) 1 承德医学院心理学系, 河北 承德 067000
2 中国科学院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室, 北京 100101
3 中国科学院大学人文学院心理学系, 北京 100040
4 中国政法大学社会学院, 北京 102249
5 江西财经大学统计学院, 南昌 330013
6 江西财经大学应用统计研究中心, 南昌 330013
收稿日期:2018-10-15出版日期:2019-12-15发布日期:2019-10-21通讯作者:韩布新E-mail:hanbx@psych.ac.cn基金资助:* 国家社会科学基金重大项目(16ZDA233);承德医学院人文社会科学研究项目高层次人才科研启动基金(201906);2019年度承德市社会科学发展研究课题(20193143);河北省高等学校人文社会科学重点项目(SD191067)The mechanism of positivity effect in elderly’s emotional attention
LIU Haining1,2,3, LIU Xiaoqian2,3,4, LIU Haihong1, LI Feng5,6, HAN Buxin2,3() 1 Psychology Department, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
4 School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 102249, China
5 School of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China
6 Research Center of Applied Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China
Received:2018-10-15Online:2019-12-15Published:2019-10-21Contact:HAN Buxin E-mail:hanbx@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 20世纪, 许多心理学家从“厄运与苦难”视角研究人晚年遭遇的身体、认知和情绪衰老, 但是近年的理论与实证研究从“老化悖论”——老年人情绪加工的积极效应——视角挑战这一“定论”。积极效应指老年人认知加工过程中比年轻人更偏好正性而非负性材料的现象。第二代社会情绪选择理论包括积极效应理论、认知控制假说和强弱整合模型3个关于认知和情绪功能年龄差异的理论模型, 特别强调了认知控制在老年人积极情绪加工中的潜在作用, 而自动化加工与控制性加工的区分则取决于注意资源配置。因此, 认知控制在老年人对积极情绪的注意加工中起重要作用。此外, 注意偏向的时间进程也是影响老年人情绪注意中积极效应的关键因素。最后, 综合以往研究构建出认知控制对老年人积极效应发生作用的注意阶段模型。未来研究可从中国老年人情绪注意加工模式、不同认知控制子成分的作用机制、提高研究生态学效度和注意的治疗品质几个方面继续探索。
图/表 2
表1不同研究范式下老年人情绪注意研究结果的比较
| 研究类型 | 具体研究 | 年龄段或 平均年龄 | 研究范式 | 注意偏向模式 | PE | 刺激呈现后 的时间窗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 行为 反应 | Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2 | 19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84 | 双任务 | Study 1 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：无偏向 | 有 无 | 被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上 |
| Bannerman et al., 2011 | 18~22 vs.60~74 | 双眼竞争 | 年轻人：双向偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 10 ms | |
| 眼动 | Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009 | 18~21 vs.57~84 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 500 ms以后 |
| Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2 | 17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88 | 场景选择 | Study 1 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向 | 无 无 | — — | |
| Isaacowitz et al., 2018 | 18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86 | 场景选择 | 老、中、青均表现出积极偏向 | 无 | — | |
| ERP | Hilimire et al., 2014 | 18~31 vs.61~77 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 0~130 ms |
| Meng et al. 2015 | 18~22 vs.60~74 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 400~1000 ms | |
| Renfroe et al., 2016 | 20 vs. 72 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：双向偏向 老年人：双向偏向 | 无 | 400~800 ms | |
| 喻婧 等, 2015 | 17~26 vs.61~75 | oddball | 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：消极偏向 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：无偏向 | 无 有 | 270~460 ms 500~850 ms | |
| 脑成像 | Leclerc & Kensing, 2010 | 18~26 vs.62~81 | 视觉搜 索任务 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 被试做出反应或4000 ms |
| Wright et al., 2006 | 21~27 vs.62~81 | 熟悉再 认范式 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：消极偏向 | 无 | 200 ms |
表1不同研究范式下老年人情绪注意研究结果的比较
| 研究类型 | 具体研究 | 年龄段或 平均年龄 | 研究范式 | 注意偏向模式 | PE | 刺激呈现后 的时间窗 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 行为 反应 | Madill & Murray, 2017 Study 1 Study 2 | 19~29 vs.64~90 18~30 vs.63~84 | 双任务 | Study 1 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：积极偏向 Study 2 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：无偏向 | 有 无 | 被试做出反应或3000 ms 同上 |
| Bannerman et al., 2011 | 18~22 vs.60~74 | 双眼竞争 | 年轻人：双向偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 10 ms | |
| 眼动 | Isaacowitz, Allard, et al., 2009 | 18~21 vs.57~84 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 500 ms以后 |
| Isaacowitz, Livingstone, Harris, &Marcotte, 2015 Study 1 Study 2 | 17~23 vs.60~91 18~25 vs.35~59 vs. 60~88 | 场景选择 | Study 1 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：无偏向 Study 2 老、中、青均表现出双向偏向 | 无 无 | — — | |
| Isaacowitz et al., 2018 | 18~23 vs.35~59 vs. 60~86 | 场景选择 | 老、中、青均表现出积极偏向 | 无 | — | |
| ERP | Hilimire et al., 2014 | 18~31 vs.61~77 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 0~130 ms |
| Meng et al. 2015 | 18~22 vs.60~74 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 400~1000 ms | |
| Renfroe et al., 2016 | 20 vs. 72 | 观看图片 | 年轻人：双向偏向 老年人：双向偏向 | 无 | 400~800 ms | |
| 喻婧 等, 2015 | 17~26 vs.61~75 | oddball | 年轻人：无偏向 老年人：消极偏向 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：无偏向 | 无 有 | 270~460 ms 500~850 ms | |
| 脑成像 | Leclerc & Kensing, 2010 | 18~26 vs.62~81 | 视觉搜 索任务 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：积极偏向 | 有 | 被试做出反应或4000 ms |
| Wright et al., 2006 | 21~27 vs.62~81 | 熟悉再 认范式 | 年轻人：消极偏向 老年人：消极偏向 | 无 | 200 ms |
图1认知控制对老年人积极效应发生作用的注意阶段模型
图1认知控制对老年人积极效应发生作用的注意阶段模型参考文献 83
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