Research on the differentiation of dark tourists’ behavioral intention: a case study of the Memorial of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre
ZHENGChunhui1,2,, ZHANGJie1,2,, QIANLili1,2, ZHANGHonglei1,2, NIANSifeng1,2 1. Department of Land Resource and Tourism Sciences,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China2. Institute of Tourism,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China 通讯作者:通讯作者:张捷,E-mail:jiezhang@nju.edu.cn 收稿日期:2016-03-20 修回日期:2016-04-5 网络出版日期:2016-09-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41171121)教育部人文社科青年基金项目(13YJC790193) 作者简介: -->作者简介:郑春晖,女,广西桂林人,博士生,讲师,主要研究领域为遗产旅游、旅游地理与旅游规划。E-mail:chunhui863@163.com
关键词:黑色旅游;行为意向;旅游限制;旅游动机;聚类分析;因子分析;单因素方差分析;南京大屠杀 Abstract Dark tourism sites,also known as difficult heritage,may arouse traumatic memories of a difficult past and result in varied psychology and behaviour of dark tourists. By focusing on the Memorial of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre,China,which is one of the most iconic dark tourism sites worthy of academic attention,this study aims to segment dark tourists using the factors of intention to revisit and intention to recommend. The results yield three types of dark tourists:‘attitudinal loyal tourists’;‘tourists with low intention to recommend and revisit’; and ‘behavioural and attitudinal loyal tourists’. As dark tourism revolves around death,people might be affected heavily by assorted emotional and social-cultural factors. To identify the difference between these three kinds of dark tourists,a scale to measure dark tourism constraints and motivation has been developed. The exploratory factor analysis reveals that visitors to massacre sites might experience the following seven types of constraints:traumatic memory,emotions of fear and depression,taboos and cultural ideas,disinterest,interpersonal constraints,time/distance/information and competing attractions. The constraints revealed by this study may provide a foundation for research into the seven constraint dimensions that were revealed. Three main motives were also identified:obligation and education,social reasons,and curiosity and contemplating life and death. Among these three motivations,obligation