1.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China 2.Guangdong Polytechnic Institute, Guangzhou 510091, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61771205), the National Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2015A030313388), and the Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2015B010128012, 2017KZ010101).
Received Date:01 April 2019
Accepted Date:12 April 2019
Available Online:01 July 2019
Published Online:05 July 2019
Abstract:Nowadays, the practical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) is the biggest challenge. In practical implementation, the security of a practical system strongly depends on its device implementation, and device defects will create security holes. The information leakage from a receiving unit due to secondary photon emission (backflash) is caused by a single-photon detector in the avalanche process. Now studies have shown that the backflash will leak the information about time and polarization and the eavesdropping behavior will not generate additional error rate in the communication process. An eavesdropping scheme obtaining time information by using backflash is proposed. Targeting this security hole for backflash leaking polarization information, an eavesdropping scheme for obtaining polarization information by using backflash is proposed in free-space QKD; however, it has not been reported in fiber QKD. In this study, the eavesdropping scheme and countermeasures for obtaining information by using backflash in fiber polarization-coded QKD is proposed. Since the polarization state of the fiber polarization-coded QKD system is easy to change, the scheme is proposed based on the time-division multiplexing polarization compensation fiber polarization-coded QKD system. In theory, the eavesdropper in this scheme obtaining the key information by using the backflash is theoretically deduced, and corrects the polarization change of the backflash by time-division multiplexing polarization compensation method, thus obtaining the accurate polarization information. The probability of backflash in the fiber polarization-coded QKD is measured to be 0.05, and the information leakage in the proposed eavesdropping scheme is quantified. The lower limit of the information obtained by the eavesdropper is 2.5 × 10–4. Due to the fact that the polarization compensation process increases invalid information in actual operation, the information obtained by the eavesdropper will be further reduced, thus obtaining the lower limit of information leakage. The results show that the backflash leaks a small amount of key information in a time-multiplexed polarization-compensated fiber polarization-coded QKD system. The wavelength characteristics of the backflash can be utilized to take corresponding defense methods. Backflash has a wide spectral range, and the count of backflash has a peak wavelength. So, tunable filters and isolators can be used to reduce backflash leakage, thereby reducing the information leakage. Keywords:quantum key distribution/ polarization-coded/ time division multiplexing polarization compensation/ backflash
3.光纤偏振编码QKD中的信息泄漏率本节通过实验测量了光纤偏振编码QKD系统中反向荧光的概率, 结合第2节中的窃听方案得出信息泄露率. Pinheiro等[40]通过实验验证过反向荧光经过PBS时会携带偏振信息, 并且在自由空间QKD中探测到了反向荧光的偏振信息, 其探测到的水平态(H)的偏振信息泄露率为$3.5 \times {10^{ - 3}}$, 竖直态(V)的偏振信息泄露率为$2.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}$. 但是在光纤QKD中偏振态容易发生变化, 无法确定探测到的荧光的偏振态是否正确, 则需要对偏振态进行补偿. 在第2节中时分复用偏振补偿QKD系统的基础上, 测量了没有偏振补偿的光纤偏振编码QKD中携带有偏振信息的反向荧光概率如图2所示, 将实验结果带入窃听方案推导出信息泄露率. 首先需要将激光器和探测器进行同步处理, Alice发送偏振态为H的脉冲光给Bob, 脉宽为500 ps, 频率为2 MHz, 探测器APD1(ID200)响应后产生反向荧光返回信道, 通过环形器被探测器APD3(ID201)探测, 用示波器(oscilloscope, waverunner 8404 M)记录Eve和Bob之间的符合响应次数, 得到直方图如图3所示. 图 2 探测光纤偏振编码QKD中携带有偏振信息的反向荧光概率 LD为激光器(QCL-102); ATT为衰减器(SM3301); APD1–3为单光子探测器(ID200, ID200, ID201); CLOCK为时钟信号源(DG645); OSC为示波器(WAVERUNNER 8404 M); 电线长度相同 Figure2. Probability detection of the backflash of the polarization-encoded QKD carrying polarization information. LD, laser (qcl-102); ATT, attenuator (SM3301); APD1–3, avalanche photodetector (ID200, ID200, ID201); CLOCK, clock (DG645); OSC, oscilloscope (WAVERUNNER 8404 M); the cables are the same length.
图 3 Eve和Bob之间的符合计数直方图, 第三个峰为探测到的反向荧光光子数分布, 其他峰值为光学仪器的端面反射光 Figure3. Coincidence count histogram between Bob and Eve. The third peak is the detected backflash photon number distribution, and the other peaks denote the reflected light of the optical instrument.