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中国地理科学学科体系浅析

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-29

陈发虎,1,2,3, 李新1,3, 吴绍洪3,4, 樊杰3,5, 熊巨华6, 张国友71.中国科学院青藏高原研究所 青藏高原地球系统与资源环境国家重点实验室,北京 100101
2.中国科学院青藏高原研究所 古生态与人类适应团队,北京 100101
3.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
4.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 中国科学院陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
5.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
6.国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部,北京 100085
7.中国地理学会,北京 100101

Disciplinary structure of geographic science in China

CHEN Fahu,1,2,3, LI Xin1,3, WU Shaohong3,4, FAN Jie3,5, XIONG Juhua6, ZHANG Guoyou71. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resource and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Group (ALPHA), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
3. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
5. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling,Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
6. Department of Earth Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085, China
7. The Geographical Society of China, Beijing 100101, China

收稿日期:2021-04-12修回日期:2021-08-23
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41988101)


Received:2021-04-12Revised:2021-08-23
Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China(41988101)

作者简介 About authors
陈发虎(1962-), 男, 陕西丹凤人, 博士, 研究员, 中国科学院院士, 发展中国家科学院院士, 中国地理学会会士(S110004201M), 主要从事气候环境变化及史前人—环境相互作用研究。E-mail: fhchen@itpcas.ac.cn








摘要
新的国际和国内形势为地理科学带了新的发展机遇,同时也提出了更高的要求。以《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)》地理科学的学科规划为契机,本文系统梳理了新时期地理科学的学科体系。根据地理科学现状和发展趋势,中国地理科学可划分为综合地理学、自然地理学、人文地理学和信息地理学4个二级学科,各二级学科下的三级学科也基本成熟,有些三级学科下的四级学科名称也在普遍使用。我们希望以这一新的学科体系为支点,完善地理科学的学科分支,推动地理科学框架下新兴学科的发展,更好地服务于新时期国际及国家的战略需求。
关键词: 地理科学;综合地理学;自然地理学;人文地理学;信息地理学;学科体系

Abstract
The modern international and domestic science advancements have brought forward new opportunities as well as higher requirements to the development of geographic science in China. In planning the disciplinary structure of geographic science in the "Development Strategy of Discipline and Frontier Research in China (2021-2035)", we propose a modified disciplinary structure for the geographic science in the new era. The geographic science in China can be categorized into four secondary disciplines, i.e., integrated geography, physical geography, human geography, and information geography, considering the current situation and development outlook of geographic science. The tertiary disciplines under each secondary discipline are nearly fully developed, and a few quaternary disciplines under tertiary disciplines have already been widely accepted and used. We hope this new disciplinary structure can play a breakthrough role for improving the branches of geographic science, promoting the development of emerging disciplines under the framework of geographic science, and better serving the international and domestic development needs in the new era.
Keywords:geographic science;integrated geography;physical geography;human geography;information geography;disciplinary structure


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陈发虎, 李新, 吴绍洪, 樊杰, 熊巨华, 张国友. 中国地理科学学科体系浅析. 地理学报, 2021, 76(9): 2069-2073 doi:10.11821/dlxb202109001
CHEN Fahu, LI Xin, WU Shaohong, FAN Jie, XIONG Juhua, ZHANG Guoyou. Disciplinary structure of geographic science in China. Acta Geographica Sinice, 2021, 76(9): 2069-2073 doi:10.11821/dlxb202109001


1 引言

地理科学是研究地球表层系统中人类生存环境的空间格局、时间演化以及人类与环境相互作用的科学[1,2]。钱学森认为,地理科学是与自然科学、社会科学等相并列的科学部门,充当自然科学与社会科学之间桥梁的角色[3]。中国地理学源远流长,但科学的地理学是从20世纪30年代西方地理学引入中国后逐步发展形成的,现已经实现了从传统文字描述、日常知识到地理科学的转变。从中国地理科学的发展历程来看,地理科学是地球科学的本源之一,地球科学中许多其他学科最初都属于地理科学内部的分支学科,在发展完善后从地理科学体系中独立出来形成新的学科。在地理科学内部,随着人类活动和气候变化对地球表层系统的影响日益加剧,自然与人文要素以及自然—社会经济复合系统也正发生着剧烈的变化。在遥感科学、地理信息科学、空间社会理论、全球变化等变革性技术与新研究领域的冲击下[4],地理科学综合研究的理论和方法不断拓展和深化,形成了众多繁杂的新学科分支。

随着地理科学的快速发展,自然地理学和人文地理学两大学科分支已经不能涵盖地理科学的最新进展[5]。一方面,自然地理学和人文地理学内部衍生出很多新的学科,例如,自然地理学与考古学、人类学的交叉融合促成了人类生存环境学等新兴学科领域与研究方向的形成[6],地理科学空间观念的扩展催生了行星地理学,对冰冻圈的关注推动了冰冻圈学科体系的建立[7],这些新兴的学科分支需要被系统地梳理和凝练,给予其准确的学科定位。另一方面,地理科学与信息科学的交叉融合推动了信息地理学的诞生和发展,革新和拓展了地理科学的研究范畴和学科分支,形成了地理遥感、地理信息、地理数据科学等新兴领域。此外,综合地理学的定位也需要被重新审视,其范畴下的区域地理学、历史地理学等传统学科也需要有栖身之处。总之,目前地理科学的学科体系需要进一步完善和发展[8],新瓶装新酒,体现地理科学的最新进展。

