) 1. 中国科学院大学膜拜现象研究中心
2. 中国科学院大学人文学院, 北京 100049
收稿日期:2018-05-28出版日期:2018-12-15发布日期:2018-10-30通讯作者:陈天嘉E-mail:chentianjia@ucas.ac.cn作者简介:任定成, 北京大学博士, 中国科学院大学科学史与科学哲学教授、博士生导师、膜拜现象研究中心首席专家, 享受国务院政府津贴专家, 全国优秀科技工作者。曾任北京大学科学与社会研究中心主任和教授、中国科学院大学人文学院执行院长、中国科学技术协会全民科学素质行动计划制定工作专家组副组长、科技部-发展改革委-教育部-中国科协创新方法部际联席会议顾问, 曾受聘斯坦福大学访问教授、佛光大学客座教授、日本学术振兴会研究员。以动物行为学原理重构了中国传统斗蟋博戏中的动物争斗知识, 提出从领地行为和资源占有方面重新理解三国叙事的概念框架, 带领团队从多学科视角研究极端膜拜现象, 团队成员参加极端膜拜现象研究国际学术会议20余人次。Physical and mental harm caused by participation in cults from a psychological perspective
REN Dingcheng1, HE Chenhong1,2, CHEN Tianjia1() 1. Center for Cult Studies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2. School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received:2018-05-28Online:2018-12-15Published:2018-10-30Contact:CHEN Tianjia E-mail:chentianjia@ucas.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 对极端膜拜团体造成身心伤害现象的科学研究, 集中在对极端膜拜伤害的界定、测量和机制三个方面。本文的目的, 是梳理这三个主题上的研究脉络, 明晰其中的争议之处和取得的成绩。文本分析表明, 对极端膜拜伤害的界定从“洗脑”转向了“心理虐待”, 对这类伤害的经验观察由个体症状转向了群体行为和经历的描述, 测量方法由传统心理测试工具变成了新型团体心理虐待量表, 膜拜伤害的心理机制研究在综合环境和个人精神特质两种因素的基础上建立了二者交互的病理模型, 表观遗传学和人际神经生物学用于极端膜拜伤害的生理机制研究已见端倪。但是, 迄今对于极端膜拜伤害的学术研究尚未形成范式。
参考文献 79
| 1 | 陈松涛 . ( 2012). 建国以来邪教治理方式的回顾与反思. 宗教学研究, ( 1), 269-272. |
| 2 | 陈天嘉 . ( 2016). 复杂化与胶着态的邪教与反邪教运动——从国际膜拜团体研究会年会审视国际邪教问题研究. 北京社会科学, ( 10), 120-128. doi: 10.13262/j.bjsshkxy.bjshkx.161014URL |
| 3 | 陳天嘉, 任定成 . ( 2012). 從2012年ICSA年會看膜拜團體研究的新動向. 文化研究, ( 15), 523-535. |
| 4 | 阎瑞雪 . ( 2010). 中国历史上的“邪教”概念、特征及处置. 科学与无神论, ( 6), 60-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9802.2010.06.015URL |
| 5 | Adams,D. L . ( 2008). Contemplative cults, time spent in a cult and dissociation and depression in former members (Unpublished doctorial dissertation) . College of Education of Ohio University. |
| 6 | Almendros C., GÁmez-Guadix M., Carrobles J. A., & Rodríguez-Carballeira A . ( 2011). Assessment of psychological abuse in manipulative groups. International Journal of Cultic Studies, 2( 1), 61-76. |
| 7 | American Psychiatric Association. ( 2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR -5) (5th ed.) . Washington DC: American Psychiatric Pub. |
| 8 | Anderson,R. D . ( 1999). Inside the mind of Joseph Smith: Psychobiography and the book of Mormon. Salt Lake City, UT:Signature Books. |
| 9 | Aronoff J., Lynn S. J., & Malinoski P . ( 2000). Are cultic environments psychologically harmful? Clinical Psychology Review, 20( 1), 91-111. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00093-2URLpmid: 10660830 |
| 10 | Ash,S. M . ( 1985). Cult-induced psychopathology: I. clinical picture. Cultic Studies Journal, 2( 1), 31-90. |
| 11 | Ayella, M. ( 1990). "They must be crazy": Some of the difficulties in researching "cults.". American Behavioral Scientist, 33( 5), 562-577. doi: 10.1177/0002764290033005005URL |
| 12 | Baetz, M.,&Toews, J . ( 2009). Clinical implications of research on religion, spirituality, and mental health. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54( 5), 292-301. doi: 10.1177/070674370905400503URLpmid: 19497161 |
| 13 | Barner, D. ( 2017, June). The degrees of spiritual abuse and effective treatment modalities for victims experiencing each degree.Paper presented at the 2017 ICSA Annual Conference, Bordeaux, France. |
| 14 | Barrett,D. V . ( 2001). The new believers: A survey of sects, cults, and alternative religions . London: Cassell & Co. |
| 15 | Blackwell, E. ( 2015, June). The neurobiological effects of childhood trauma in high-demand groups.Paper presented at the 2015 ICSA Annual Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| 16 | Bonelli,R. M., &Koenig, H.G . ( 2013). Mental disorders, religion and spirituality 1990 to 2010: A systematic evidence-based review. Journal of Religion and Health, 52( 2), 657-673. doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9691-4URLpmid: 23420279 |
