Regional differences in the impact of urbanization on household carbon dioxide emissions based on panel data for 30 provinces in China
LIYanmei, ZHANGHongli Institute of Recycling Economy of Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China 收稿日期:2015-08-18 修回日期:2015-11-25 网络出版日期:2016-03-25 版权声明:2016《资源科学》编辑部《资源科学》编辑部 基金资助:基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(71103012)北京工业大学日新人才项目(033000514115001) 作者简介: -->作者简介:李艳梅,女,内蒙古乌兰察布市人,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事低碳经济研究.E-mail:liyanmei1979@sina.com
关键词:城市化;家庭CO2排放;区域差异;面板数据 Abstract With rapid development of urbanization in China,households have become the focus of energy savings and emissions reduction. Here,household CO2 emissions in 30 provinces from 2000 to 2012 are calculated. Then a panel model is constructed to analyze regional difference in the urbanization impact on household CO2 emissions. We found that the impact of urbanization on household CO2 emissions has played a catalytic role and there are large regional differences. Provinces with the highest impact of urbanization on household direct CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in eastern China and northeast China,such as Shanghai,Heilongjiang and Jilin. Provinces with the highest impact of urbanization on household indirect CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in eastern China,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Zhejiang and Guangdong. While provinces with medium and low impact of urbanization on households direct and indirect CO2 emissions are mainly distributed in the central and western China. From the perspective of expenditure elasticity,we further analyzed reasons for differences in the impact of urbanization on provincial household CO2 emissions. The result is that the higher the impact of urbanization on household CO2 emissions,the larger the expenditure elasticity of CO2 emissions. The elasticity of direct CO2 emissions is related to different consumption increases in gasoline and electricity,and the elasticity of indirect CO2 emissions is associated with an increase in the amount of consumption from the industry sector. Therefore,developing public transportation and paying attention to saving energy in daily life in regions where household direct CO2 emissions are highly influenced by urbanization are significant,and improving the efficiency of energy use by industry in regions with a high impact of urbanization on household indirect CO2 emissions.
