State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
Fund Project:Project supported by National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0406403).
Received Date:22 January 2019
Accepted Date:18 March 2019
Available Online:01 May 2019
Published Online:20 May 2019
Abstract:The inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE), namely spin flows converted into charge currents due to spin orbital interaction, is investigated extensively in heavy metals, such as Pt, W, Au, etc. Recently, the effect was also found in Cu doped with Au. Their difference is that the spin Hall effect is from the intrinsic effect which is related to the topological character of the electronic bands, while the ISHE is mainly from the extrinsic spin dependent scattering by the impurities. The impurity scattering can give opportunities to tune the effect, for example by impurity concentration, which is impossible by the intrinsic mechanism. In this work, we extend the material to the doped oxides. NiFe films are deposited on undoped and doped SrTiO3 substrates by magnetron sputtering, respectively. The spins are injected from the magnetic thin films by spin pumping through using a shorted microstrip transmission line fixture at different frequencies and room temperature. The spin rectification voltage and the inverse spin Hall voltage in the doped sample are separated by the inverting spin injection direction method, which is realized by flipping the samples. The results show that in the undoped SrTiO3 substrate, the voltage curves before and after flipping the sample are basically the same, which is due to the voltage generated by the spin rectification effect of the NiFe film. For Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates with Nb concentration x = 0.028, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2, the inverse spin Hall voltage decreases with doping concentration increasing and is not detectable in sample with doping concentration of 0.15, nor with doping concentration of 0.2. The decrease of the ISHE effect may be due to the spin coherent length decreasing with the increase of the impurity concentration. The correlation between spin-charge conversion and transportation needs knowing in detail. Nevertheless, the results show that by doping strong spin-orbit coupling impurities into SrTiO3, thus by changing the doping concentration, the inverse spin Hall effect in SrTiO3 can be controlled. This tunable spin-charge conversion provides more possibilities for developing the spintronic devices and it will have great potential applications in the future. Keywords:doping/ SrTiO3/ inverse spin Hall effect
频率f和线宽ΔH满足(5)式, 拟合可以得到该样品的阻尼系数α = 0.018, 本征项ΔH0= 2.58 Oe, 其中γ=1.76 × 107Oe–1·s–1为旋磁比, 拟合曲线如图3(a)所示. 图 3 NiFe/STO中铁磁共振线宽ΔH随频率f的变化曲线(a)和频率f随铁磁共振场Hr的变化曲线(b) Figure3. Linewidth (ΔH) of ferromagnetic resonance varies with frequency f (a) and frequency f varies with resonance field(Hr) (b) in NiFe/STO
当微波频率f = 3.4 GHz, 微波功率P = 200 mW时, 掺杂浓度为0.05Nb的STO翻转前后测试结果如图4所示, 对于掺杂的STO体系, 由于VISHE的存在, 在对样品进行翻转测试时, 翻转使得自旋注入的方向相反, 导致VISHE的符号发生变化, 因此翻转前后样品两端所测得的电压信号Vbe和Vaf不同. 从图4可知, 我们在掺杂的STO中获得了明显的VISHE信号, 通过对翻转前后两个电压信号的简单处理, 得到了分离后的VSRE和VISHE随磁场的变化曲线, 如图4中插图所示. 图 4 NiFe/0.05Nb:STO体系3.4 GHz时的测试曲线, 插图为该体系3.4 GHz时的VSRE和VISHE随外磁场的变化曲线 Figure4. Test curve at 3.4GHz in NiFe/0.05Nb:STO, the inset shows the variation of VSRE and VISHE with external magnetic field at 3.4 GHz
当STO基片Nb的掺杂浓度为x = 0.028, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2时, 通过同样的方法我们可以得到, 当微波频率f = 3.4 GHz, 微波功率P = 200 mW时, 不同掺杂浓度NiFe/Nb:STO体系的VISHE如图5所示. 可以看到, 掺杂浓度x为0.028, 0.05, 0.1的样品中探测到明显的VISHE信号, 这是由于杂质引入的自由电子使得自旋能从铁磁层中扩散到STO中. 因此通过自旋泵浦效应, 来自NiFe层的自旋流注入到了STO中, 并通过杂质的强自旋轨道耦合转换为电荷流, 从而在样品两端测得VISHE信号. 对于掺杂浓度x为0.15, 0.2的样品, 则没有探测到明显的VISHE信号, 我们将在下文中讨论其原因. 图 5 3.4 GHz时不同掺杂浓度的VISHE随外磁场的变化曲线 Figure5. Variation curve of VISHE with different doping concentrations with external magnetic field at 3.4 GHz
对于每一个掺杂浓度的样品, 通过(5)式拟合频率f和线宽ΔH的关系, 可以得到相应样品的阻尼系数α, 拟合曲线如图6所示. 拟合得到的阻尼系数α与掺杂浓度x的关系如图6中的插图所示. 图 6 各掺杂浓度样品频率f与线宽ΔH的拟合曲线, 插图为阻尼系数α与掺杂浓度的关系 Figure6. Fitting curves of frequency f and linewidth ΔH at different doping concentrations,the inset shows the relationship between the damping coefficient α and the doping concentration