| 17 | Burke, J. ( 2006). Antisocial personality disorder in cult leaders and induction of dependent personality disorder in cult members. Cultic Studies Review, 5( 3), 390. |
| 18 | Chambers W. V., Langone M. D., Dole A. A., & Grice J. W . ( 1994). The group psychological abuse scale: A measure of the varieties of cultic abuse. Cultic Studies Journal, 11( 1), 88-117. |
| 19 | Chen, T. ( 2013, July). Body, mind, and spirit fever: Tantra and the Osho community in modern China.Paper presented at the ICSA 2013 Annual Conference, Trieste, Italy. |
| 20 | Chen, T. ( 2014, July). A historical study on the interaction of scientists and cultic and paranormal Groups in China (1979~2013).Paper presented at the 2014 ICSA Annual Conference, Washington DC. |
| 21 | Chen, T . ( 2015, June). Cult awareness, science literacy, and education for Chinese youngsters from the perspective of textbooks.Paper presented at the 2015 ICSA Annual Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| 22 | Chen, T. ( 2017, June). From co-founder to renegade: A case study of core ex-members in cultic movements in China. Paper presented at the 2017 ICSA Annual Conference, Bordeaux, France. |
| 23 | Chen, T. ( 2018 2018, July). New challenges from cultic movements in post Qigong fever China. Paper presented at the 2018 ICSA Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. zRetrieved March 20, 2018, from |
| 24 | Chen, T., &Xu, G .(2016, June). Utopian expectations and shaping of charisma: An analysis of biography of leaders.Paper presented at the 2016 ICSA Annual Conference, Dallas,Texas. |
| 25 | Coleman, L. ( 1984). New religions and the myth of mind control. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54( 2), 322-325. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01499.xURLpmid: 6731597 |
| 26 | Cowan,D. E., &Moore, R . ( 2008). The first international symposium on cultic studies, Shenzhen, China. Nova Religio the Journal of Alternative & Emergent Religions, 12( 2), 121-130. doi: 10.1525/nr.2008.12.2.121URL |
| 27 | Cozolino, L. ( 2017). The neuroscience of psychotherapy: Healing the social brain (3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. |
| 28 | DeYoung,R. R . ( 2009). A single-case design implementing eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with an ex-cult member. Cultic Studies Review, 8( 2), 139-153. |
| 29 | Dole,A. A., &Dubrow-Eichel, S . ( 1985). Some new religions are dangerous. Cultic Studies Journal, 2( 1), 17-30. |
| 30 | Ellison,C. G., &Lee, J . ( 2010). Spiritual struggles and psychological distress: Is there a dark side of religion? Social Indicators Research, 98( 3), 501-517. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3URL |
| 31 | Galanter, M.,&Buckley, P . ( 1978). Evangelical religion and meditation: Psychotherapeutic effects. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 166( 10), 685-691. doi: 10.1097/00005053-197810000-00001URLpmid: 359761 |
| 32 | Giambalvo C., Kropveld M., & Langone M. D . ( 2016). Changes in the north American cult awareness movement. In E. Banker (Eds.), Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements( pp. 227-246). Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. |
| 33 | Goldberg, L.,&Goldberg, W . ( 1988). Psychotherapy with ex-cultists: Four case studies and commentary. Cultic Studies Journal, 5( 2), 193-210. |
| 34 | Goodman, A. ( 1990). Addiction: Definition and implications. British Journal of Addiction, 85( 11), 1403-1408. |
