) 中国科学院行为科学重点实验室(中国科学院心理研究所), 北京 100101; 中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049
收稿日期:2019-04-17出版日期:2019-12-15发布日期:2019-10-21通讯作者:李会杰E-mail:lihj@psych.ac.cn基金资助:* 科技部国家重点研发计划课题(2015CB351702);国家自然科学基金项目资助(31871143)Measurement of spatial navigation and application research in cognitive aging
ZHANG Jiaxin, HAI Lagan, LI Huijie() Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received:2019-04-17Online:2019-12-15Published:2019-10-21Contact:LI Huijie E-mail:lihj@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 空间导航是日常生活所必需的高级认知功能, 参与空间导航的海马及内嗅皮层等脑区易受到老化的影响并导致结构萎缩或功能紊乱。早期研究多利用动物实验、纸笔测验、现实环境等实验范式考察老年人的空间导航老化特点。由于具有与现实环境相似的场景、兼容磁共振成像扫描以及导航者可以与场景交互等优点, 虚拟现实技术被越来越多地被应用到空间导航的老化研究中, 并进一步揭示了海马等内侧颞叶脑区在空间导航老化中的重要作用。
图/表 4
图1两类空间导航迷宫范式。A.莫里斯水迷宫范式, 不同的试次中, 导航者(小鼠)从圆形水池的不同起点出发, 通过近处、远处地标线索来定位隐藏平台, 并最终到达这一终点以避开厌恶刺激(水淹), 图片来自van Meer和Raber (2005); B.蜂巢迷宫范式, 当导航者处于任意平台时(除终点), 临近的平台中至多两块平台处于可通行状态, 导航者需要回忆终点位置, 通过反复地二择一, 最终到达终点。灰色正六边形为当前所处平台, 蓝色与橙色正六边形为抬升的紧邻平台; C.蜂巢迷宫范式的立体图。两类迷宫外围均存在远处的标志物, 以提供空间相对位置关系。黄色五角星代表正确的终点, 小鼠图标代表空间导航的起点, 蓝色平台更靠近终点, 为正确平台, 橙色平台距离终点更远, 为错误平台。
图1两类空间导航迷宫范式。A.莫里斯水迷宫范式, 不同的试次中, 导航者(小鼠)从圆形水池的不同起点出发, 通过近处、远处地标线索来定位隐藏平台, 并最终到达这一终点以避开厌恶刺激(水淹), 图片来自van Meer和Raber (2005); B.蜂巢迷宫范式, 当导航者处于任意平台时(除终点), 临近的平台中至多两块平台处于可通行状态, 导航者需要回忆终点位置, 通过反复地二择一, 最终到达终点。灰色正六边形为当前所处平台, 蓝色与橙色正六边形为抬升的紧邻平台; C.蜂巢迷宫范式的立体图。两类迷宫外围均存在远处的标志物, 以提供空间相对位置关系。黄色五角星代表正确的终点, 小鼠图标代表空间导航的起点, 蓝色平台更靠近终点, 为正确平台, 橙色平台距离终点更远, 为错误平台。
图2不同类型的三角补全任务中的画面。A. Wolbers等(2007)研究中的三角补全任务只提供了地面的纹理信息, 画面的移动可以根据地面纹理的移动进行判断; B. Harris和Wolbers (2012)研究中的三角补全任务在地面上提供了不同大小、密度的圆点以提供视觉透视信息; C. Mahmood等(2009)的三角补全任务中采用了三种不同类型的场景。
图2不同类型的三角补全任务中的画面。A. Wolbers等(2007)研究中的三角补全任务只提供了地面的纹理信息, 画面的移动可以根据地面纹理的移动进行判断; B. Harris和Wolbers (2012)研究中的三角补全任务在地面上提供了不同大小、密度的圆点以提供视觉透视信息; C. Mahmood等(2009)的三角补全任务中采用了三种不同类型的场景。
图3虚拟现实星型迷宫示意俯视图, 环境中存在各类地标以提供空间相对位置关系信息。A.学习试次中, 被试均从通道1出发, 学习并记忆位于通道3末端的终点。B.探测试次, 被试从通道2出发, 且被试提前不知道探测试次的存在。如果被试仍然移动至通道3, 则认为采用了非自我中心策略, 通过空间相对位置关系定位了终点; 反之, 如果被试移动至通道4, 则认为采用了自我中心策略, 通过记忆身体转向信息定位了终点(此处为左转-右转-左转)。绿色笑脸为学习试次中的正确终点, 到达之后, 被试会给予反馈, 黄色五角星代表非自我中心策略所对应终点, 灰色五角星代表自我中心策略所对应终点。
图3虚拟现实星型迷宫示意俯视图, 环境中存在各类地标以提供空间相对位置关系信息。A.学习试次中, 被试均从通道1出发, 学习并记忆位于通道3末端的终点。B.探测试次, 被试从通道2出发, 且被试提前不知道探测试次的存在。如果被试仍然移动至通道3, 则认为采用了非自我中心策略, 通过空间相对位置关系定位了终点; 反之, 如果被试移动至通道4, 则认为采用了自我中心策略, 通过记忆身体转向信息定位了终点(此处为左转-右转-左转)。绿色笑脸为学习试次中的正确终点, 到达之后, 被试会给予反馈, 黄色五角星代表非自我中心策略所对应终点, 灰色五角星代表自我中心策略所对应终点。
图4两类全新设计的虚拟现实空间导航老化实验。A. Tascon等(2018)采用的虚拟现实环境。左图, 被试需要使用手柄在虚拟现实环境中寻找特定木箱并进行按键反应; 右图, 被试无法进行移动, 但可以切换房间四个方向的视角, 根据固定的视角从房间中选择目标木箱; B. Ranjbar Pouya等(2017)采用的虚拟现实环境及操作方式, 老年人在开阔房间内推动轮椅, 计算机根据轮子的转动实时在虚拟现实环境中进行位移, 左图为老年被试进行实验操作, 右图为虚拟现实环境。
图4两类全新设计的虚拟现实空间导航老化实验。A. Tascon等(2018)采用的虚拟现实环境。左图, 被试需要使用手柄在虚拟现实环境中寻找特定木箱并进行按键反应; 右图, 被试无法进行移动, 但可以切换房间四个方向的视角, 根据固定的视角从房间中选择目标木箱; B. Ranjbar Pouya等(2017)采用的虚拟现实环境及操作方式, 老年人在开阔房间内推动轮椅, 计算机根据轮子的转动实时在虚拟现实环境中进行位移, 左图为老年被试进行实验操作, 右图为虚拟现实环境。参考文献 115
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