Abstract:Scintillating array image plates are allowed high resolution through a thicker detector which increases quantum efficiency without degrading the imaging resolution substantially. Due to limitations imposed by process capability, scintillator fiber array with pixel diameter less than 0.2 mm is hardly manufactured to improve performance. Therefore, a liquid scintillator capillary array with 0.1 mm pixel is developed to improve the detection efficiency and spatial resolution of image plate for low intensity radiation imaging. Its performances are studied and tested by simulation and experiment, and are compared with those of scintillating fiber array. Especially in order to gain high fidelity representation of modulation transfer function of the array image plate, a method of simulating and measuring the slanted knife edge response and an iterative algorithm are introduced. For 14 MeV neutron and 1.25 MeV gamma, the slanted knife edge responses of these array image plates with pixel dimensions in a range from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm are respectively simulated by MCNPx program and the modulation transfer function (MTF) are obtained. The simulation results show that compared with scintillating fiber array, the liquid scintillator capillaries array has an obvious merit in spatial resolution because of greater stopping power for secondary charged particle in the capillary quartz glass wall with 0.02 mm in thickness. Its ultimate resolution can reach to 1.8 lp/mm for 14 MeV neutron by simulation. At the 4000 Ci 60Co facility, a 5-cm-thick tungsten bar, one side of which has a curvature of 0.1 radian to minimize the misalignment effect, is made a knife edge. The MTF of the scintillating fiber array with 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm pixel and newly developed liquid scintillator capillary array is measured through this tungsten knife edge. Experimental measurement results have also verified that the liquid scintillator capillary array performs well in spatial resolution and luminescent uniformity for 1.25 MeV gamma. The ultimate spatial resolution, 0.9 lp/mm is gained, and those of other scintillating fiber arrays are all less than 0.5 lp/mm. Moreover, experimental test validates the simulating method and simulated results, although the measured value is slight less than the simulated value because of the effect of dimension of 60Co source. Keywords:novel liquid scintillator capillary array/ sloping edge spread function/ modulation transfer function/ radiation imaging
刀口边缘响应法是获得成像器件MTF常用的一种方法, 即先获得成像器件对刀口响应的边缘扩展函数(edge spread function, ESF), 然后对ESF进行微分和傅里叶变换得到MTF. 对离散采样阵列探测器, 为更全面评估空间分辨能力, 应用倾斜边缘刀口法[21]. 基于该方法, 本文采用大型的射线粒子输运模拟软件MCNPx进行仿真模拟, 该软件对粒子输运模拟过程比较接近真实的物理过程. 本文模拟中射线源(分别是14 MeV中子和1.25 MeV伽马)设计为一均匀定向发射的面源, 面源的形状为矩形, 发射方向垂直于阵列屏入射面. 由于面源边沿与阵列的相对位置(见图2(a)—(c))对能量沉积分布和荧光输出分布均会有影响, 为此采用倾斜边缘刀口法, 见图2(d)的方式, 即面源在阵列屏上的投影边沿与阵列排布方向呈一定夹角. 夹角的设计规则是沿着倾斜的边沿, 每经过10个像元, 第一个像元未被辐照, 而最后一个恰好被完全辐照, 则根据几何关系算得倾斜角度约为6°. 模拟中各阵列屏的结构参数见表1. 采用MCNPx软件中F6计数卡记录每根阵列单元内次级带电粒子(电子或质子)的能量沉积, 再根据闪烁材料对不同能量带电粒子(电子或质子)的光响应函数, 累计得到每个像元内产生的荧光光子数, 根据图3及下列的(1)式和(2)式可求得阵列成像屏的ESF. 图 2 矩形面源在阵列上的投影示意图 (a)面源投影内的阵列单元完全被辐照; (b), (c)投影边界处的阵列单元没有被完全辐照; (d)投影倾斜于阵列排布方向 Figure2. Projection sketch of surface source on the array: (a) The array cell at the boundary of projection area is fully irradiated; (b), (c) the array cell at the boundary of projection area is not fully irradiated; (d) edge of projection slants through the horizontal direction of the array.
图 3 倾斜边缘扩展函数投影示意图 Figure3. Projection sketch of slope edge for ESF.
图4是参考文献[23, 24]给出的EJ309对质子和电子的光响应函数曲线, 其中电子响应函数通过22Na, 137Cs, 60Co和AmBe源发射的伽马射线标定给出(用伽马射线与闪烁体作用产生康普顿边缘刻度), 质子响应函数在AmBe源上应用飞行时间幅度谱及波形甄别技术给出. 图 4 EJ309液闪对质子和电子的光响应曲线(1 MeVee表示沉积1 MeV电子能量的输出光量;) (a)质子光响应函数; (b)电子光响应函数 Figure4. Light output of EJ309 as a function of energy for particle energy: (a) Light output as a function proton energy; (b) light output as a function electron energy.