |
| 社会Simon任务：空间一致性效应 | 自动加工他人想法 | 考虑同盟者的空间特征而非心理状态 |
| 模糊数字任务：线索一致性效应 | 自动加工他人视角数字 | 以自我为中心和以对象为中心的两套参照系空间编码冲突 |
| 预期注视范式：分心干扰效应 | 被试会首先、并更长时间地注视化身最后一次看到球的位置 | 被试被人物头部朝向干扰, 减少了对球的关注, 更少记忆球的移动 |
| 影响因素 | 社会相关性; 线索的视觉归因状态; 社会视角的获取 |
表1自动观点采择的实验范式、解释及影响因素
| 内隐心智化 | 潜心智化 | |
|---|---|---|
| 定义 | 自动加工他人视角 | 不涉及心理状态的加工, 例如注意定向, 分心等 |
| 一致性效应 | 自动加工他人视角, 干扰自己视角判断 | 他人朝向方向和整体场景冲突 |
| 点观点采择：异我中心干扰效应 | 自动加工他人视角下的点数 | 身体朝向线索导致注意自动定向 |
| 社会Simon任务：空间一致性效应 | 自动加工他人想法 | 考虑同盟者的空间特征而非心理状态 |
| 模糊数字任务：线索一致性效应 | 自动加工他人视角数字 | 以自我为中心和以对象为中心的两套参照系空间编码冲突 |
| 预期注视范式：分心干扰效应 | 被试会首先、并更长时间地注视化身最后一次看到球的位置 | 被试被人物头部朝向干扰, 减少了对球的关注, 更少记忆球的移动 |
| 影响因素 | 社会相关性; 线索的视觉归因状态; 社会视角的获取 |
图6内隐心智化和潜心智化协同作用模型。①：指向性线索加工引起一致性效应; ②：社会性线索未通过社会感知阈限, 仅作为指向性线索进行加工, 即潜心智化过程; ③：社会性线索通过社会感知阈限, 进行社会线索感知加工, 即内隐心智化过程; 虚线指社会感知阈限。
图6内隐心智化和潜心智化协同作用模型。①：指向性线索加工引起一致性效应; ②：社会性线索未通过社会感知阈限, 仅作为指向性线索进行加工, 即潜心智化过程; ③：社会性线索通过社会感知阈限, 进行社会线索感知加工, 即内隐心智化过程; 虚线指社会感知阈限。参考文献 89
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