1.Quantum Engineering Research Center, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100094, China 2.Beijing Institute of Aerospace Control Devices, Beijing 100039, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program, China (Grant No. JCKY2016601C005) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61805006).
Received Date:22 October 2018
Accepted Date:02 January 2019
Available Online:01 March 2019
Published Online:20 March 2019
Abstract:Single-pixel imaging is a computational imaging scheme that offers novel solutions for multi-spectral imaging, feature-based imaging, polarimetric imaging, three-dimensional imaging, holographic imaging, and optical encryption. The single-pixel imaging scheme can be used for imaging in wave band such as infrared and micro wave imaging, or will be useful in the case where the array detector technique is difficult to meet the requirement such as the sensitivity or the volume. The main limitation for its application comes from a trade-off between spatial resolution and acquisition time, in other words, from relatively high measurement and reconstruction time. Although compressive sensing technique can be used to improve the acquisition time by reducing the number of samplings, the computational time to reconstruct an image is not fast enough to satisfy the real-time video. In this paper, we propose to reduce the required signal acquisition time by using a novel sampling scheme based on optimized ordering of the Hadamard basis, and improve the image reconstruction efficiency by using fast Walsh-Hadamard transform. In our method, the Hadamard basis is rearranged in the ascendant order of the values of its " sparsity” coefficients which are obtained through " Daubechies wavelets 1 (Haar wavelets)”, " Daubechies wavelets 2” wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform, and then compute each total sum of the transformed coefficients’ absolute value, respectively. The measurement order of the Hadamard basis is then rearranged directly according to Walsh order and random permutation order. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM) of the retrieved images are computed and compared to test all the five reordering schemes above both in our numerical simulation and outdoor experiments. We find that the reordering method based on Haar wavelet transform is the best PSNR and SSIM and it can reconstruct image under a sampling ratio of 25% which corresponds to the recovering time in which 300 frame per second @64 × 64 pixels single-pixel imaging can be achieved. The optimized measurement order of Hadamard basis greatly simplifies post processing, resulting in significantly faster image reconstruction, which steps further toward high frame rate single-pixel imaging’s applications. Moreover, we propose a novel method to optimize measurement basis in single-pixel imaging, which may be useful in other basis optimizing, such as optimized random speckles, etc. Keywords:single-pixel imaging/ Walsh-Hadamard transform/ wavelet transform
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2.1.实验系统
单像素成像的基本原理示意图如图1所示, 待成像物体通过主透镜成像到数字微镜器件(digital micro-mirror device, DMD), 微镜受数字电路控制系统的控制, 按加载的调制矩阵$ {\varPhi } $, 每个微镜发生$ {+12}^{\circ} $或$ {-12} ^{\circ} $摆动, 摆动方向由矩阵$ {\varPhi } $的矩阵元决定, 例如矩阵元“1”对应$ {+12} ^{\circ} $方向翻转, 矩阵元“–1”对应$ {-12}^{\circ} $方向翻转. 物体的像被测量矩阵调制经由中继透镜汇聚到光电探测器转为电信号, 重复刷新DMD调制矩阵将得到因光强变化引起的一系列电信号, 该过程等价于调制图案与物体实像作内积的过程, 模拟的电信号经A/D进行模数转换变为数字信号, 数字信号将被采集到计算设备经过算法计算重建图像. 图 1 单像素成像原理示意图, 其中待成像物体经主透镜成像到DMD上, 经编码矩阵调制的光束被反射, 反射光由中继透镜汇聚到光电探测器, 探测器将光信号转为电信号, 电信号经过A/D转换由模拟信号转为数字信号, 重复刷新DMD调制矩阵将得到一系列数字信号, 将数字信号采集到计算设备即可利用算法重构图像 Figure1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Lena is the object to be recovered; the main lens imaging Lena onto the DMD, which is modulated by matrices, then the light is reflected and collected by the relay lens into the photo-detector. As DMD modulation matrices refreshing continuously, the analog-to-digital converter (A/D) connected with the photo-detector receives a series of digital signals, which are finally sent to recover the image by the computer.