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空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-29

柴彦威1,, 谭一洺1, 申悦2,, 关美宝3
1. 北京大学城市与环境学院,北京 100871
2. 华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心,上海 200062
3. 美国伊利诺州大学厄巴纳—香槟分校地理及地理信息科学系,香槟 61820

Space-behavior interaction theory: Basic thinking of general construction

CHAIYanwei1,, TANYiming1, SHENYue2,, KWANMei-Po3
1. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2. The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
3. Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
通讯作者:通讯作者:申悦(1987- ),女,辽宁沈阳人,讲师,主要研究方向为城市社会地理学和行为地理学。E-mail: shenyue0519@163.com
收稿日期:2017-04-11
修回日期:2017-07-13
网络出版日期:2017-10-20
版权声明:2017《地理研究》编辑部《地理研究》编辑部
基金资助:国家自然科学基金项目(41529101,41571144,41611130051,41501180)
作者简介:
-->作者简介:柴彦威(1964- ),男,甘肃会宁人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为时间地理学、社会地理学、城市与区域规划。E-mail: chyw@pku.edu.cn



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摘要
对行为学派的已有理论与方法论进行凝练和提升,构建解释地理空间与人类行为互动关系的一般理论,是行为学派的当代使命。结合中国实际总结空间—行为互动的概念模型和解释模型,是当前中国城市发展转型面临的迫切现实需求。从认识论、方法论、实践指导三方面对空间—行为互动的理论基础进行梳理,从基于空间和基于人两种研究范式相结合的角度出发,对空间—行为互动的研究范式进行论证,进而提出空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路。空间—行为互动理论的构建需要系统展开空间作用于行为、行为作用于空间两方面的研究,构建空间—行为互动理论,并结合中国城市时空间行为实证研究,开展不同空间、不同时间、不同人群尺度的理论验证。

关键词:空间—行为互动理论;时间地理;行为地理;城市规划与管理
Abstract
It is growing to be the significant mission for the behavioral schools of geography to construct a generalized theory explaining the interaction between space and behavior. It is also an urgent realistic demand for current urban development and transformation in China to summarize the conceptual model and explanatory model of space-behavior interaction combined with China's reality. Firstly, this study builds the theoretical foundation of space-behavior interaction research which takes social-space theory as epistemology, behavioral geography and time geography as methodology, and activity-based approach as practical theory. Secondly, as for the research paradigm, the study argues the space-behavior interaction research needed to combine the place-based paradigm and people-based paradigm, facing current situation of China's urban development. Then this study makes an innovative attempt to propose basic thinking of space-behavior interaction theory construction. It needs to carry out research on spatial effects on behavior and behavioral effects on space to construct a generalized space-behavior interaction theory. On this basis, the diversity and similarity of space-behavior interaction in various cities, the trends and dynamics of spatial-behavioral interaction in different periods of time, the distinctiveness of various population segments, need be testified to improve the theory construction.

Keywords:space-behavior interaction theory;time geography;behavioral geography;urban planning and management

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柴彦威, 谭一洺, 申悦, 关美宝. 空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(10): 1959-1970 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201710012
CHAI Yanwei, TAN Yiming, SHEN Yue, KWAN Mei-Po. Space-behavior interaction theory: Basic thinking of general construction[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(10): 1959-1970 https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201710012
主旨聚焦:面向中国城市发展转型需求,对行为学派的理论与方法论进行凝练和提升,提出空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路。为指导行为学派研究方向和中国城市规划理论构建奠定基础。