and education emerged as the foremost motivations. The results demonstrate that dark tourists with higher motivation and lower constraints are more likely to revisit and recommend these sites. Given the importance of younger generations in the perpetuation of the memory of the traumatic past,the findings will help to broaden theory and provide suggestions for the management of massacre sites.
Keywords:dark tourism;behavioural intention;constraints;motivation;cluster analysis;factor analysis;One-way ANOVA;Nanjing Massacre -->0 PDF (886KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章收藏文章 本文引用格式导出EndNoteRisBibtex收藏本文--> 郑春晖, 张捷, 钱莉莉, 张宏磊, 年四锋. 黑色旅游者行为意向差异研究——以侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆为例[J]. , 2016, 38(9): 1663-1671 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.09.04 ZHENGChunhui, ZHANGJie, QIANLili, ZHANGHonglei, NIANSifeng. Research on the differentiation of dark tourists’ behavioral intention: a case study of the Memorial of the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(9): 1663-1671 https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2016.09.04
首先以重游意愿、推荐意愿为变量,对参观者进行聚类分析。然后,对旅游动机和旅游限制进行探索性因子分析。最后,采用单因素方差分析,识别不同类别参观者在旅游限制和旅游动机上的差异(图1)。 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图1技术路线 -->Figure 1Research structure and methodology -->
4 结果分析
4.1 基于重游意愿和推荐意愿的黑色旅游者聚类分析
根据频数分析结果,超过50%的参观者表示不打算重游,23%的参观者表示不愿意推荐,足见研究参观者的未来行为意向对民族记忆的传承具有重要意义。因此,本文以重游意愿和推荐意愿为变量,对参观者进行聚类分析。首先采用Ward’s方法进行层次聚类,然后根据层次聚类分成3类的建议,采用K-均值聚类所得到的三类参观者在重游意愿和推荐意愿上表现出明显的差异。 如表1所示,第一类参观者(33.3%,153人)的重游意愿最弱(均值=2.76),但推荐意愿较强(均值=4.20),因此被命名为“态度忠诚型”;第二类参观者(23.0%,106人)的重游意愿和推荐意愿都较弱,被命名为“低重游低推荐型”;第三类参观者(43.7%,210人)的重游和推荐意愿都最强(均值大于4),被命名为“态度和行为忠诚型”。 Table 1 表1 表1基于重游意愿和推荐意愿的大屠杀遗址型黑色旅游者聚类结果 Table 1Cluster analysis results of dark tourist’s intention to revisit and recommend
在数据分析前,首先检验了量表的信度,KMO值为0.85,Cronbach’s alpha系数大于0.87,可见量表信度较高,适合因子分析。采用主成份分析对旅游限制进行探索性因子分析(EFA),去掉交叉负荷的两个测量项后,共析出7个因子,解释了70.03%的方差。黑色旅游限制的因子包括:伤痛记忆(国耻、悲惨、同胞苦难)、恐惧和压抑(对遗址的恐惧、害怕、情绪低落)、禁忌和文化观(阴气重、忌讳参观、回避死亡话题)、缺乏兴趣(不太感兴趣、倾向于轻松、自然地)、人际限制(没有人陪伴)、时间/距离/信息和竞争旅游地(表2)。 Table 2 表2 表2大屠杀遗址型黑色旅游限制的因子分析结果 Table 2Factor analysis of dark tourists constraints
因子和测量项
EFA (n=460)
均值
因子负荷
特征根
解释的 方差比例
个人限制
