1.Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China 2.Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China 3.Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0401201)
Received Date:27 July 2019
Accepted Date:29 August 2019
Published Online:20 January 2020
Abstract:Experiments are carried out on the Φ2 m Shock Tunnel (FD-14A) at the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center to study the effect of the transverse groove with/without discharge hole on the hypersonic blunt flat-plate boundary layer transition, and the preliminary computational and theoretical research are carried out. The inflow Mach number of the test is 6, the unit Reynolds number is 3.3 × 107/m, the leading edge radius of the flat-plate is 1 mm, and the angle of attack is –4°. Three different sets of two-dimensional transverse grooves are arranged at 110 mm away from the leading edge of the flat-plate. The width and depth of the grooves are, respectively, 2.5 mm and 1 mm for groove 1, 3.75 mm and 1.5 mm for groove 2, and 5 mm and 2 mm for groove 3, at the same time, both ends of the groove 1 can open the discharge hole (the discharge hole has a size of 2.5 mm × 5.0 mm and a width the same as that of groove 1). The discharge hole is denoted as the groove 4, and the smooth flat-plate when the groove is not included is denoted as groove 5 or the flat. The Φ2-mm-diameter cylindrical heat flux sensor is used to measure the heat flux distributions of the center line of the flat-plate under different conditions, and thus we can judge the transition of the boundary layer. The measurement results show that the smooth plate starts to transit at x ≈ 340 mm, and the transition is nearly completed at x ≈ 425 mm. The groove causes the transition position of the boundary layer of the plate to advance, and as the width and depth of the groove increase, the promoting effect on the transition is enhanced, and the transition position moves upstream. After the groove 1 is added to the discharge hole (groove 4), the heat flux distribution and the transition position are substantially the same as those of the smooth plate. After the boundary layer flow completely transits into turbulent flow, the difference in heat flux for each case is small, which indicates that the grooves of different specifications affect only the heat flux distribution in the transition process, but have little effect on the heat flux of the turbulent wall after the transition. The computational fluid dynamic results show that the discharge holes cause passive suction, and the test results show that the suction effect of the discharge holes at both ends of the groove counteracts the effect of the groove on the transition of the center line boundary layer, but it may be just a coincidence, and further research is needed. The linear stability theory (LST) and the optimal perturbation method are used to analyze the flow instability mechanism of the smooth blunt plate. The LST results show that there is no first mode instability nor second mode instability in the blunt plate flow. The modal instability mechanism cannot explain the observed transition in the test. The optimal disturbance calculation shows that the blunt plate flow suffers strong non-modal instability, which can qualitatively explain the observed transition phenomenon. Keywords:shock tunnel/ transverse groove/ discharge hole/ boundary layer transition
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2.1.试验设备及测量手段
试验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速所Φ2 m激波风洞(FD-14 A)上开展, 试验设备由激波管、相应喷管、试验段、真空箱组成, 激波管的内径为150 mm, 其高压段和低压段的长度分别为9 m和18 m. 风洞试验气体为氮气, 采用氢气或氢气-氮气混合气体驱动, 驱动压力目前可达50 MPa. 通过更换喉道或喷管可获得不同的来流马赫数, 通过调节高、低压段的压力可获得不同的来流单位雷诺数, 以实现不同的模拟环境. 目前该风洞能模拟的马赫数范围为6—16, 雷诺数范围为2.1×105—6.7×107 m–1, 其型面喷管出口直径为1.2 m, 试验段的横截面积是2.6 m × 2.6 m, 试验的有效时间为4—18 ms. 试验所采用的测量手段[30-31]为Φ2 mm柱状热流传感器(图1), 该传感器以玻璃为基底材料, 制作成直径2 mm, 长度20 mm的玻璃棒, 采用真空磁控溅射镀膜方法在抛光的圆端面镀铂薄膜, 连接测试引线制作成传感器, 以铂薄膜测量模型表面热流. 在平板表面安装热流传感器测量热流沿流向的分布, 可用来判断边界层的转捩位置[31-33]. 图 1Φ2 mm柱状热流传感器 Figure1. The Φ2-mm-diameter cylindrical heat flux sensors.
22.2.试验模型及流场条件 -->
2.2.试验模型及流场条件
平板模型尺寸及测点布置如图2所示, 平板长450 mm、宽350 mm, 展向凹槽中心线到前缘的距离为110 mm, 凹槽长200 mm. 如图2所示, 在平板中心线布置22个测点. 为了研究不同尺寸的展向凹槽对平板转捩的影响, 加工了三种规格的凹槽, 如图3所示, 凹槽的宽度与深度分别为凹槽1 (2.5 mm, 1 mm)、凹槽2 (3.75 mm, 1.5 mm)、凹槽3 (5 mm, 2 mm), 凹槽4的宽度和深度与凹槽1一致, 但在凹槽的两端增加了泄流孔, 记为凹槽4, 无凹槽时的填充替换件记为凹槽5或平板. 图 2 平板凹槽测点分布示意图 Figure2. Schematic diagram of measuring point distribution.
图 3 不同尺寸凹槽对比图 Figure3. Comparison chart of different size grooves.
如图3所示, 凹槽4左右两端分别有一个泄流孔, 孔长5 mm, 孔宽度与凹槽宽度保持一致2.5 mm. 在平板模型内部开孔联通到模型底面, 泄流孔出口上游安装挡块, 使泄流孔出口位于挡块背风区(图4), 保证泄流孔出口压力比泄流孔入口压力低, 以满足泄流条件. 图 4 凹槽4泄流孔出口 Figure4. The discharge hole outlet of Groove 4.