1 引言

20世纪60年代后期,在反思实证主义地理学过分简化空间问题、忽视人的作用的浪潮中,强调个体和微观过程的行为学派应运而生,为理解人类活动和地理环境在时空间上的复杂关系提供了独特的视角[1]。在经历了近半个世纪的发展后,行为学派不断壮大,逐渐形成了强调主观偏好与决策过程的行为主义地理学[2]、强调客观制约与时空间利用的时间地理学[3-5]、强调活动—移动系统与规划应用的活动分析法等多视角的方法论[6-8]
随着行为学派的不断成熟,行为主义地理学、时间地理学、活动分析法等理论与方法论不断完善与融合,并通过与结构化理论[9,10]、GIS技术[10-13]、行为模拟技术[14-16]、叙事分析技术[17]相结合,实现了与社会学、城市规划、交通规划等学科的交叉。然而,现有研究多关注城市空间对行为的制约和影响,并通过行为分析理解城市空间,但是对行为与空间相互作用的关注较少,尚未形成空间—行为互动的系统理论。如何对这些方法论进行凝练、整合和提升,构建解释地理空间与人类行为互动关系的一般理论,是行为学派的当代使命。
中国经济社会发展已经进入了“以人为本”的新型城镇化发展阶段,城市发展的核心目标正由经济增长、空间扩展逐步转变为社会管理的精细化与居民生活质量的提升。目前,中国的城市研究与规划管理实践仍然是“见物不见人”,对居民的个性化需求缺乏深入分析与解读,难以应对城市快速扩张与空间重构所导致的职住错位与长距离通勤及可达性下降、社会排斥与隔离、环境污染与出行健康等城市问题[18-23]。在此背景下,基于时空间行为的视角来创新现有的城市研究与规划的理论体系,以指导未来几十年中国人本城市建设,明晰行为与空间之间作用的因果关系,结合中国实际总结空间—行为互动的概念模型和解释模型,是当前中国城市发展转型面临的迫切现实需求。
行为学派理论与方法论引入中国的20多年来,已经在不同类型的城市与人群中得到了大量实证研究探索[24],形成了中国时空间行为研究网络,并逐步成为中国城市研究的重要力量,开拓了以时空间行为与规划为核心的中国城市研究新范式,并取得了丰富的研究成果。然而,绝大多数研究只是证明了城市空间和居民行为之间的关联性,而未能有效地论证空间与行为互动中存在的因果关系,缺乏从行为对空间选择与改造、空间对行为制约两个方面理解两者的相互关系,明确相互作用机理的研究。因此,中国****需要对国际时空间行为研究前沿进行追踪、凝炼、提升,选择方法论切入点,为中国空间—行为互动理论的建构提供参考。
本文首先从认识论、方法论、实践指导三方面对空间—行为互动的理论基础进行梳理;进而从基于空间和基于人两种研究范式相结合的角度出发,对空间—行为互动的研究范式进行论证;提出空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路,为下一步空间—行为互动理论的完善奠定基础,明确中国城市空间—行为互动模式的提炼与比较的未来研究方向。

2 空间—行为互动理论基础

空间—行为互动理论的基础包括作为认识论的社会—空间理论,作为方法论的行为主义地理学和时间地理学,以及作为实践指导的城市规划与管理学方法(图1)。
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图1空间—行为互动理论基础
-->Fig. 1The theoretical basis of space-behavior interaction
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2.1 空间—行为互动的认识论基础

