1.State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, and Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China 2.Department of Physics, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China 3.Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics of the Education Ministry and Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61875111, 11974226, 11774210), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304502), and the 1331Project for Key Subject Construction of Shanxi Province, China
Received Date:03 March 2021
Accepted Date:07 April 2021
Available Online:07 June 2021
Published Online:20 August 2021
Abstract:Coherent population oscillations spectroscopy, which is based on the interaction between atoms and the phase locked laser, is a kind of atomic population modulation spectroscopy. When the laser frequency difference is less than natural width of energy level, the coherent oscillation of atomic population will be induced by laser intensity modulation so that the probe laser transmission with narrow bandwidth can be realized. For a closed two-level system (TLS), the spectral line-width is limited mainly by the spontaneous emission lifetime of the upper atomic energy level. As for a three-level atomic system of Λ configuration, the two linearly polarized beams with both σ+ and σ- polarization component, the laser-atom interaction satisfies the selection rule. The spectral line-width mainly depends on the ground-state relaxation time, and the dependence on the line-width of spontaneous radiation is eliminated. In this paper, the laser from a external-cavity diode laser has its frequency locked to Cesium $6{{\rm{S}}_{1/2}}\left( {F = 3} \right) \to 6{{\rm{P}}_{3/2}}\left( {F' = 3} \right)$ transition. The frequencies of the two beams are shifted down by two independent double-passed acousto-optic modulators (AOM) to nearly resonate to Cesium $6{{\rm{S}}_{1/2}}\left( {F = 3} \right) \to 6{{\rm{P}}_{3/2}}\left( {F' = 2} \right)$ transition. The probe beam and the coupling beam are superposed at polarization beam splitter (PBS) cube and transmitted through the magnetically shielded cesium vapor cell in the same direction. The two beams have approximately the same Gaussian diameter of 6.6 mm. The beams are separated by another PBS behind the vapor cell, and the probe beam is detected by a photodiode. We realize the coherent population oscillation spectroscopy through the Cesium vapor cell at room temperature without buffer gas. The spectral linewidth is typically less than 50 kHz which is far below the spontaneous radiation linewidth(~5.2 MHz). The linewidth of coherent population oscillation spectroscopy of the Λ-type atomic energy level structure depends only on the population associated with the oscillation of multiple degenerate level systems except phase correlations of atomic states. Coherent population oscillation is beneficial to the obtaining of the narrow linewidth spectroscopy through the Rydberg atomic system with long excited state lifetime. Considering the importance of electric field measurement using Rydberg atoms, the method of coherent population oscillation can be used to improve the sensitivity of precise measurements based on Rydberg atoms. Keywords:coherent population oscillations/ atomic population/ cesium atomic vapor cell/ Rydberg atom
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2.相干布居振荡光谱物理模型铯原子能级如图1所示, 基态为$ 6{\rm{S}}_{1/2}\left( {F}=3 \right) $, 激发态为$6{\rm{P}}_{3/2}( F'=2 )$, 考虑闭合二能级系统, 原子激发态和基态能级分别写为a和b, 三能级中的基态b和c可以是同一基态的Zeeman子能级, 能量差$ E_{\rm{ab}}=\hbar \omega _{\rm{ab}}$. 耦合光频率共振ab能级, 探测光频率失谐$ \varDelta _{\rm{p}}=\omega _{\rm{ab}}-\omega _{\rm{p}}$, $ \omega _{\rm{p}}$为探测光的频率, 失谐量Δp小于激发态自发辐射线宽γab. 耦合光和探测光相位锁定, 激光频率差$ \delta =\omega _{\rm{c}}-\omega _{\rm{p}}$, $ \omega _{\rm{c}}$为耦合光的频率. 偏振相同条件下, 考虑探测光E1和耦合光E2的干涉效应, 总光强I可以分解为$ I_{0}^{}$和$ I_{1}^{}$项: 图 1 铯原子系综相干布居振荡光谱 (a)铯原子超精细跃迁及Zeeman能级结构; (b)二能级结构; (c)三能级结构 Figure1. Schematic diagram of cesium atomic ensemble coherent population oscillations spectroscopy: (a) Hyperfine levels and Zeeman sublevels of the cesium D2 line; (b) two-level system and (c) three-level system associated with Zeeman sublevels of the ground and excited states.