本文以《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)》地理科学的学科规划为契机,重新梳理和完善了地理科学的学科体系。主要遵循的原则包括:① 结合国家发展的战略需求和国际地理科学的发展趋势和学科发展现状,既兼顾地理科学已有的学科体系,也涵盖地理科学的最新研究进展;② 提出信息地理学,将之作为地理科学的二级学科,与自然地理学、人文地理学并列;③ 强调综合地理学的重要性,凸显地理科学作为综合、交叉学科的发展特性。地理学科的区域性(从局地到全球尺度)是以人地关系为核心使用信息地理学新手段融合自然地理和人文地理过程理解区域空间过程,形成了综合地理学二级学科。我们以系列论文的方式,将新的地理科学学科体系求证于地理科学界广大同行,其中,本文是地理科学学科体系的总体介绍,其他3篇论文分别介绍自然地理学、人文地理学和信息地理学的学科体系与发展战略要点。

2 地理科学学科体系

地理科学主要形成了综合地理学、自然地理学、人文地理学、信息地理学四大分支学科(图1)。

图1

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图1地理科学的学科体系

Fig. 1The disciplinary structure of geographic science



综合地理学是地理科学其他分支学科的支点。地理科学是研究地球表层空间的一门学科,具有显著的区域性特征,必然要求区域综合,无疑区域综合是地理科学存在的依据,是地理科学最大的特色,也是地理科学最大的困难,综合地研究地理环境是辩证认识地理环境形成与发展的根本途径[9]。综合地理学应重新建构理论地理学,为地理科学的整体发展提供系统的方法体系和理论支点。综合地理学也应包括应用地理学,以地理科学的方法和理论为指引,解决各类自然与人类社会经济发展息息相关的实际应用问题。区域地理学是地理科学的传统学科,以区域地理考察为基础,服务各种地理区划和区域规划,但新时期的区域地理学应聚焦不同空间尺度的可持续发展需求,面对不断变化的发展观和人类文明,适应全球发展新格局和中国发展新阶段。历史地理学则以地理环境随时间的变异为核心,利用中国悠久且丰富的文献记载资料,在时空交织的体系下研究历史时期的人地关系及其地域分异。

自然地理学是地理科学的基础学科,也是地理科学与地球科学其他学科联系的纽带[1, 10]。传统的自然地理学可以划分为综合自然地理学和部门自然地理学,其中,综合自然地理学研究景观、土地等自然地理综合体。近年来,针对沙漠和湖泊湿地等特定地表单元、冰川和冻土等特殊自然地理要素的研究,以及流域系统乃至整个地球表层系统的多要素或全要素研究得到了发展[11]。部门自然地理学开展以单一自然地理要素为主的研究,如气候、地貌、植被等。人类生存环境学针对过去人与环境的相互作用,主要开展史前人群扩散、社会发展和文明演化的人类生存环境研究,构成了自然地理学与考古学、人类学等交叉的新领域[6]

人文地理学以人地关系为研究核心[12],以人类活动的地域空间分布规律为研究对象[13],形成了综合人文地理学、经济地理学、城市地理学、乡村地理学、社会文化与政治地理学等主要分支。其中,综合人文地理学以“人地系统耦合过程”和“可持续地理格局”为主题,以人类活动空间过程和格局集成研究为主要任务。经济地理学以产业经济活动为主要研究对象,综合运用经济学、社会科学、数量分析等理论方法,结合地理学的综合观和时空分异,阐释区域发展规律[14,15]。城市地理学和乡村地理学以人口和生活空间为主要研究对象,着重研究中国城镇化进程中的热点、难点问题,为中国城镇体系规划编制和发展做出贡献。社会文化地理学以人类非物质活动为主要研究对象,是社会地理学、文化地理学和政治地理学的统称,是人文地理学的新兴研究方向。

信息地理学主要包括地理遥感科学、地理信息科学和地理数据科学,已成为地理科学中独特和不可或缺的组成部分。其中,地理遥感科学是遥感和地理科学的深度融合,以地理要素遥感辐射传输建模和定量遥感反演理论为基础,并在地理学的应用领域,形成了植被遥感、水文遥感、冰冻圈遥感等应用分支。地理信息科学利用信息技术,构建地理空间认知、表达、分析、模拟、预测、优化方法,探索自然地理空间、人文社会空间在地理信息空间中的表达与耦合方式,致力研究解决地理信息系统实现和应用中的基础科学问题。地理数据科学通过借助快速发展的大数据、人工智能等新兴技术,发展地球大数据挖掘与分析、地学智能计算方法,实现观测、数据与模型的大融合,促进地理数据—信息—知识—决策的贯通,从而解决“地理数据爆炸,但地理知识贫乏”这一重要问题。

3 结语

在新的国际和国内形势下,地理科学的发展面临新的问题与挑战,同时孕育着新的发展机遇。以《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究(2021—2035)》地理科学的学科规划为契机,本文系统梳理了地理科学的学科分支,这一体系既反映了地理科学的新发展,也兼顾了地理科学已有的学科体系。我们希望这一新的学科体系,能够完善地理科学的学科分支,推动地理科学框架下新兴学科的发展,引发新时代背景下对地理科学发展方向的新思考,从而促进地理科学的发展和创新。

致谢

周尚意、邓祥征、赵鹏军、汪亚峰、刘建宝、裴韬等参与了地理科学层面的学科规划和学科体系的相关工作,许多地理同仁参与了交流讨论,在此一并致谢。


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