伴随人文地理学的“社会转向”和社会学的“空间转向”,社会空间问题及其相关理论成为学术研究的热点,探讨社会与空间之间联系的社会—空间理论受到关注,其中,新城市社会学中的社会—空间辩证法、社会—空间互动理论、结构化理论等为空间—行为互动理论的构建提供了可供借鉴的基础[25-28]
20世纪70年代开始,来自社会学、地理学、经济学、哲学等多个领域的****们向传统城市社会学中基于“人类生态学”所形成的理论体系发起挑战,促进了城市社会学研究基本范式的转型,产生了丰富的理论研究成果,被称为“新城市社会学”[29,30]。在研究对象方面,新城市社会学打破了芝加哥学派的城市中心城区/郊区二分法,将研究焦点从中心城区转向持续变化的郊区和大都市区域,以提供更加平衡的当代城市生活解释。在研究方法方面,新城市社会学在探讨城市/大都市区域发展的研究中,不提议遵循生态原则,而是对阶层、种族、性别、生活方式、经济、文化、政治和环境等要素加以综合考虑。在研究视角方面,新城市社会学包容了地方政治、国家经济秩序和世界政治体系脉络下的城市分析,从芝加哥学派狭义的社会空间分异走向对阶级、资本、权力、结构等的关注,用更加广泛的概念去解释空间、社会空间的形成[27]
社会—空间辩证法讨论社会与空间之间的关系,是新城市社会学的重要理论之一。其建立在对容器空间观和实证主义空间观的批判,以及对马克思主义经典作家忽视空间的批判的基础上,经历了列斐伏尔的奠基、哈维等的发扬、索加的创立等阶段[31-34]。社会空间辩证法认为社会与空间并非不同的两个事物,也不是一方包括、反映另一方的关系,而是“人们在创造和改变城市空间的同时又被他们所居住和工作的空间以各种方式制约”[35]。在社会空间辩证法的基础上,城市社会空间是“社会与空间辩证统一”的产物,反映了居民与城市空间的“连续的相互作用过程”[36,37]。社会空间辩证法对于社会与空间互动关系的构建为行为与空间的互动提供了认识论基础。
在对城市社会学的已有理论进行总结的基础上,戈特迪纳和哈奇森提出了城市研究的“社会空间视角”(social spatial perspective),以构建思考大都市生活的一个整合范式。社会空间视角将空间和区位视为日常社会关系的重要部分,结合社会空间辩证法的思想,将社会生态图示与政治经济图示加以整合,一方面强调空间对于社会生活、房地产对于经济和城市发展的重要性,另一方面致力于在城市分析中引入关于经济、政治和文化以及社会要素在大都市地区的发展中作用角色的思考[27,38]。社会空间观点整合了社会空间辩证法的基本思想,探讨空间与社会因素、空间与行为因素、空间与文化因素之间的关系,在探讨空间与行为因素的关系中强调社会行为与空间的互动,即空间以一种特有的方式影响人们的行为和互动,而个人通过人际互动改变了现有的空间安排,并建构新的空间来表达他们的欲求[27,39]
行为空间是社会空间的一部分,强调从个体行为的视角透视社会空间,新城市社会学中的社会空间辩证法与社会—空间理论提供了理解空间—行为互动关系的认识论基础,其对社会与空间辩证统一关系的阐释有助于理解行为与空间的互动关系。但是,这些理论与方法论更侧重于辩证统一关系的哲理探讨,对空间与行为维度的界定与分析比较模糊,在引入空间的时候,缺乏对于空间概念的清晰阐释,其空间意识与地理学之间也存在一定的差异。因此,如何借鉴上述社会理论中关于空间与行为互动的理论阐述,对个体行为与空间的相互关系进行深入的案例解剖和模型分析,构建空间—行为互动理论及方法论,提出具有可操作性的研究范式和技术路线,将成为人文地理学的重要科学问题及行为学派理论创新的主要方向。

