1.State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 2.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 3.Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0405605), the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. 2018B615X14), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51879086, 51479058, 51709126), the Independent Research Project for the Fundamental Research Funds of the State Key Laboratories, China (Grant No. 20185044412), the 111Project (Grant No. B17015), and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. KYCX18_0600)
Received Date:09 March 2020
Accepted Date:24 June 2020
Available Online:28 October 2020
Published Online:05 November 2020
Abstract:Simultaneous occurrence of temperature gradient and solute gradient at the fluid-sediment interface is conducive to the onset of salt-finger convection, which may in turn cause adverse effects on fluid mechanism. Ignoring the existence of salt finger would lead to numerical errors or sometimes even qualitative error in calculation of vertical mass fluxes. In this paper, a single-domain approach is adopted for the two-dimensional numerical model of flow coupled temperature and solute in a composite region made up of an upper fluid layer and an underlying saturated porous layer to investigate the evolution of the double diffusion convection of salt-finger form at the fluid-saturated porous interface. Darcian model describing the porous medium and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the fluid layer are solved at the same time, where different heat capacities, thermal conductivities and solute diffusion coefficients are considered. Three cases for $ \phi = 0.3{{5}},\;0.4{{0}},\;1 $ are considerded to study the evolution process and structure of salt fingers. The evolution process of salt finger is divided into three stages: diffusion stage, linear growth stage and slow growth stage. For all cases, the kinetic energy is transformed rapidly at linear growth stage, which promotes the mixture of momentum, temperature and salinity at the interface. Then at the slow growth stage, the kinetic energy conversion rate becomes slower before finally the kinetic energy is dissipated by the viscosity and friction. The results show that unlike the salt finger structure in stratified fluid, an asymmetric structure of salt finger is discovered where finger in the porous medium is shorter and wider. The existence of solid skeleton in porous medium hinders the growth of salt finger and reduces the vertical mass flux. Compared with the temperature, the salinity fluctuates more greatly at the interface, which also means that the effect of salt finger on salinity is greater than that of temperature. It is found that the higher the porosity, the faster the growth of thickness of salt finger interface is. Under the condition of high porosity, the potential energy stored by the unstable stratification of salinity is converted much more into kinetic energy, which increases the transport of heat and mass in the vertical direction and thus enhances the mixture capability of salt finger in the vertical direction. Keywords:porous layer/ interface/ salt finger/ laminar flow
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2.1.控制方程
根据Boussinesq近似, 在双扩散系统中, 流体的密度是盐度S和温度T的函数, 密度的微小变化不会显著改变流体的性质, 故只在动量方程的体积力项上考虑密度的变化. 在复合计算域内耦合温度和盐度以模拟流体层-多孔介质层界面处的盐指, 计算的几何模型参见图1, 其中上层是高度为${h_{\rm{f}}}$的流体层, 下层是高度为${h_{\rm{m}}}$的饱和多孔介质层. 图 1 水沙交界面盐指计算模型及初始条件 Figure1. Computational model and initial condition of salt finger at fluid-sediment interface.
为了更好地展现盐指对流在垂直方向上的混合能力, 定义温度波动$T'$和盐度波动$S'$, 去除背景分层的影响, 其中$T' = T - \left\langle T \right\rangle $, $S' = S - \left\langle S \right\rangle $. 图9和图10分别给出了$\phi = {1}$和$\phi = {0}{{.40}}$工况盐指稳定增长期沿着分层界面$z = 0$的温度波动、盐度波动和垂向速度波动, 图中垂向速度波动缩小了100倍. 由图9和图10可知, 无论流体中或是混合层的盐指, 上升的盐指输运着低温和低盐, 下降盐指输运着高温和高盐, 界面附近都分别出现了波数为10的扰动. 相对于温度, 盐度在界面处具有更大幅度的波动, 这也意味着盐指对流对于盐度的传递作用大于温度. 图 9$\phi = {1}$工况, $t = 0.05$时界面$z = 0$处温度、盐度和垂向速度(缩小100倍)分布图 Figure9.$T',\; S'$ and w along $z = 0$ for $\phi = 0.35$ at $t = 0.10$(w is scaled by 100).
图 10$\phi = 0.40$工况, $t = 0.10$时界面$z = 0$处温度、盐度和垂向速度(缩小100倍)分布图 Figure10.$T',\; S'$ and w along $z = 0$ for $\phi = 0.35$ at $t = 0.10$(w is scaled by 100).