伤痛记忆(EFA=0.78)
1.66
7.89
Cons1 这是一段屈辱的历史,不太想参观
2.49
0.81
Cons2 看过电影、史料等,太悲惨,不太想参观
2.81
0.75
Cons3 害怕参观时面对同胞遭受的苦难
3.17
0.65
恐惧和压抑(EFA=0.84)
6.00
28.55
Cons5对参观这样的地方有些恐惧
2.78
0.77
Cons6 害怕参观时看到恐怖的场景
2.73
0.83
Cons7 担心参观后情绪低落/留下心理阴影
2.96
0.75
Cons8 听说参观完很压抑
3.21
0.71
禁忌和文化观(EFA=0.76)
1.08
5.15
Cons9 死人地方阴气比较重
2.34
0.69
Cons10 对参观这样的地方有些忌讳
2.02
0.82
Cons11 死亡是不太愿意提及的话题
2.47
0.68
缺乏兴趣(EFA=0.73)
1.01
4.79
Cons13我对此类景点不太感兴趣
2.38
0.46
Cons14我比较倾向于去一些轻松愉快的地方
3.32
0.84
Cons15 我对自然类景区比较感兴趣
3.14
0.83
人际限制(EFA=0.45)
8.40
4.00
Cons17 没有人陪同参观
2.55
0.78
Cons18 亲戚朋友不推荐参观
1.85
0.71
结构限制
时间/距离/信息(EFA=0.73)
1.14
5.44
Cons19来回参观比较浪费时间
2.15
0.83
Cons20 离得太远不方便
2.38
0.89
Cons21 没有足够的资料指导自己去参观
2.43
0.52
竞争旅游地(EFA=0.79)
2.99
14.22
Cons22 南京还有许多更好的景点
2.52
0.85
Cons23 南京还有好些标志性景点还没来得及去
2.41
0.80
Cons24 参观过其他类似景点,不想再参观
2.36
0.61
总体(EFA =0.87)
70.03
新窗口打开 接着采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA test),以识别三种类别参观者在旅游限制上的差异。由于三个类别的样本数不相同,所以在事后分析中采用的是Games-Howell 分析,结果显示各类别之间存在显著差异。首先,从均值来看,“低重游低推荐型”参观者除“时间/距离/信息”以外的所有旅游限制上(如伤痛记忆、禁忌、缺乏兴趣等)都显著高于其他类型。其次,“态度忠诚型”和“态度和行为忠诚型”参观者仅在“缺乏兴趣”限制上表现出显著差异,可见,“缺乏兴趣”对重游意愿产生显著的影响(如表3和图2所示,图2见第1668页)。 Table 3 表3 表3不同类型黑色旅游者在旅游限制上的差异 Table 3One-way ANOVA between tourism constraints of dark tourists
态度忠诚型 (n=153)
低重游低推荐型 (n=106)
态度和行为忠诚型 (n=201)
单因子方差分析
组间差异
Games Howell (p值)
伤痛记忆
2.84
3.19
2.62
F=10.131**
1 & 2 2 & 3
0.027 0.000
恐惧和压抑
2.93
3.26
2.74
F=8.666**
1 & 2 2 & 3
0.043 0.000
禁忌和文化观
2.16
2.61
2.18
F=8.406**
1 & 2 2 & 3
0.002 0.001
缺乏兴趣
3.00
3.47
2.64
F=26.137**
1 & 2 2 & 3 1 & 3
0.000 0.000 0.002
人际限制
2.15
2.45
2.11
F=4.765**
1 & 2 2 & 3
0.048 0.011
时间/距离/信息
2.32
2.46
2.25
F=1.670
NS
NS
竞争旅游地
2.39
2.89
2.21
F=16.155**
1 & 2 2 & 3
0.001 0.000
注:**p≤0.05,NS表示差异不显著。 新窗口打开 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图2不同类型黑色旅游参观者在旅游限制各维度的差异 -->Figure 2Results of cluster analysis using dark tourism constraints factors -->
4.3 旅游动机的比较
为了识别参观纪念馆的旅游动机,采用主成份分析进行探索性因子分析。去除交叉负荷的测量项后,得到3个动机因子,共解释65.01%的方差。第一个动机因子为“责任与教育”,强调作为中国人参观纪念馆的责任和义务;第二个动机因子“社会因素”主要指陪同亲人朋友参观等;第三个因子被命名为“好奇和思考生死”,包括对大屠杀遗址的好奇和死亡思考等(如表4和图3所示)。 Table 4 表4 表4大屠杀遗址型黑色旅游动机的因子分析结果 Table 4Factor analysis of dark tourists motivations
EFA(n=460)
因子和测量项
均值
因子负荷
特征根
解释的方差比例/%
责任与教育 (EFA =0.70)
3.83
1.33
14.75
Moti1 接受爱国主义教育
