Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51606151) and the National Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China (Grant No. 2020M673392)
Received Date:06 October 2020
Accepted Date:25 October 2020
Available Online:07 March 2021
Published Online:20 March 2021
Abstract:Space charge layer (SCL) effect induced by interfaces, e.g., grain boundaries in the polycrystals or heterointerfaces in the composites, may make the characteristics of the charge carrier transport near the interfaces significantly different from those in the bulk area. In previous studies, the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation was widely used to model the SCL effect, in which all the charge carriers were assumed to be in electrochemical equilibrium. However, the assumption of the electrochemical equilibrium is no longer valid when the charge carriers exhibit macroscopic motion. In this paper, we develop a model to simulate the charge carrier transport within the oxygen-ion conductor, particularly in the SCL, in which the charge carrier mass conservation equation is coupled to the Poisson equation. Our present coupled model, in which the assumption of the electrochemical equilibrium is not employed, is therefore able to simulate charge carrier transport with macroscopic motion. Two key dimensionless parameters governing the SCL effect are deduced, i.e. the dimensionless Debye length characterizing the ratio of Debye length to the thickness of oxygen-ion conductor, and the dimensionless potential representing the relative importance of the overpotential to the thermal potential. Taking AO2-M2O3 oxide for example, the conventional model with using PB equation and our present coupled model are compared for predicting the SCL effect. Furthermore, the mechanism of the oxygen vacancy transport in the oxygen-ion conductor with considering the SCL effect is thoroughly discussed. In a brief summary, with increasing the current density at the interface, the SCL resistance shows a non-monotonical tendency, i.e., it firstly decreases and then increases. Besides, enlarging the dimensionless Debye length significantly increases the SCL resistance. The influence of increasing the dimensionless potential on the oxygen vacancy transport is obvious when the overpotential is comparable to the thermal potential, but it becomes negligible when the overpotential is far less than the thermal potential. These results may offer helpful guidance for enhancing the performance of oxygen-ion conductors by rationally designing the grain boundaries and heterointerfaces. Keywords:oxygen-ion conductor/ space charge layer/ oxygen vacancy transport/ potential
表1演化方程(20)还原不同控制方程时所涉及的平衡分布函数、源项和求解变量表达式 Table1.Equilibrium distribution function, source term and variable expression in the evolution Eq. (20) for obtaining different governing equations.
如前文所述, PB方程是载流子电化学势梯度为零时Poisson-载流子质量守恒耦合方程的一个特解. 由于电化学势梯度是载流子移动从而产生电流的驱动力, 本文分别在离子导体净电流密度为零与不为零的工况下, 对PB方程和Poisson-载流子质量守恒耦合方程(若无特殊说明, 下文分别用耦合模型和Present model在正文和图中进行指代)的计算结果进行比较. 对于导体净电流密度为零的工况, 为了进一步和文献结果进行对比验证, 采用Mott-Schottky长度lMS作为特征长度, 计算和边界条件与文献[18]相同. 如图2(a)所示, 本文发展的PB方程LB模型和耦合方程LB模型的计算结果与文献[18]求解PB方程的计算结果几乎完全重合, 验证了本文数学模型和数值方法的准确性, 同时说明净电流密度为零时, PB方程与耦合方程具有相同的计算结果. 需要说明的是, 由于采用相同的控制方程和数值方法, 图2(a)同样能够说明本文发展的模型在导体净电流密度不为零时的较好可靠性. 图 2 Poisson-载流子质量守恒耦合方程(Present model)与PB方程(PB equation)的计算结果比较 (a)导体净电流密度为0时, 本文发展的PB方程LB模型与耦合方程LB模型的计算结果与文献[18]求解PB方程获得的计算结果比较, 其中α = F/(RT), lMS = [?(0)ε0εr/(FcV0)]0.5; (b), (c)导体净电流密度不为0时的计算结果 Figure2. Comparison of the results predicted by the coupled Poisson and charge carrier mass conservation equation (Present model) and the PB equation. (a) The net current density is 0. Results predicted by the PB equation from Ref. [18] is also presented for the comparison purpose. Here, α = F/(RT) and lMS = [?(0)ε0εr/(FcV0)]0.5. (b), (c) Results of the case that the net current density is not 0
下面研究控制导体内载流子传输过程的关键无量纲参数的影响规律. 基准工况为: $\dfrac{{z}_{\rm{V}}F{\phi }_{0}}{RT}$ = 1.37 × 10–3, λD/x0 = 4.3 × 10–2, iB/i0 = –1. 图3描述了无量纲界面电流密度(iB/i0)对氧空位传输过程的影响. 随着iB/i0的增大, 入口界面(x/x0 = 0) ?/?0呈现减小的变化趋势(图3(a)), 且沿着导体厚度方向, 靠近界面处?/?0的下凹程度越发显著, 但最小值均位于x/x0 = 0.05处(图3(c)), 导致迁移电流密度imig/i0为零的位置不变, 但界面处的绝对值一直增大(图3(f)). 随着iB/i0的增大, 界面处氧空位浓度cV/cV0呈现先增大后减小的变化规律(图3(a)), 且沿着导体厚度方向, 靠近界面处cV/cV0的变化幅度不断增大(图3(d)), 导致无量纲电荷密度呈现类似分布(图3(e)), 扩散电流密度idif/i0的绝对值逐渐增大(图3(f)). 同时发现导体内净电流密度逐渐增大(图3(f)), 说明不同iB/i0边界条件实施的正确性. 如图3(b)所示, 随着iB/i0的增大, SCL电阻和厚度均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势, 说明在较小电流密度条件下, 适当增大电流密度可促进SCL内氧空位传输; 电流密度较大时, 增大电流密度会使得SCL内的传输阻力增大. 图 3 无量纲界面电流密度(iB/i0)对(a)界面处电势与氧空位浓度及(b)空间电荷层电阻与厚度的影响; 当iB/i0 = 2, 4, 6时, (c)导体内电势、(d)氧空位浓度、(e)电荷密度及(f)电流密度分布 Figure3. Effects of dimensionless current density at the interface (iB/i0) on (a) the potential and oxygen vacancy concentration at the interface, and (b) the resistance and thickness of SCL. Distributions of (c) potential, (d) oxygen vacancy concentration, (e) charge density and (f) current density within the conductor when iB/i0 = 2, 4 and 6, respectively.