2.2 空间—行为互动的方法论基础

时空间行为研究理论与方法在经历了40余年的发展后已经大大突破了最初的空间科学式的研究范式,形成了城市空间研究的行为学派[7,40]
行为主义地理学将心理学的相关理论及概念引入地理学,试图了解人们的思想、感观对其环境的认知及空间行为决策的形成和行动后果,重视个人态度、认知、偏好等主观能动方面,强调“空间认知—空间偏好—空间行为”的研究范式[2,41]。早期的行为主义地理学在居住迁移、购物行为等研究领域产生了一定影响,但其过度依赖纯粹的行为科学,试图从心理层面来建立普适的模型,在行为模型建立的过程中遭遇了很多难题,受到了各方面的质疑与批判,甚至曾一度衰退[7]
20世纪80年代,行为主义地理学逐渐向更加多元化的方向发展,解决实际问题、付诸实践的指向性不断增强,并在行为与空间互动关系的刻画上取得了重要进展[42]。行为主义地理学逐渐放弃了构建普适模型的传统,从“空间行为”逐渐转向“空间中的行为”,强调城市空间与人类空间行为之间的互动关系,将不同行为与环境加以差异性的呈现。同时,行为主义地理学的研究焦点逐渐从“例外行为”转向“日常行为”,无意识的、非探索性的、反复性的行为逐渐成为研究的首要任务[43]。对于空间与行为互动关系和日常生活的关注使得行为主义地理学焕发出新的生命力,也为空间—行为互动理论的构建提供了重要基础。
时间地理学源于瑞典著名人文地理学家哈格斯特朗(Torsten H?gerstrand)对计量革命时期区域科学研究范式的反思,他将时间和空间在微观个体层面上相结合,通过时空路径、时空棱柱、制约等概念及符号系统构建了时间地理学的理论框架,从人本主义思想和微观的角度出发研究问题,形成了自己独特的方法体系[3,7]。但其过于强调欧式空间和绝对时间的客观制约,忽视权力、能动性等关键问题,使其受到了哈维、吉登斯等社会科学领域****的批判[28]。面对质疑,时间地理学转向对时空间中生活关联性的思考,转向探索制约下的能动性,把时空路径作为制约和企划相互作用的结果,在原有的制约框架下加入了对主观能动性的考虑[44]
近年来,时间地理学在理论与实证研究以及国际研究网络构建上取得了突破性的进展,对空间与行为互动机理的解释日趋完善与精细化,通过自身理论与方法的不断完善、与GIS及移动技术的不断结合,在潜在活动空间与时空可达性测度、虚拟行为、联合行为、行为的地方秩序嵌套、情感与地理叙事分析、不确定地理背景问题等方面上取得了新的突破,在环境与健康研究、社会公平研究、交通出行行为研究、城市时空规划等方面拓展了新的应用领域[24,45-50]。然而,时间地理学仍然没有妥善地解决客观制约与主观能动性之间的协调问题。在实证研究大量积累、方法论趋于成熟、国际研究网络逐步形成的新背景下,有必要对时间地理学的理论和方法论进行创新和提升。综合考虑客观制约与主观能动性的相互作用,提出组织性更强的空间与行为的互动理论将成为未来时间地理学理论创新的重要方向。
强调主观认知与决策的行为主义地理学与强调客观制约的时间地理学在理论的发展过程中相互借鉴,成为“行为学派”研究的理论指导,也共同构成了空间—行为互动研究的方法论基础。

2.3 空间—行为互动的实践指导基础

城市规划与管理学以及以人为本的区域可持续发展对居民活动与生活质量的关注与经验指导,为空间—行为互动理论提供了实践指导基础。
自20世纪80年代以来,“新城市主义”“精明增长”等规划理念开始强调居民需求在规划编制中的关键作用,促使西方社会和规划****重新思考城市空间对居民生活质量的意义[51-55]。活动分析法试图将客观制约和主观决策相结合,强调时空间中的社会制约与人的活动动机,将城市中活动系统与出行系统整合形成城市活动—移动系统[6,56]。活动分析法最早应用于交通领域,行为学派将其推广成为人类活动分析法,对时间与空间、选择与制约、活动与移动的关系在城市活动—移动系统中进行综合考虑,形成了通过探讨居民日常活动规律来研究人类空间行为及其所处城市环境的一种研究视角[57]。活动分析法在城市规划与交通规划中得到了广泛应用,为城市空间优化、出行需求管理与交通规划提供了指导[58,59]。这些应用实践综合考虑了居民活动需求与城市资源供给的动态平衡,通过调整城市空间缓解居民受到的制约,以理想的城市空间应对城市居民的活动需求[60]。活动分析法的理论视角与实践经验,奠定了空间—行为互动在实践方面的理论基础,进一步拓展了空间—行为互动理论在规划实践层面的内涵。
城市规划与管理在理论与实践的不断发展中,形成了一套相对完备的实践指导理论体系,但在走向“人本化”的时代,其对居民时空行为多时空尺度特征的考虑有所不足,对行为复杂机理的理解有待深化。同时,传统的城市规划在内容体系方面偏重于物质与生产空间规划,对于从居民需求出发的生活空间和生活时间规划的考虑较少;在管理服务方面,主要将土地和地块作为规划与管理的基础和出发点,给予静态的、被动式的服务,缺乏动态性、主动性,智能化程度有所不足,更无法满足居民日益个性化、多元化的需求。因此,空间—行为互动理论的实践指导理论构建,在借鉴城市规划与管理实践理论的基础上,应用时空间行为理论与方法论,面向生活空间与时间,试图构建基于人的、动态的规划与管理实践指导体系,既是对城市时空间行为研究实践方向的进一步探索,也是对城市规划与管理学的补充与创新。
综上,社会—空间理论作为哲学层面的认识论指导着行为主义地理学和时间地理学方法的应用,行为主义地理学和时间地理学同时也是社会—空间理论的重要组成部分。行为主义地理学和时间地理学在理论的发展过程中相互借鉴,活动分析法试图整合主观偏好和客观制约,而活动分析法面向城市规划和交通规划的应用也促进了行为主义地理学和时间地理学理论的发展和革新。