3.48
0.66
Moti2 觉得作为中国人有责任参观
3.99
0.82
Moti3为了牢记耻辱,延续民族记忆
4.02
0.80
社会因素(EFA =0.75)
3.18
3.42
38.00
Moti6 朋友们相约一起去参观
3.22
0.77
Moti7 亲朋好友推荐去参观
2.97
0.76
Moti8 亲朋好友来南京,带他们去参观
3.36
0.81
好奇与思考生死(EFA =0.67)
3.10
1.10
12.26
Moti9 对南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆比较好奇
2.96
0.79
Moti10 参观是为了感受死亡、思考生死
3.36
0.65
Moti11 对参观大屠杀遗址感兴趣
2.98
0.78
Total (EFA =0.79)
65.01
新窗口打开 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图3不同类型黑色旅游参观者在旅游动机各维度的差异 -->Figure 3Results of cluster analysis using dark tourism motivations factors -->
表5(见第1668页)显示出三种类别参观者在旅游动机上的差异。首先,从均值来看,“低重游低推荐型”的旅游动机都很弱,而“态度和行为忠诚型”的旅游动机都最强;其次,“态度和行为忠诚型”在“责任和教育”和“好奇与思考生死”动机上显著强于其他类别,可见这两类动机对重游意愿影响较强;最后,“低重游低推荐型”与“态度忠诚型”相比,只在“社会因素”动机上存在显著差异。可见,旅游动机中的“社会因素”对推荐意愿产生较强的影响。 Table 5 表5 表5不同类型黑色旅游者在旅游动机上的差异 Table 5One-way ANOVA between tourism motivations of dark tourists
参观大屠杀遗址有助于增强国家认同,延续民族记忆,因此研究黑色旅游者重游和推荐意义重大。现有的黑色旅游研究多关注供给方面,而对需求研究相对不足,且研究多以西方为中心[3]。因此,本文在中国传统文化背景下,基于重游意愿和推荐意愿对大屠杀遗址型黑色旅游者进行细分,并识别不同类别黑色旅游者在动机(促进因素)和限制(阻碍因素)正反两个方面的差异,加深了对黑色旅游者复杂心理过程的认识。其次,通过创新性地引入旅游限制阶层理论,为黑色旅游研究提供了新的视角。 通过因子分析,得到7个黑色旅游限制因子:伤痛记忆、恐惧和压抑、禁忌和文化观、缺乏兴趣、人际限制、时间/距离/信息和竞争旅游地。其中,人际限制和结构限制与一般休闲旅游类似,而黑色旅游个人限制相较于一般休闲旅游中常见的个人限制“缺乏兴趣”,表现出多维性。这是由于黑色旅游与死亡、悲剧、灾难或暴行等相关,个人在旅游决策中不可避免地经历悲伤和痛苦[41,42]。黑色旅游动机共抽取出3个因子:“责任与教育”、“社会因素”和“好奇和思考生死”,与Kang和Yan的结论基本一致[2,43]。 基于重游意愿和推荐意愿,黑色旅游者可细分为“态度忠诚型”、“低重游低推荐型”和“态度和行为忠诚型”三类。三种类型的黑色旅游者在旅游动机和旅游限制上表现出显著的差异:旅游动机越强,旅游限制越弱,重游意愿和推荐意愿越强,反之亦然。并且,“社会因素”动机对推荐意愿产生较强的正向影响,而“缺乏兴趣”这一限制对重游意愿产生强负向影响,即参观者认为自己已经尽到了作为中国人的责任和义务,因此近几年不打算再参观,但有必要推荐自己的亲人和朋友参观纪念馆。研究发现为黑色旅游地的设计、解说和管理提供了一系列重要启示。一方面,管理者可以帮助黑色旅游者克服限制因素。例如:针对一些参观者表示太压抑而不打算重游,纪念馆可以充分利用开敞空间,增加一些活动和仪式帮助参观者疏导压抑的情绪,如敲响和平钟,聆听舒缓的音乐等;又如针对不同的人群设计不同的参观线路,在儿童和青少年的参观线路中不包含万人坑遗址。另一方面,激发参观者的旅游动机来增强重游和推荐意愿,比如国家公祭日的设立就有效地激发了人们内在的责任意识,不仅带动了参观人数的大幅增长,从长远来看,还将促进民族记忆的代际传承。 考虑到年轻一代在记忆传承中的重要性,本文发现大学生参观大屠杀遗址的旅游动机(如内在的责任意识)越强,旅游限制越弱,未来越可能推荐家人和孩子参观。然而,研究结论是否适用于其他年龄层次的人群还有待未来研究进一步验证。并且,根据Stone的黑色旅游谱(dark tourism spectrum)[44],黑色旅游供给呈现出多面性和多层次性,黑色旅游需求也具有多样性。未来研究应进一步探讨不同文化背景下,不同类型黑色旅游地(如自然灾害地)的参观者和未参观者[45]的复杂心理过程。尽管旅游限制这一概念对于理解黑色旅游者的心理和行为至关重要,但黑色旅游限制与其他变量(如:旅游动机、意象、体验、满意度、获益和行为意愿等)的结构关系仍知之甚少,有待进一步研究。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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