1.College of Electronic Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China 2.College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Hebei Higher Education Institution, China (Grant No. ZD2017008), the High-level Talents Funds of Hebei University, China (Grant No. 521000981118), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61674050)
Received Date:01 July 2019
Accepted Date:06 August 2019
Available Online:01 November 2019
Published Online:05 November 2019
Abstract:Pure and In-doped orthorhombic Bi2WO6 are synthesized by sol-gel method through using raw materials Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, In(NO3)3·6H2O, (NH4)2WO4 and surfactants citric acid, polyethylene glycol. All samples are in pure phase without impurity phase as indicated by X-ray diffraction characterization. The In-doped sample degradation efficiency for rhodamine B is higher than that for pure phase with the optimal content 7% mole ratio. Because indium impurity adhering to Bi2WO6 nucleus surface may affect the crystallization range, the sample morphology gradually becomes fluffy and regular, which is reveled through scanning electron microscopy analysis. This morphology change plays an important role in electron-hole transport process as well as contact area of carrier and organic molecule. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization and Gaussian fitting, it is found that the O 1s XPS peak of pure and In-doped sample each contain three peak sites. The low energy peak around 530 eV originates from W—O and Bi—O bond. The high peak is ascribed to lattice oxygen defect and its intensity is enhanced gradually with the increase of In content. Thus the increase of oxygen vacancies is the main reason for this photocatalytic performance improvement. Comparing with the impurity-free sample, the visible absorption of In-doped Bi2WO6 is enhanced and the corresponding band gap slightly decreases, which is indicated by diffraction reflection spectroscopy measurement. The reduction of forbidden band width further enhances the photocatalytic performance. After configuration relaxation and self-consistence calculation, the formation energy obtained from a single oxygen vacancy model is less than those from the Bi1In + VO and the Bi2In + VO co-doping models, and greater than the WIn + VO formation energy. This result indicates that indium replacing W site can promote the generating of oxygen vacancies. The calculation of the 18%-hybridization function electronic structure shows that the Bi2WO6 has indirect band gap semi-conduction with energy gap 2.76 eV, which is consistent with the experimental value 2.79 eV. A series of new local states appears in the band gap and near conduction band bottom based on the oxygen vacancy model. These local states promote light absorption and enhance photocatalytic performance. In conclusion, the enhanced photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6 is attributed to the indium entering into the tungsten site rather than the bismuth site as indicated by the experimental and theoretical result. Keywords:bismuth tungstate/ indium doping/ oxygen vacancy/ formation energy
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3.结果与讨论图2(a)为纯相和铟掺杂钨酸铋XRD图谱, 可以看出, 纯相XRD与ISCD 67647 模拟衍射模式相吻合, 表示正交单相钨酸铋合成. 铟离子引入并没有改变衍射峰的位置和数目, 且无其他杂质峰出现, 从侧面说明铟离子进入钨酸铋晶格中. 根据离子半径大小[16], 铟离子最可能进入铋位, 然而形成能比较发现, 铟进入钨位的形成能小于进入铋位的形成能, 说明铟进入钨位才更有利于氧空位的生成. 而根据XPS测试, 掺杂后材料中的氧空位确实增多, 说明在本实验中, 铟更有可能进入钨位. 此外图中标出所有衍射峰对应的晶面, 其中最强峰对应晶面为($ 13\bar 1$). 图2(b)为优化后的纯钨酸铋单晶胞结构, 可以看出, 钨酸铋是由WO6和BiO3交替排列的层状结构. W有一种位置, Bi有两种位置, O有六种位置, 根据Wcykoff坐标和空间群对称性, 所有原子位置均为C1对称性. 图 2 ICSD模拟和不同浓度铟掺杂钨酸铋XRD图谱(a)和优化完正交钨酸铋结构模型(b) Figure2. XRD patterns of the ICSD simulation and different concentration In-doped bismuth tungstate (a), as well as optimized orthogonal bismuth tungstate structure model (b).
为了探索铟掺杂增强催化性能的原因, 首先对样品进行价态表征, 结果如图5所示. 纯相和铟掺杂样品O 1s XPS呈现非对称分布. 通过高斯拟合得到3个峰: A, B, C. 在纯相中, A, B, C峰位为530.053, 530.693, 531.584 eV. 低能峰A和B归因于Bi-O和W-O配位[18], 而高能峰C来源于缺陷氧. 因此钨酸铋材料较高的催化性能主要来源于氧空位[19]. 铟掺杂导致高能峰C强度增大, 表示铟替代晶格位置促进氧空位产生, 因而导致掺杂样品催化效率高于纯相. 图 5 纯相(a)和7%铟掺杂(b) Bi2WO6的O 1 s XPS光谱以及Gaussian分峰 Figure5. O1 s XPS spectra and Gaussian peaks of pure phase (a) and 7% In-doped Bi2WO6 (b).
图6(a)为纯相和7%铟掺杂钨酸铋紫外-可见光漫反射光谱, 可以看出, 纯样品在紫外区域有强吸收, 而在可见光区域有20%吸收. 通过铟掺杂使得样品在可见光区域吸收增大到30%. 因而铟掺杂提高了样品的可见光响应, 从而可能进一步提高光催化降解效率. 通过Kubelka-Munk函数拟合可以得到样品带隙值, 如图6(b)所示[20]. 掺杂前后, 样品带隙值分别为2.79 eV和2.74 eV, 带隙略有减小, 进一步增强光催化降解过程中光吸收. 图 6 纯的和7 at%铟掺杂样品的漫反射光谱(a)和K-M方程拟合的带隙值(b) Figure6. Diffuse reflectance spectra of pure and 7 at% In-doped samples (a) and band gap values fitted by K-M equation (b).
为了进一步从理论上确定铟掺杂提高氧空位浓度, 分别建立了四种模型, 即单一氧空位(VO)、铟代替铋位 +VO、铟取代钨位 +VO. 弛豫后的四种模型如图7(a)所示. 利用公式 图 7 (a)四种模型结构示意图及其(b)相应形成能变化趋势 Figure7. Schematic diagram of four model structures (a) and corresponding formation energy variation (b).