3 空间—行为互动理论构建的基本设想

本文尝试提出空间—行为互动理论构建的基本设想(图2)。以相关社会理论为借鉴,以时间地理学、行为主义地理学、活动分析法等行为学派经典理论与方法论为核心,构成空间—行为互动理论的基础;将基于空间与基于人的研究范式相结合,系统展开空间对行为的作用以及行为对空间的作用两方面的研究,构建空间—行为互动理论。
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图2空间—行为互动理论构建的基本设想
-->Fig. 2The construction of space-behavior interaction theory
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空间—行为互动理论是通过核心人物的深度访谈、文献研究、口述史、学术论坛与交流等方式,围绕时空间行为研究的最新发展与理论方法创新以及前沿问题展开系统梳理而提出,是否具有普适性并适用于指导中国人本导向的城市发展与建设,还需要结合中国城市的时空间行为实证研究,系统开展空间尺度、时间尺度、行为尺度和不同人群类型尺度的理论验证,进而完善空间—行为互动理论。

3.1 空间—行为互动理论构建

空间—行为互动的理论构建包括空间对行为的作用以及行为对空间的作用两方面研究,以及对二者整合、提升将其凝练为空间—行为互动理论。
研究立足于对行为的正面研究,在一定的社会、经济、制度、文化的背景下,行为主体对空间形成了一定的认知与偏好,并受到来自时间与空间的各种制约,在客观制约与主观决策共同的作用下形成了行为结果。将不同的行为空间投影到城市物质空间上以考察其相互关系以及合理性。在空间对行为的作用方面,侧重考虑空间的制约,通过人的行为空间透视空间的合理性;在行为对空间的作用方面,侧重考虑人的主观能动性,以及公共管理与规划部门的作用。

3.2 空间—行为互动研究范式

社会科学中对人的行为研究包括个体层次上的微观研究和汇总层次上的宏观研究两个尺度,如何把握个体与社会之间的复杂关系,从微观到宏观、再从宏观到微观,将特定区域特定个体的微观研究与整个社会的宏观研究相结合,是社会科学领域的核心方法论问题[43,61]。而对于行为与空间关系的研究,在汇总和非汇总两个尺度的基础上,还存在着基于空间(place-based)和基于人(people-based)两种不同的研究范式。
3.2.1 基于空间的研究范式 空间是地理学的核心思想与传统,空间位置提供了一种具有整体性和综合性的理解途径,将在其他学科视角下相互独立的现象整合起来[62]。就像托布勒在在地理学第一定律中描述的,所有的事物都相互关联,然而它们的关系随相互间距离的增大而逐渐疏远[63]。人文地理学的空间思想曾出现过多次重大转向,从早期康德、哈特向的绝对空间观,到舍费尔与计量学派的空间几何学,再到人本主义的空间、激进主义的空间、后现代主义的空间,空间的内涵越来越丰富[64,65]。而空间研究在地理学,尤其在人文地理学中,一直保持着稳固而重要的地位,不断壮大的地理信息科学与地理信息系统也进一步巩固了其核心地位[66]。尤其在中国,“人地关系”的研究中“地”受到了更多的关注,在社区、城市、区域乃至国家等各个尺度层面进行基于空间的分析仍然占据着研究主流[67]
3.2.2 基于人的研究范式 20世纪60年代以后,在人文主义思潮的影响下,行为主义、人文主义地理学开始了对作为行为主体的人的正面关注。行为主义地理学、时间地理学、活动分析法等关注微观个体的理论与方法,为地理学提供了基于人的视角与方法论。例如,时间地理学出于对区域科学中的人的思考,提供了一种在时空间中从人的角度关注个体活动的视角。这些理论与方法一方面使非汇总的研究成为了可能,另一方面突破了传统地理学基于空间汇总的范式,使得在时空间中基于人的汇总成为可能。
随着信息与通信技术、现代交通技术的不断发展,人类的移动能力不断增强,整个地球处于“时空压缩”的状态[68]。同时,现代生活方式使人类活动在时间和空间上更加破碎化、个性化和复杂化。在这样的背景下,传统以距离衰减定律为基础的空间理论面临巨大的挑战,而过去相对固定的人、地方与活动三者之间的关系变得愈发复杂[69]。因此,关注微观个体的理论、技术与方法就显得更加重要。时间地理学等行为论方法的不断完善,个人数据可获取性的增加,微观模拟与基于智能体模型等技术的发展使得基于人的研究范式逐渐被应用于交通规划、健康地理学、社会空间分异、可达性等各个领域的研究中[43,69-72]
可见,不同于传统的基于空间的、汇总的研究范式的,基于作为行为主体的人的研究(包括汇总与非汇总)已成为国际研究的前沿。而需要注意的是,城市空间与时空间行为的互动关系研究中既需要基于空间的研究视角,也需要基于人的研究视角。若不对人的时空间行为在空间上进行汇总,则无法有效的理解和透视城市空间;而若不从人的角度出发,则无法认识城市空间对人的影响。而面临中国当前城市发展中的问题,空间与人都是重要的维度,需要加以综合考虑。

