Fund Project:Project supported by the Science Challenge Project, China (Grant No. TZ2018004) and the Foundation of Science and Technology on Analog Integrated Circuit Laboratory, China (Grant No. 6142802WD201803).
Received Date:08 November 2018
Accepted Date:09 January 2019
Available Online:01 March 2019
Published Online:20 March 2019
Abstract:Bipolar devices are extremely sensitive to ionization effects, and their low dose rate radiation damage is more serious than their high dose rate radiation damage, which phenomenon is especially named enhanced low dose rate sensitivity. In the actual space radiation environment, the radiation dose rate of the device is extremely low. Currently, the enhanced low dose rate sensitivity effect has become a key factor of evaluating the reliability of spacecraft and its electronic systems, due to the fact that the low dose rate irradiation test needs longer time. The method to speed up the test on the ground is one of the hottest topics in this research area. In recent years, some researches have suggested that the use of hydrogen immersion irradiation for accelerating the test can simulate low dose rate radiation damage to some extent, but the damage mechanism has not been analyzed in detail. In this paper, the mechanisms of electrical properties and deep level defects for the 3DG111 transistor by 60Co gamma ray under high and low dose rates in the cases with and without hydrogen are investigated. In order to analyze the damage mechanism of bipolar junction transistor, the excess base current and deep level transient spectrum are measured by using semiconductor parameter analyzer and deep level transient spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the current gain degradation of 3DG111 transistor is more serious under low dose rate radiation than under high dose rate radiation, at the same time, the excess base current of transistor increases significantly. This shows that in the device there appears the enhanced low dose rate sensitivity. Under both high dose rate radiation and low dose rate irradiation, the radiation damage defects are the traps for both oxide positive charge and interface state. Under the low dose rate irradiation, there are two main reasons for the increase in transistor damage. First, the oxide charge concentration increases under low dose rate irradiation, and the oxide charge and interface state energy levels move toward the middle band. Eventually, the space charge region recombination of the transistor is intensified, and thus causing the excessive base current of the transistor to increase and transistor performance to degrade. The comparison shows that the number and type of defects under the high dose rate irradiation are the same as those under the low dose rate irradiation. Based on the analysis, the hydrogen treatment can be used as an effective method of accelerating the assessment of radiation damage enhancement effect at low dose rates. Keywords:bipolar junction transistor/ hydrogen/ ionizing damage/ enhanced low dose rate sensitivity
$\Delta {I_{\rm{B}}} = {K_{\rm{i}}}{D_{\rm{i}}}\left( T \right){\rm{exp}}\left( {\frac{{q{V_{{\rm{BE}}}}}}{{nkT}}} \right),$
式中Ki为常数, Di(T)为总的电离吸收剂量, q为电子电荷, k为玻尔兹曼常数, T为热力学标准温度, n是理想因子. 当辐照引起的过剩基极电流主要来自于发射结空间电荷区的复合电流时, n = 2; 而当过剩基极电流主要来自中性基区复合电流时, n = 1. 图4给出了高、低剂量率辐照条件下, 3DG111晶体管过剩基极电流随发射极-基极电压的变化. 由图4可知, 相同总剂量条件下, 低剂量率辐照的晶体管过剩基极电流大于高剂量率辐照的晶体管. 高、低剂量率辐照条件下, 随着辐照剂量的增加, 3DG111晶体管过剩基极电流的n值均逐渐趋向于2, 这说明晶体管在${\text{γ}}$射线辐照过程中复合电流主要来自空间电荷区. 而且, 与高剂量率相比, 低剂量率辐照条件下, 晶体管过剩基极电流的n值更接近2, 这说明低剂量率辐照会导致空间电荷区的复合电流加剧. 对于NPN双极晶体管而言, 氧化物电荷和界面态均会导致空间电荷区的复合电流加剧[19]. 图 4 高低剂量率辐照条件下3DG111晶体管过剩基极电流对比 Figure4. Comparison of excess base current of 3DG111 transistors at high and low dose rates.
图5为经氢气浸泡处理后100 rad/s高剂量率辐照和10 mrad/s低剂量率辐照条件下, 过剩基极电流的对比结果. 由图5可以看出, 两种辐照条件下, 晶体管过剩基极电流随发射极-基极电压的变化趋势相同. 图 5 氢气浸泡预处理与未经处理晶体管辐照后过剩基极电流对比 Figure5. Comparison of excess base current of a transistor after irradiation with/without hydrogen-immersion pretreatment.
图6为有无氢气浸泡后高、低剂量率辐照条件下, 3DG111晶体管的DLTS谱图. 从图6可以发现, 有无氢气浸泡后无论高低剂量率辐照条件下, 晶体管的DLTS谱均存在两个特征峰. 峰值位于300 K左右为界面态, 峰值在75 K左右为氧化物电荷, 峰的位置代表缺陷的能级[20]. 对于双极型晶体管, 其能级越靠近中带, 能级越深, 对性能影响越大. 硅的中带位置通常在250 K左右[21]. 图 6 氢气浸泡预处理与未经处理晶体管辐照后DLTS曲线对比 Figure6. Comparison of DLTS curves of a transistor with/without hydrogen-immersion pretreatment.