| 35 | Grover S., Davuluri T., & Chakrabarti S . ( 2014). Religion, spirituality, and schizophrenia: A review. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 36( 2), 119-124. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.130962URLpmid: 4031576 |
| 36 | Holoyda, B.,&Newman, W . ( 2016). Between belief and delusion: Cult members and the insanity plea. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 44( 1), 53-62. URLpmid: 26944744 |
| 37 | Hong, F. ( 2015, June). An empirical research study on children of cult member families in China.Paper presented at the 2015 ICSA Annual Conference, Stockholm, Sweden. |
| 38 | Jenkinson, G. ( 2008). An investigation into cult pseudo- personality: What is it and how does it form? Cultic Studies Review, 7( 3), 199-224. |
| 39 | Jim H. S. L., Pustejovsky J. E., Park C. L., Danhauer S. C., Sherman A. C., Fitchett G., Salsman J. M .(2015). Religion, spirituality, and physical health in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Cancer, 121( 21), 3760-3768. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29353URLpmid: 26258868 |
| 40 | Koenig H. G., King D. , & Carson, V. B.( 2012) . Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. |
| 41 | Land H., Starnino V., & Whitsett D . ( 2017, June). Panel - moral injury, trauma and recovery: Common re-entry issues and treatment for veterans and survivors of high-demand groups.Paper presented at the 2017 ICSA Annual Conference, Bordeaux, France. |
| 42 | Langone,M. D . ( 1992). Psychological abuse. Cultic Studies Journal, 9( 2), 206-218. |
| 43 | Langone,M. D., &Chambers, W.V . ( 1991). Outreach to ex-cult members: The question of terminology. Cultic Studies Journal, 8( 1), 134-150. |
| 44 | Latkin,C. A . ( 1990). Self-consciousness in members of a new religious movement: The Rajneeshees. Journal of Social Psychology, 130( 4), 557-558. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1990.9924618URL |
| 45 | Lewis,J. R., &Bromley, D.G . ( 1987). The cult withdrawal syndrome: A case of misattribution of cause? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26( 4), 508-522. |
| 46 | Li, B. ( 2013, July). Universality and diversities of the group psychological abuse scale.Paper presented at the ICSA 2013 Annual Conference, Trieste, Italy. |
| 47 | Li, J. ( 2017, June). Dynamics and radicalization of cults based on Qigong and ESP.Paper presented at the 2017 ICSA Annual Conference, Bordeaux, France. |
| 48 | Li, J.,&Fu, Z . ( 2015). The craziness for extra-sensory perception: Qigong fever and the science-pseudoscience debate in China. Zygon, 50( 2), 534-547. doi: 10.1111/zygo.12178URL |
| 49 | Marks, L. ( 2005). Religion and bio-psycho-social health: A review and conceptual model. Journal of Religion and Health, 44( 2), 173-186. doi: 10.1007/s10943-005-2775-zURL |
| 50 | Martin P. R., Langone M. D., Dole A. A., & Wiltrout J . ( 1992). Post-cult symptoms as measured by the MCMI before and after residential treatment. Cultic Studies Journal, 9( 2), 219-250. |
| 51 | Park,C. L., &Slattery, J.M . ( 2013). Religion, spirituality, and mental health. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality( 2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. |
| 52 | Perlado, M. ( 2003). Clinical and diagnostic issues of cultism: Group dependence disorder. Cultic Studies Review, 2( 2), 90-97. |
| 53 | Perry B. D. ( 2013). Brief: Reflections on childhood, trauma and society. Houston, TX: The ChildTrauma Academy Press. |
| 54 | Ren, D. (2009). An analysis of literature related to Falun Gong published in major international academic journals from 1999 to 2008. In Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Centre for the study of destructive cults (Eds.), Research on Destructive Cults: Selected Papers of International Symposium (pp. 263-281). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. |