3.3 空间—行为互动理论验证

在理论构建的基础上,通过比较不同空间、不同时间、不同人群的实证研究,验证空间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的多样性与共性、验证时间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的阶段性与动态性、验证人群的空间与行为互动模式的特殊性。其中,空间尺度包含不同发展阶段城市之间的比较、城市内部不同社区之间的比较;时间尺度包含对居民日常活动模式的总体特征的变化研究及对特定样本的五年追踪;行为尺度包含整日活动模式、通勤行为、购物行为、休闲行为等;不同类型人群包括中产阶级、低收入群体、老年人、女性和少数民族居民等。
3.3.1 不同空间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的多样性与共性验证 已有的中国城市时空间行为研究在空间上呈现出多尺度的特征,分别从城市尺度、城市内部尺度、社区尺度出发,透视城市空间与时空间行为的关系,理解城市空间重构的过程与模式[73-75]。大量的实证研究为互动理论框架提供了基础,但是,现有研究地区在地域上呈现出“大集中、小分散”和“东多西少”的局面,覆盖度与研究深度差异大,数据整合难度大;缺乏不同城市之间居民时空间行为的横向比较,难以总结不同规模、不同形态与结构、不同经济发展水平的城市空间与行为互动模式的多样性与共性。
理论框架中不同空间尺度的理论验证是在集成和整合中国时空间行为研究者在多个城市获取的居民时空间行为数据与实证研究成果的基础上,在城市尺度上比较不同城市居民行为模式,透视城市发展阶段与郊区化对居民行为的影响,在社区尺度上,对不同城市相同类型社区的居民整日活动模式、通勤行为、购物行为与休闲行为进行全面系统的直接比较研究,透视制度因素等对居民行为的影响过程。
3.3.2 不同时间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的阶段性与动态性验证 时间尺度方面,长时间尺度的时空间行为研究集中在迁居行为方面,以理解城市人口的空间再分配,以及社区人口构成的变化过程;短时间尺度研究多基于活动日志进行调查与分析,以理解城市空间中个体的行为组织[76-81]。已有研究局限于理解城市空间与居民行为的关联性,而未能通过控制居民对空间的自选择效应,有效地论证空间与行为互动中存在因果关系,缺乏从行为对空间选择与改造、空间对行为制约两个方面理解两者的相互关系,明确相互作用机理的研究。虽然存在同一城市多次调查的数据基础,但尚未进行不同时期的纵向对比与追踪分析,难以验证空间与行为互动模式的阶段性与动态性特征。
不同时间尺度的中国城市居民行为纵向对比可以明确时空行为与城市空间要素之间的因果关系,在十年尺度上,强调同一地区居民的行为变化的总体特征,比较同类型社区在城市发展过程中居民通勤、购物、休闲行为的变迁,以识别中国城市转型背景下居民行为与城市空间的动态互动关系。在五年尺度上,结合时空行为研究热点问题——ICT影响下的时空行为,对居民在使用行为指导网站前后进行对比,建立建成环境与ICT对居民行为变化的解释模式,建立时空行为与城市空间要素之间相互因果作用的解释模型。
3.3.3 不同群体视角的空间—行为互动模式的特殊性验证 不同群体视角方面,已有研究在关注中产阶级居民的基础上,针对老年人、贫困人口和少数民族人口等特殊群体进行活动空间、可达性、社会交往等多方面研究,从行为差异阐述居民生活质量,反映社会公平问题[82-84]。研究已涵盖多类群体,但仍缺乏对不同人群的空间与行为互动模式的特殊性提炼。
采用不同城市、不同时期的多类人群的时空间行为调查数据进行城市间横向比较以及同一城市不同时期之间的纵向比较研究验证不同群体之间的适用性与差异性,包括中产阶级居民、中低收入居民和老年人整日活动模式、休闲、购物行为比较研究,女性活动模式与家庭结构与分工变化、少数民族居民的活动模式与社会分异格局的差异。

