1.Science and Information College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China 2.College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11604170), the Scientific Research in Universities of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. J16LJ06), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2014AQ018)
Received Date:13 April 2019
Accepted Date:19 July 2019
Available Online:01 November 2019
Published Online:05 November 2019
Abstract:The crystal structure of carbon monoxide has been studied for more than half a century. The internal structures of low-pressure carbon monoxide crystals have been investigated by means of infrared analysis and Raman analysis, and the internal structure of carbon monoxide has also been studied through computational analysis. Previous studies showed that carbon monoxide can produce different phase transitions at different pressures, and thus forming new polymers with new physical properties such as electrical, optical and mechanical properties. In this paper, from first-principles calculations, we propose six nanotube structures made of carbon monoxide, named Tube-3–Tube-8. The nanotubes are packed into the nanotube bundles, and carbon monoxide nanotube bundle structures that are similar to carbon nanotube bundles are constructed by first-principles calculation. We study the structural, energy and electronic properties of the nanotubes and nanotube bundles. In order to evaluate the relative stability of the predicted nanotubes, we calculate the cohesive energy and phonon spectrum, and we also carry out the molecular dynamics analysis. The results show that there are three nanotubes (Tube-4–Tube-6) that are relatively stable, of which Tube-5 nanotube is the most stable phase. We attribute the stability of Tube-5 to sp3-hybridized C atoms being nearest to the hybridized atoms of diamond. Then we investigate nanotube bundles from the three stable nanotubes, and accordingly name them Bundles-4–Bundles-6. We calculate the enthalpy function under pressure and compare it with the enthalpy function of several known carbon monoxide molecular crystal and chain crystal, which are the most stable structures according to the current studies. More pleasingly, we find that these nanotube bundles are more stable than these carbon monoxide molecular crystal and chain crystal at low pressure. In addition, by calculating the energy bands of Tube-4–Tube-6, we can deduce that these nanotube bundles (Bundles-4– Bundles-6) are all wide band gap semiconductors, which are entirely different from molecular and chain crystals that are metals. We expect that the discovery of nanotube bundle structures will increase the diversity of carbon monoxide crystal under low pressure, and provide a new understanding of exploring the internal structure of carbon monoxide crystal. Keywords:carbon monoxide crystal/ nanotube bundle structure/ low-pressure phase/ first-principles
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3.1.纳米管结构的设计以及稳定性分析
根据碳原子与氧原子的成键方式, 本文中搭建了六种不同的CO纳米管. 因为碳原子最外层有四个价电子, 可以形成四条共价键, 氧原子最外层有六个价电子, 可以形成两条共价键, 因此纳米管的内部均由碳原子构成, 形成碳环, 由3—8个碳原子组成, 每个碳原子除构成碳环的两条共价键, 还有连接氧原子的一条碳-氧共价键, 如图1(a)的内插图所示, 氧原子作为桥梁连接两个不同的碳环, 按照这个规律就构成内部由碳原子构成碳环, 通过氧原子连接碳环在z方向上形成无限长的CO纳米管结构. 根据Bader电荷分析可知, 无论是何种纳米管, 每个原胞中, 碳原子最外层的电子密度是相同的, 即碳原子是等价的, 同样氧原子最外层的电子密度也是相同的, 即原胞中每个氧原子也是等价的, 每个原胞中, 每个碳原子向与其连接的氧原子转移0.95—0.99个电子, 如表1所列, 两者形成共价键. 在图1(a)中每个氧原子连接两个碳原子, 原胞中一个碳原子, 隔壁原胞中一个碳原子, 每个碳原子为氧原子提供一个电子形成共价键, 恰好与Bader分析相对应. 按照内环碳原子的个数, 这些纳米管被命名为Tube-3, Tube-4, Tube-5, Tube-6, Tube-7, Tube-8, 图2(b)即为Tube-3— Tube-8的横截面图. 图 1 (a)每种CO纳米管的相对能量; (b)每种CO纳米管键角相对于直径的函数图像 Figure1. (a) Relative energy of each CO nanotube; (b) the bond angle as a function of the diameter of each CO nanotube
dC—C/?
dC—O/?
Etol/eV·CO–1
Ecoh/eV·CO–1
CCHG—OCHG/e
Tube-3
1.53
1.40
–14.61
0.16
0.99
Tube-4
1.58
1.40
–15.01
–0.24
0.99
Tube-5
1.58
1.41
–15.13
–0.36
0.98
Tube-6
1.61
1.41
–15.03
–0.25
0.95
Tube-7
1.64
1.40
–14.84
–0.07
0.96
Tube-8
1.67
1.40
–14.64
0.13
0.93
表1CO纳米管的键长dC—C和dC—O, 每个CO单元的总能量Etol和形成能Ecoh, 以及纳米管每个原胞中碳原子转移给氧原子的电荷数CCHG—OCHG Table1.Structural parameters of Tube-3?Tube-7, where dC—C is bond length between carbon atoms, dC—O is bond length between carbon atom and oxygen atom; total energy (Etol) and cohesive energy (Ecoh); electron transfer from carbon atom to oxygen atom (CCHG—OCHG)
图 2 各纳米管z方向晶格扫描能量图(a)和横截面图(b) Figure2. Lattice scanning energy diagrams (a) and cross sections (b) of various nanotubes according z direction