Fund Project:Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0204800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11674052, 11525415, 51420105003).
Received Date:27 March 2019
Accepted Date:23 May 2019
Available Online:01 August 2019
Published Online:05 August 2019
Abstract:Tin oxide (SnO2) has attracted a lot of attention among lithium ion battery anode materials due to its rich reserves, high theoretical capacity, and safe potential. However, the mechanism of the SnO2 nano materials in the lithiation-delithiation reaction, especially whether the first-step conversion reaction is reversible, is still controversial. In this paper, SnO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 4.4 nm are successfully prepared via a simple hydrothermal method. A nanosized lithium ion battery that enables the in situ electrochemical experiments of SnO2 nanoparticles is constructed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of SnO2 in lithiation-delithiation process. Briefly, the nanosized electrochemical cell consists of a SnO2 working electrode, a metal lithium (Li) counter electrode on a sharp tungsten probe, and a solid electrolyte of lithium oxide (Li2O) layer naturally grown on the surface of metal Li. Then, the whole lithiation-delithiation process of SnO2 nanocrystals is tracked in real time. When a constant potential of –2 V is applied to the SnO2 with respect to lithium, lithium ions begin to diffuse from one side of the nanoparticles, which is in contact with the Li/Li2O layer, and gradually propagate to the other side. Upon the lithiation, a two-step conversion reaction mechanism is revealed: SnO2 is first converted into intermediate phase of Sn with an average diameter of 4.2 nm which is then further converted into Li22Sn5. Upon the delithiation, a potential of 2 V is applied and Li22Sn5 phase can be reconverted into SnO2 phase when completely delithiated. It is because the interfaces and grain boundaries of nano-sized SnO2 may impede the Sn diffusing from one grain into another during lithiation/delithiation and then suppress the coarsening of Sn, and enable the Li2O and Sn to be sufficiently contacted with each other and then converted into SnO2. This work provides a valuable insight into an understanding of phase evolution in the lithiation-delithiation process of SnO2 and the results are of great significance for improving the reversible capacity and cycle performance of lithium ion batteries with SnO2 electrodes. Keywords:SnO2 nanoparticles/ lithium reaction mechanism/ in situ characterization
在研究材料脱锂的实验中, 对SnO2纳米颗粒施加2 V电压, 使得Li+从被完全锂化的Li22Sn5相中脱出. 脱锂过程中的形貌对比图如图4(a)和图4(b)所示, 图4(e)—(l)的脱锂时间序列图片展示了在第一次脱锂过程中的形貌的动态演变过程. 当Li+从SnO2负极材料中逐渐脱出, 427 s内, 所标志区域的体积缩减至初始的62.55%. 图4(c)为材料脱锂后产物的HRTEM图像, 其晶面间距为0.298 nm,与正交相SnO2的(111)面相对应. 图4(d)所示的SAED图像中, 多晶衍射环花样从内到外标定为正交相SnO2的(111), (112), (130), (113)面. 由此可知, 在SnO2纳米颗粒的脱锂过程中, 存在着第一步转化反应可逆的现象, 即 图 4 SnO2纳米颗粒脱锂前后的变化 (a) SnO2第一次脱锂前的形貌, 比例尺为40 nm; (b) SnO2第一次脱锂后的形貌, 比例尺为40 nm; (c) SnO2第一次脱锂结束后的HRTEM图, 比例尺为1 nm; (d) SnO2第一次脱锂结束后的SAED图; (e)—(l) SnO2纳米颗粒第一次脱锂过程, 比例尺为40 nm; (m) SnO2纳米颗粒第二次嵌锂后的HRTEM图, 比例尺为1 nm; (n) SnO2纳米颗粒第二次嵌锂后的SAED图; (o) SnO2纳米颗粒第二次脱锂后的HRTEM图, 比例尺为1 nm; (p) SnO2纳米颗粒第二次脱锂后的SAED图 Figure4. Changes of SnO2 nanoparticles during the delithiation: (a) Morphology of SnO2 before delithiation; (b) morphology of SnO2 after first delithiated; (c) HRTEM image of SnO2 after completely first delithiated; (d) SAED pattern of SnO2 after first completely delithiated; (e)–(l) SnO2 nanoparticle first delithiation process; (m) HRTEM image of SnO2 after second lithiated; (n) SAED pattern of SnO2 after second lithiated; (o) HRTEM image of SnO2 after second delithiated; (p) SAED pattern of SnO2 after second delithiated.