4 结论与讨论

在经历了近半个世纪的发展后,行为学派的理论与方法论不断成熟,实证研究成果丰富。中国的时空间行为研究从微观视角出发,深化了对城市空间的理解,并与社会需求紧密结合,服务于城市的规划与管理。然而已有研究对空间与行为的互动作用关注较少,系统理论尚未形成。对已有的理论与方法论进行凝练和提升,构建解释地理空间与人类行为互动关系的一般理论,是行为学派的当代使命。中国已经进入了“以人为本”的新型城镇化发展阶段,基于时空间行为的视角来创新现有的城市研究与规划的理论体系,结合中国实际总结空间—行为互动的概念模型和解释模型,是当前中国城市发展转型面临的迫切现实需求。
在对空间—行为互动理论基础和研究范式进行总结的基础上,提出了空间—行为互动理论构建的基本思路。空间—行为互动理论包括作为认识论的社会—空间理论,作为方法论的行为主义地理学和时间地理学,以及面向城市规划和区域发展、作为实践指导理论的城市规划管理与可持续发展。在研究范式方面,需要将基于空间和基于人两种范式相结合,进而系统展开空间作用于行为、行为作用于空间两方面的研究,从而构建空间—行为互动理论。并结合中国城市的时空间行为实证研究,开展不同尺度的理论验证,验证不同空间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的多样性与共性、验证不同时间尺度的空间—行为互动模式的阶段性与动态性、验证不同人群的空间与行为互动模式的特殊性,进而完善空间—行为互动理论。
所提出的空间—行为互动理论构建思路为不同尺度中国城市的空间—行为互动模式的提炼与比较指明了方向,进一步推动了基于行为的中国城市空间研究范式的创建。其中,行为对空间的影响以及空间—行为互动的因果关系验证是需要解决的关键和难点问题。空间—行为互动理论的构建有待于相关****的共同努力,才有可能使其凝练、提升成为指导行为学派未来研究方向、指导中国城市下一阶段发展与规划的重大理论。
未来在空间—行为互动理论指导下,中国城市的时空间行为研究可以围绕如下几个核心方面,展开进一步的探索:① 研究内容上,关注从时空间行为透视社会公平、社会网络与社会变迁等社会空间维度的问题,拓展时空间行为与健康地理、出行行为与环境污染暴露、ICT使用与行为制约等前沿议题的研究;② 研究数据上,将手机、浮动车、公交IC卡、社交网络等城市空间“大数据”与活动日志、GPS等个人行为“小数据”相互补充与整合,为时空间行为研究提供覆盖多个地理尺度、高时空精度及属性丰富的数据基础;③ 研究尺度上,在时间方面结合长期行为与日常活动,分析日常生活方式的长期变化过程,挖掘社会变迁与生命历程对日常行为模式的累积影响;同时在空间方面拓展传统的城市内部空间尺度,进行中国与西方国家时空间行为的比较研究,通过不同发展阶段及制度、文化背景下的研究案例的相互补充,凝练一般化的时空间行为模式及空间—行为互动规律。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
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[Chai Yanwei, et al.Spatial Behavior and Behavioral Space. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2014.] [本文引用: 1]
[9]Pred A.Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life
. Geografiska Annaler: Human Geography, 1981, 63(1): 5-22.
https://doi.org/10.2307/490994URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Abstract not available-from the text: Amidst the cacophony of clashing conceptual, methodological, and philosophical perspectives characterizing present-day human geography, one new sound is beginning to be heard faintly, yet with increasing frequency
[10]H?gerstrand T.Presence and absence: A look at conceptual choices and bodily necessities
. Regional Studies, 1984, 18(5): 373-379.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238400185361URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
This field study investigated the task and individual characteristics of 184 professionals who accessed commercial database services to acquire external information directly (as "end users") or through an intermediary ("chauffeur"). Chauffeured access appears to be most appropriate when the individual has a one-time need for new information while direct access appears to be most appropriate when a database is used on a regular basis by the same individual. The results of this study are consistent with prior research which suggests that multiple access arrangements are necessary in order for organizations to make effective use of these and other types of online database systems.
[11]Jones P M, Dix M C, Clarke M I, et al.Understanding Travel Behaviour
. UK: Gower Pub Co., 1983.

