Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11704064), the Scientific and Technological Development Program of Jilin Province, China (Grant No. 20180520205JH), and the Science Foundation of the Education Department of Jilin Province During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, China (Grant No. JJKH20180010KJ).
Received Date:21 January 2019
Accepted Date:11 March 2019
Available Online:01 May 2019
Published Online:20 May 2019
Abstract:In recent years, exploring new topological quantum model structures and in depth analyzing the novel physical properties in various multimerized topological lattices have become a hot topic in the field of quantum optics. Among the different model structures, the multimerized non-Hermitian lattice controlled by different parameters in the future research of topological quantum materials, we believe, can exhibit more meaningful novel topological properties. As one of the most classic topological models, the one-dimensional Aubry-André-Harper (AAH) model has received more and more attention in the study of multimerized lattices. In this paper, we focus on the novel topological properties of a trimerized non-Hermitian lattice, and extend the trimer model structure from a one-dimensional chain to a quasi-one-dimensional zigzag structure. The results show that firstly, if the nearest-neighbor forward coupling coefficient in the unit cell is not equal to the backward coupling coefficient, the chiral inversion symmetry of the system is destroyed. It can be observed that the bulk states and the edge states in the trimerization model will be localized on the same edge of the lattice, and the skin effect will appear in the system. With the increase of the nearest-neighbor coupling coefficient, the width of the edge state changes in which the lower edge state of the imaginary part of the spectrum is narrowed until it disappears. The degree of degeneracy of the system changes, and the number of edge states is reduced from four to two. Remarkably, the generalized bulk-boundary correspondence is shown in certain non-Hermitian topological systems. Secondly, when the trimerization model considers the influence of the next-nearest-neighbor coupling, the numerical results show that the upper and lower energy gaps in the energy spectrum and the edge states in the energy spectrum are asymmetrical as the next-nearest-neighbor coupling coefficient is modulated in an appropriate range. The upper energy gaps and the edge states are narrowed, and the edge states of the lower energy gaps are widened. At the same time, the novel topology features of the system can also be used to achieve the quantitative control of the energy spectrum edge states, and other interesting directions are worth exploring. Keywords:edge states/ topological insulators/ skin effect
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2.理论模型与能谱分布如图1所示, 本文考虑的是类一维的非厄密三聚化晶格, 并为实现可调的耦合, 将晶胞结构设计为锯齿形. 晶胞内最近邻正向耦合系数为$ g_{1}+\mu $, 反向系数为$ g_{1}-\mu $, 其中$ 2\mu $为最近邻正反向耦合系数差, 次近邻耦合系数为$ \nu $, 胞间耦合系数为$ g_{2} $. 在该非厄密系统中, 在每个晶胞内添加均匀的增益损耗—添加势能$ {\rm i}\gamma $于增益格点$ A $、零势能于中性格点$ B $、势能$ -{\rm i}\gamma $于损耗格点$ C $. 这些参数条件构成了本研究所需的扩展的一维非厄密的AAH模型. 其中, 令$ a_{n} $, $ b_{n} $和$ c_{n} $表示第$ n $个晶胞内格点的湮灭算符, 总晶胞数为$ \cal{N} $. 则该扩展的AAH模型的哈密顿量为 图 1 扩展的三聚化非厄密晶格示意图 Figure1. Schematic of the generalized trimerized non-Hermitian lattice.
结合(1)式与(2)式, 得到可描述该三聚化模型的本征能谱, 如图2所示; 并可对与最近邻耦合有关的趋肤效应和与次近邻耦合有关的拓扑保护边缘态进行深入的研究, 如图3和图4所示. 这里设相关参数为: $ {\cal{N}} = 30 $, $ g_1 = 1 $, $ \gamma = 0.2 $, $ g_2\equiv g_1- $$\delta\cos\theta$ ($ \delta = 0.5 $, $ \theta\in \{0, 2{\text{π}}\} $). 图 2 三聚化非厄密晶格的本征能谱 (a), (c), (e)和(g)分别为$\mu=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2$时本征能谱的实部; (b), (d), (f)和(h)分别为$\mu=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2$时本征能谱的虚部, 边缘态能带用绿色实线和棕色虚线表示 Figure2. The eigen-energy spectrum of the trimerized non-Hermitian lattice. (a), (c), (e) and (g) show the real parts of the energy spectrum for $\mu=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2$, respectively; (b), (d), (f) and (h) show the imaginary parts of the energy spectrum for $\mu=0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2$. Green solid lines and brown dash lines represent the energy band of the edge states.
图 3 系统本征态的光子分布 (a) $\mu=0$; (b) $\mu=0.1$; (c) $\mu=0.2$; (d) $\mu=0.3$ Figure3. Photon distributions for eigenstates of the system: (a) $\mu=0$; (b) $\mu=0.1$; (c) $\mu=0.2$; (d) $\mu=0.3$.
图 4 次近邻耦合影响下系统的本征能谱和边缘态的光子分布 (a), (d)和(g)分别为$\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$时本征能谱的实部; (b), (e)和(h)分别为$\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$时上能隙中的边缘态; (c), (f)和(i)分别为$\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$时下能隙的边缘态 Figure4. The eigen-energy spectrum and photon distributions for edge states of the system under the influence of the next-nearest-neighbor coupling: (a), (d) and (g) show the real parts of the energy spectrum for $\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$; (b), (e) and (h) show the edge states whose energy band are in the upper gaps for $\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$; (c), (f) and (i) show the edge states whose energy bands are in the lower gaps for $\nu=0.1, 0.15, 0.2$.