| 55 | Ren, D. ( 2013, July).In the name of super-science: A missionary strategy of the Qigong-based groups in China.Paper presented at the ICSA 2013 Annual Conference, Trieste, Italy. |
| 56 | Richardson, J. ( 2015). ‘Brainwashing’and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Eds. ), Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 210-215). Oxford, England: Academic Press. |
| 57 | Rodríguez-Carballeira Á., Saldaña O., Almendros C., Martín-Peña J., Escartín J., & Porrúa-Garcíaa C . ( 2015). Group psychological abuse: Taxonomy and severity of its components. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 7( 1), 31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.001URL |
| 58 | Rousselet M., Duretete O., Hardouin J. B., & Grall- Bronnec M . ( 2017). Cult membership: What factors contribute to joining or leaving? Psychiatry Research, 257, 27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.018URLpmid: 28711763 |
| 59 | Saldaña O., Rodríguez-Carballeira Á., Almendros C., & Escartín J . ( 2017). Development and validation of the psychological abuse experienced in groups scale. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9( 2), 57-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.01.002URL |
| 60 | Siegel,D. J . ( 2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, "mindsight," and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22( 1-2), 67-94. |
| 61 | Spero,M. H . ( 1982). Psychotherapeutic procedure with religious cult devotees. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 170( 6), 332-344. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198206000-00003URLpmid: 7077308 |
| 62 | Spero,M. H . ( 1984). Some pre-and post-treatment characteristics of cult devotees. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58( 3), 749-750. doi: 10.2466/pms.1984.58.3.749URLpmid: 6473023 |
| 63 | Ungerleider,J. T., &Wellisch D.K . ( 1979). Coercive persuasion (brainwashing), religious cults, and deprogramming. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136( 3), 279-282. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb00255.xURLpmid: 420323 |
| 64 | Valatx, J.-L. ( 1994). Sleep deprivation. Cultic Studies Journal, 11( 2), 211-216. |
| 65 | Van Cappellen P., Toth-Gauthier M., Saroglou V., & Fredrickson B. L . ( 2016). Religion and well-being: The mediating role of positive emotions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17( 2), 485-505. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9605-5URL |
| 66 | Weiss,A. S., &Comrey A.L . ( 1987). Personality characteristics of Hare Krishnas. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51( 3), 399-413. |
| 67 | West,L. J . ( 1990). Persuasive techniques in contemporary cults: A public health approach. Cultic Studies Journal, 7( 2), 126-149. |
| 68 | West,L. J., &Martin, P.R . ( 1996). Pseudo-identity and the treatment of personality change in victims of captivity and cults. Cultic Studies Journal, 13( 2), 125-152. |
| 69 | Whitsett, D. ( 2006). The psychobiology of trauma and child maltreatment. Cultic Studies Review, 5( 3), p 351. |
| 70 | Whitsett, D. ( 2014). Why cults are harmful: Neurobiological speculations on interpersonal trauma? ICSA Today, 5( 1), 2-5. |
| 71 | Winocur N., Whitney J., Sorenson C., Vaughn P., & Foy D . ( 1997). The individual cult experience index: The assessment of cult involvement and its relationship to postcult distress. Cultic Studies Journal, 14, 290-306. |
