Alan August Lew2,, 何景明2, 何景明2, 高彬2 1. 北亚利桑那大学地理、规划与休闲系, 美国亚利桑那 弗拉格斯塔夫86011-50162. 浙江工业大学经贸管理学院,杭州 310023
Scale,change and resilience in community tourism planning
AlanAugust Lew1,, HEJingming1 1. Northern Arizona University,Flagstaff Arizona 86011-5016,USA2. School of Economics and Management,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310023,China 收稿日期:2016-01-10 修回日期:2016-04-5 网络出版日期:2016-09-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41401151) 作者简介: -->作者简介:Alan August Lew,男,美国人,博士,教授,研究方向为旅游地理与旅游规划。E-mail:alan.lew@nau.edu
关键词:旅游规划;恢复力规划;可持续发展;社区恢复力;复杂自适应性系统;可持续旅游;社会-生态恢复力 Abstract Resilience planning has emerged in recent years as an alternative to the sustainable development paradigm to provide new perspectives on community development and socio-ecological adjustments to a rapidly changing world. Tourism scholars have been somewhat slow to adopt the recent conceptual ideas related to community resilience that have been published in other disciplinary areas, though this situation is also changing rapidly.While most resilience research focusses on major disasters and crises, new frameworks that encompass slow change variables provide a more comprehensive view on resilience. A model for tourism resilience considers the rate of change (transitioning from slow to fast), and the scale of tourism interest (scaling from that of the entrepreneur to those that are community-wide). The resulting 2*2 matrix presents four context with distinct resilience issues, methodologies and measurements, ranging from entrepreneurs managing daily maintenance needs, to community disaster readiness, response and recovery. The SCR model has been revised based on the field investigation and study of rural tourism in Taiwan. And the SCR model generalizes the Scale, Change and Resilience model to any context in which there is a hierarchy containing a system and at least one subsystem. The threshold dividing the system from the subsystem is a major shift in a baseline variable that is used to distinguish between the system and the subsystem. Furthermore, the SCR model gives formal names to each of the four generalized cells: Management Resilience & Sustainability, Resource Resilience & Sustainability, Planning Resilience & Sustainability, Governance Resilience & Sustainability.
Keywords:tourism planning;resilience planning;sustainable development;community resilience;complex adaptive systems;sustainable tourism;socio-ecological resilience -->0 PDF (835KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> Alan August Lew, 何景明, 何景明, 高彬. 尺度、变化和恢复力:社区旅游规划的视角[J]. , 2016, 38(9): 1635-1642 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.09.01 AlanAugust Lew, HEJingming. Scale,change and resilience in community tourism planning[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(9): 1635-1642 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.09.01 近年来,恢复力规划(Resilience Planning)1)( 1)Resilience在中文文献中常译为“恢复力”、“弹性”、“韧性”等。方修琦、殷培红(2007)曾就Resilience的概念进行阐释,指出:在工程学中Resilience侧重于描述恢复、守恒(抵抗变化并保持现状);在生态学、社会学中Resilience侧重于描述持久性、鲁棒性(Robustness);在社会—生态系统中Resilience侧重于描述适应能力、转化能力和学习能力。本文中Resilience有“恢复”、“适应”、“发展”、“重组”、“优化”之意,统一译为“恢复力”。)逐渐作为可持续发展的一种替代范式,为快速变化中的社区发展和社会-生态转型提供了新的视角[1]。社区恢复力这个新兴概念在很多学科已有所涉猎,旅游****也从某种程度上逐渐接受这一理念。本文对社区恢复力的理念做了导论性的梳理,并进一步建立旅游背景下这一概念的应用模型。
自从上述文章的内容以英文发表后,作者通过对台湾乡村旅游的可持续性和恢复力的研究,数次修订了这个概念1)1)Lew A A,Ni C C,Wu T C,et al. The Sustainable and Resilient Community:A new paradigm for community development[A]. Lew A A,Cheer J. Understanding Tourism Resilience:Adapting to Environmental Change [M]. London:Routledge,2017a(forthcoming).,2)2)Lew A A,Wu T C,Ni C C,et al. Community Tourism Resilience:Some applications of the Scale,Change and Resilience(SCR)Mode[A]. Butler R. Tourism and Resilience[M],Oxfordshire:CABI,2017b.(forthcoming). [61]。一方面是改变尺度、变化和恢复力的通用模型,使模型具有等级体系,即包含一个系统和至少一个子系统(图2)。从子系统划分出的系统界线被定义为阈值。阈值是用于区分系统和子系统之间转化主要基线变量的。阈值可能是数量的(如人数或收入),也可能是力量的(如政策制定团体与政策接受团体的力量对比)。有一个阈值线以变量或指标来界定阈值从而区分变化程度。在旅游中,这可能简单地表现为游客量或旅游收入从前一年到下一年的下降幅度,也可能是承载容量因子。基于社区背景及其旅游经济状况不同,阈值因子也有所不同。与恢复力思维相一致,阈值也随时间而发生变化。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2应对扰动和变化的社区尺度、变化和恢复力(SCR)系统及子系统推广模型 -->Figure 2A generalized community scale,change and resilience(SCR)model of system and subsystem response to disturbance and change -->
图2显示了对最初的旅游社区SCR模型的改进。首先,每一个象限因子没有显示是否是可持续的和具有恢复力的。这是基于本文作者在中国台湾的乡村研究结果,因为恢复力和可持续因子是基于政策或项目目标而不是政策和项目本身所决定的[62]。例如,所有的社区有种种理由(或目标)希望发展经济。如果经济政策起初聚焦于自然资源的有效利用(即减少资源的过度利用和污染),就认为那是一个可持续的政策。这是基于对可持续性的定义,即减缓(停止)自然和文化资源的负面变化。然而,如果经济政策的目标是发展多种经济,尤其是新的和具有创新的经济发展,那则是一个恢复力的政策或项目。这是基于将恢复力定义为创新和适应变化了的环境。当然,社区和较高层级的政府自始至终都在制定可持续性和恢复力的选项,这也是我们从台湾研究中获得的教益。 图2的第二个主要变化是对SCR模型的四个象限进行了正式的命名。管理恢复力/可持续性(象限Ⅰ)的命名对面临诸多任务的企业主和旅游部门来说是恰当的,因为管理是每天的日常工作。资源恢复力/可持续性(象限Ⅱ)可能不包含所有社区面临的持久和缓慢变化,但它的确包括旅游部门感兴趣的自然资源、文化资源和人力资源等方面的主要变化。规划恢复力/可持续性(象限Ⅲ)强调旅游经济部门需要规划以应对主要的危机和灾难,当事件发生时才能加以实施。治理恢复力/可持续性(象限Ⅳ)起着重要作用,当系统层级越过次级系统时提供领导力来满足公民的需要。 未来的研究将检验尺度、变化和恢复力的模型的适应性周期[63]和适应性管理[64]在四个象限内和跨越象限的运行。SCR模型实际上是一个恢复力扰沌模型,是复杂的相互作用子系统的空间和层级系统。每一个子系统以不同速度穿过适应性循环,以不同的方式影响其他子系统和整个系统。从理论上看不可能模拟复合的人类和自然社会-生态系统(SES)的所有的变化,但缩小界定,使其集中于社区旅游资源的子系统,则这种变化是可能被模拟的。 4616688.2013.864325论文的修正和补充,并增加了相应的注释。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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