城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放影响程度不同的区域之间,家庭直接CO2排放的消费弹性存在较大的差异.首先,从消费支出增加幅度来看,城市化水平对直接CO2排放总量影响程度高,中,低的区域,家庭消费支出增加量依次降低.与2000年相比,2012年影响程度高的区域,家庭消费支出增加量高达6.8万亿元;影响程度居中区域次之,家庭消费支出增加量为5.2万亿元,影响程度低的区域家庭消费支出增加量最低,为3.4万亿元.其次,计算不同区域的消费弹性,即消费变动1个百分比,家庭直接CO2排放总量的变动情况,可得城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放总量影响程度高,中,低的区域的消费支出弹性分别为0.6,0.5,0.3.可见,城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放总量影响程度越高的地区,直接CO2排放总量的消费支出弹性也越大. 城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放总量影响程度越高的地区,直接CO2排放总量的消费支出弹性越高的主要原因在于,随着消费支出增加,汽油,电力等直接能源消费量的增加幅度较大.2000-2012年,城市化水平影响程度高,中,低的区域直接能源消费增加量依次减小,其中增加幅度最大的能源类型均是汽油和电力,并且其消费增加幅度依次降低.与2000年相比,2012年这三类区域汽油消费量分别增加了2 215.0万t标煤,1 678.2万t标煤,747.1万t标煤,电力消费量分别增加了2 230.9万t标煤,1 908.1万t标煤,1 473.4万t标煤(如图2所示).可见,城市化水平影响程度越高的地区,直接能源消费量的变化幅度越大,其直接CO2排放总量的消费支出弹性也越大. 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图22000-2012年各区域家庭对能源消费的变化情况 -->Figure 2Changes in household energy consumption of different regions from 2000 to 2012 -->
基于上述分析,可得如下结论: (1)2000-2012年,中国30个省(直辖市,自治区)的城市化水平提高对家庭直接和间接CO2排放总量增加均具有促进作用.但由于地区发展不平衡,其影响程度存在显著差异,整体表现为东部省份的影响程度高,而中西部省份的影响程度低.具体来看,城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放影响程度高的省份,集中在东部和东北地区,如上海,黑龙江和吉林等;城市化水平对家庭间接CO2排放影响程度高的省份,集中在东部地区,如上海,北京,浙江和广东等;城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放,间接CO2排放影响程度居中和低的省份,交错分布在中国中部,西部地区,如宁夏,贵州以及安徽. 显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT 图32000-2012年各区域家庭对部门产品消费的变化情况 -->Figure 3Changes in household expenditure on sector products in different regions from 2000 to 2012 -->
(1)中国正处于城市化快速发展的中期阶段,城市化还有很大的发展潜力.随着城市化水平的提高,居民消费水平逐步提高,会促使家庭直接和间接CO2排放不断增长.因此,家庭部门将逐渐成为中国CO2排放的重要增长点,节能减排的政策措施也不应再仅仅盯在工业部门了.尤其是像北京,上海这样城市化水平高度发达的直辖市,其节能减排的重点更应关注家庭部门. (2)目前城市化水平对家庭直接CO2排放影响程度高的省份,家庭购买汽油,电力的支出幅度很大.未来应着重于发展公共交通,提高公共交通出行的便捷性和舒适性,以降低私家车出行对汽油的消耗;此外,还应关注家庭节能电器产品的推广使用,制定阶梯电价制度,并加强宣传教育引导公众注重家庭日常生活节能,以减少电力的消耗. (3)目前城市化水平对家庭间接CO2排放总量影响程度高的省份,家庭购买高耗能的工业产品的支出幅度很大.未来应提高工业部门的能源使用效率,降低单位产出的能源消耗和CO2排放,以减缓因工业产品消费量增加所导致的家庭CO2排放总量增长. Appendix Table A 附表A 附表A各类能源的CO2排放系数 Appendix Table ACO2 emissions coefficient of various types of energy (tCO2/TJ)
能源类型
原煤
其他洗煤
型煤
焦炭
焦炉煤气
其他煤气
汽油
煤油
柴油
液化石油气
炼厂干气
天然气
系数
95
95
98
107
44
44
70
72
74
63
58
56
资料来源:IPCC,2006。 新窗口打开 Appendix Table B 附表B 附表B中国各省电力的CO2排放系数 Appendix Table B CO2 emissions coefficient of electricity of provinces in China(tCO2/TJ)
省份
所属区域电网
CO2排放因子
北京,天津,河北,山西,山东,内蒙古
华北区域电网
280
辽宁,吉林,黑龙江
东北区域电网
314
上海,江苏,浙江,安徽,福建
华东区域电网
245
河南,湖北,湖南,江西,四川,重庆
华中区域电网
313
陕西,甘肃,青海,宁夏,新疆
西北区域电网
285
广东,广西,云南,贵州
南方电网
278
海南
海南电网
227
资料来源:关于公布2009年中国区域电网基准线排放因子的公告。 新窗口打开 Appendix Table C 附表C 附表C中国各省热力的CO2排放系数(2000-2012 年均值) Appendix Table C CO2emissions coefficient of heat of provinces in China(the average from 2000 to 2012) (tCO2/TJ)
省份
系数
省份
系数
省份
系数
省份
系数
省份
系数
安徽
116
贵州
292
湖南
110
宁夏
120
四川
105
北京
88
海南
57
吉林
132
青海
245
天津
108
福建
112
河北
122
江苏
109
山东
114
新疆
109
甘肃
110
河南
124
江西
134
山西
116
云南
149
广东
93
黑龙江
155
辽宁
130
陕西
149
浙江
104
广西
153
湖北
122
内蒙古
160
上海
102
重庆
98
新窗口打开 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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