| 72 | Wolfson,L. B . ( 2002). A study of the factors of psychological abuse and control in two relationships: Domestic violence and cultic systems (Unpublished doctorial dissertation). The University of Connecticut. |
| 73 | Wu, M.,&Ye, Q . ( 2016, June). Survey on exit counseling with community help and education.Paper presented at the 2016 ICSA Annual Conference, Dallas,Texas. |
| 74 | Ye, Q. ( 2014, July). Parallel legislation and disposal: How the Chinese government defines and controls cults.Paper presented at the 2014 ICSA Annual Conference, Washington DC. |
| 75 | Ye Q., Ren D. , & Wu, M. (2018, July). Who harms whom: The offensive and defensive strategy in the Chinese cult movement. Paper presented at the 2018 ICSA Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from |
| 76 | Young W. C., Sachs R. G., Braun B. G., & Watkins R. T . ( 1991). Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: A clinical syndrome. report of 37 cases. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15( 3), 181-189. doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(91)90063-JURLpmid: 2043970 |
| 77 | Zhang, Z. ( 2012, July). Media coverage of "evil cults" in China newspapers.Paper presented at the 2012 ICSA Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada. |
| 78 | Zhang, Z. ( 2016, June). A comparative study in the helping strategies and means for recovery from cults between China and the United States: A study of People's Daily and the New York Times.Paper presented at the 2016 ICSA Annual Conference, Dallas,Texas. |
| 79 | Zhang, Z. ( 2018 2018, July). Family involved in cultic groups influence on young people: an analysis based on media coverage and interviews. Paper presented at the 2018 ICSA Annual Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from |
相关文章 15
| [1] | 包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭. 姓名对个体心理与行为的实际影响：证据和理论[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(6): 1067-1085. |
| [2] | 梁燕芳, 谢天. 东西方文化下的真实自我研究：一种关系的视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(5): 894-905. |
| [3] | 黎穗卿, 陈新玲, 翟瑜竹, 张怡洁, 章植鑫, 封春亮. 人际互动中社会学习的计算神经机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(4): 677-696. |
| [4] | 岳童, 黄希庭, 傅安国. 人们何以能够“舍生取义”?基于保护性价值观认知神经机制的解释[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(3): 540-548. |
| [5] | 段文杰, 李玉梅, 何啊龙, 吴桐. 基于未感染者与感染者双重视角的艾滋病污名[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(2): 323-337. |
| [6] | 高青林, 周媛. 计算模型视角下信任形成的心理和神经机制——基于信任博弈中投资者的角度[J]. 心理科学进展, 2021, 29(1): 178-189. |
| [7] | 徐科朋, 杨凌倩, 吴家虹, 薛宏, 张姝玥. CNI模型在道德决策研究中的应用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(12): 2102-2113. |
| [8] | 段锦云, 孙涵彬, 孙佚思. 个人信息的有意隐藏：藏秘及其后果和应对[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(12): 2114-2124. |
| [9] | 邓子谦, 陈晓晨, 韦庆旺. 从社会文化的视角看健康与教育的阶层差异[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(12): 2125-2136. |
| [10] | 马钰, 肖晨洁, 车敬上, 王海侠, 李爱梅. 自我损耗降低决策理性:心理机制与边界条件[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(11): 1911-1925. |
| [11] | 吴小菊, 陈俊芳, 符佳慧, 李纾, 梁竹苑. 健康领域的跨期决策与健康行为[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(11): 1926-1938. |
| [12] | 蔡华俭, 黄梓航, 林莉, 张明杨, 王潇欧, 朱慧珺, 谢怡萍, 杨盈, 杨紫嫣, 敬一鸣. 半个多世纪来中国人的心理与行为变化——心理学视野下的研究[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1599-1688. |
| [13] | 胥彦, 李超平. 人口统计学特征对公共服务动机有什么影响?来自元分析的证据[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1631-1649. |
| [14] | 王晓萍, 朱婷婷. 指向三级预防的婚姻教育[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1742-1750. |
| [15] | 冯柔佳, 毕研玲, 付小丽, 王佳, 李梦珠. 伪装情绪的人际影响及其作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2020, 28(10): 1762-1776. |
PDF全文下载地址:
http://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=4514
