CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Abstract:The photovoltaic effect of ferroelectric BiFeO3 (BFO)-based heterojunction has been one of hot subjects of theoretical and experimental studies due to its important application prospects, and the coexistence of varieties of photovoltaic effect mechanisms (bulk photovoltaic effect, domain wall effect, interfacial barrier effect, etc.) can bright rich and complicated physics nature. In order to investigate the important role that the interface plays in the photovoltaic effect, we prepare the Pt/BFO(60 nm)/Nb:SrTiO3 (NSTO) heterojunction with an asymmetric metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor structure, and systematically investigate the photovoltaic effect under laser irradiation with different wavelengths (365 nm and 445 nm). The heterojunction exhibits much stronger open-circuit voltage (Voc, ~0.55 V at 74 mW/cm2) and short-circuit current density (Jsc, ~ 208 μA/cm2 at 74 mW/cm2) for the laser irradiation with 365 nm wavelength than those for the laser irradiation with 445 nm wavelength, and the Voc and Jsc are both strengthened with the increase of light intensity. This is because the 365 nm light with the photon energy ~3.4 eV can stimulate photon-induced carriers in both BFO (band gap ~2.7 eV) and NSTO (band gap ~3.2 eV) at both the Pt/BFO interface and the BFO/NSTO interface, while the 445 nm light with the photon energy ~2.8 eV can only generate carriers in BFO. Thus the photovoltaic voltage is much bigger for the 365 nm light. Furthermore, the laser absorption process is much more efficient for the 365 nm light (79% absorbed in BFO and 21% absorbed in NSTO) than for the 445 nm light (21% absorbed in BFO). In addition, the temperature dependent Voc and Jsc are also investigated. It is found that for the 365 nm and 445 nm laser irradiation, the Voc increases with temperature decreasing, which is possibly due to the variations of the built-in potential, concentration of thermal charge carriers, and/or electron-phonon scatterings. The sharper variation of Voc above ~ 200 K may suggest the more significant role of thermal charge carriers at high temperatures. Interestingly, the temperature dependent Jsc behaves differently for the 365 nm and 445 nm light. Under the 365 nm laser irradiation, the Jsc remains almost unchanged below 170 K and increases sharply with temperature increasing above 170 K, which may be related to the dominant role of thermal excitation for the 365 nm light. While for the 445 nm light, the Jsc decreases with temperature increasing, which follows the variation trend of its Voc. What is more, the conduction mechanism of Pt/BFO/NSTO heterojunction under laser irradiation is also studied. It is found that the conduction for the 445 nm light can be nicely described by the space-charge-limited bulk conduction (SCLC) model and the photon-generated carriers may fill the traps and thus leading the transition voltage to decrease. While for the 365 nm light, the conduction is more complicated and cannot be described by the SCLC model. Our findings may be helpful in understanding the photovoltaic effect in transition-metal oxide based heterojunctions and designing photovoltaic devices. Keywords:photovoltaic effect/ heterojunction/ rectification characteristics
接下来系统研究了黑暗及不同光强的365和445 nm波长光照下Pt/BFO(60 nm)/NSTO异质结在室温下的电流密度-电压(J-V)曲线. 从异质结的J-V曲线可以看到, 在不加光照时, 该曲线几乎是线性的, 且关于原点中心对称. 随着照射光强度的增加, 电流密度在正负电压方向都单调增加, 特别是表现出了明显的整流行为: 正向电压下电流密度增长更为显著. 这一实验结果说明, 在光照辅助下, Pt/BFO/NSTO异质结可以表现出更为显著的二极管效应, 这种光辅助的二极管特性与具有非对称结构的Pt/BFO/NSTO异质结中光生载流子的注入有关[32]. 不同光照下异质结的传导机制将在3.4节中详细讨论. 更为重要地, 通过图3的J-V曲线, 可以看到Pt/BFO/NSTO异质结表现出显著的光伏效应. 图4展示了该异质结的室温开路电压(Voc)及短路电流密度(Jsc)随光照强度的变化规律. 如图4(a)所示, 在λ ~ 365 nm, 74 mW/cm2的光照下, 开路电压可以达到0.55 V, 短路电流密度可以达到208 μA/cm2, 显著高于445 nm光照下的Voc 和Jsc. 作为对比, 文献中基于NSTO的铁电异质结在365 nm光照下的开路电压、短路电流密度最高仅为0.54 V, 220 μA/cm2 (153 mW/cm2, 光照强度是本文光照强度的2倍)[23-25]. 此外, 图4(b)的结果表明, 短路电流密度的大小正比于光照强度, 这是因为在更高强度的光辐照下, 更多的光子会激发出更多的载流子, 从而贡献出更大的光生电流[1]. 图 3 室温下, 黑暗及不同光强的光照射下Pt/BFO(60 nm)/NSTO异质结的J-V曲线 (a)波长365 nm光照下的结果; (b)波长445 nm光照下的结果, 插图为低电压区域的放大图像 Figure3.J-V curves of Pt/BFO(60 nm)/NSTO heterojunction in the dark and under the laser irradiation with various irradiation intensities at room temperature: (a) λ ~ 365 nm; (b) λ ~ 445 nm. The inset of panel (b) shows the magnified image at low voltages.
图 4 不同波长光照下的(a)开路电压和(b)短路电流密度随着光照强度的变化 Figure4. Light intensity dependent (a) open-circuit voltage and (b) short-circuit current density under laser irradiation with different wavelengths.
其中, A是拟合参数, Δ是相应陷阱能级的激活能, kB是玻尔兹曼常数. 图6为拟合结果, 从中得到热激活能(陷阱深度) Δ = 20 meV. 图 6Jsc随1000/T的变化及Arrhenius公式拟合 Figure6.Jsc vs. 1000/T and the fitting result by Arrhenius model.