[12]Miller H J.Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information systems
. International Journal of Geographical Information System, 1991, 5(3): 287-301.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799108927856URL摘要
Modelling accessibility using space-time prism concepts within geographical information systems MILLER H. J. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5, 287-301, 1991
[13]Shaw S L.What about "Time" in transportation geography?
. Journal of Transport Geography, 2006, 14(3): 237-240.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.02.009URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
ABSTRACT Complete fixation of arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was observed in a southern Québec population of lake trout (S. namaycush). This introgressed population otherwise appeared to be normal with regard to lake trout morphology and three species-diagnostic microsatellite loci. Arctic charr do not occur in the area, suggesting that the hybridization event was prehistoric. Of several possible hypotheses, the most plausible explanation for this aberrant population is that hybridization occurred in situ soon after deglaciation, with repeated backcrossing of hybrids with lake trout. Fixation of S. alpinus mtDNA in the population may have occurred either by chance (drift) or selection, although indirect evidence and data from similarly introgressed brook trout (S. fontinalis) populations in the region suggest that selection favouring the S. alpinus mitochondrial type and/or associated nuclear genes may have been involved.
[14]Golledge R G, Kwan M P, Garling T.Computational-process modelling of household travel decisions using a geographical information system
. Papers in Regional Science, 73(2), 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1994.tb00605.xURL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Household travel behavior entails interdependent deliberate decisions, as well as the execution of routines not preceded by deliberate decisions. Furthermore, travel decisions are dependent on choices to participate in activities. Because of the complexity of the decision-making process in which individuals are engaged, computational-process models (CPMs) are promising means of implementing behavioral principles which unlike other disaggregate modelling approaches do not rely on a utility-maximizing framework. A conceptual framework is proposed as the basis of a CPM interfaced with the geographical information system ARC/INFO. How to model households' travel behavior is illustrated in a case study of a single household in which one member started telecommuting.
[15]Arentze T, Hofman F, van Mourik H, et al. ALBATROSS: Multiagent, rule-based model of activity pattern decisions
. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2000, (1706): 136-144.
https://doi.org/10.3141/1706-16URL摘要
The development of ALBATROSS: A Learning-Based, Transportation-Oriented Simulation System is summarized. This activity-based model of activity-travel behavior is derived from theories of choice heuristics that consumers apply when making decisions in complex environments. The model, one of the most comprehensive of its kind, predicts which activities are conducted when, where, for how long, and with whom, and the transport mode involved. In addition, various logical, temporal, spatial, spatial-temporal, and institutional constraints are incorporated in the model. The conceptual underpinnings of the model, its architecture, the functionality of its key agents, data collection, and model performance are discussed.
[16]Goulias K G, Bhat C R, Pendyala R M, et al.Simulator of activities, greenhouse emissions, networks, and travel (SimAGENT) in Southern California
. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, 2012: 164-169.
[本文引用: 1]
[17]Kwan M P, Ding G.Geo-narrative: extending geographic information systems for narrative analysis in qualitative and mixed-method research
. The Professional Geographer, 2008, 60(4): 443-465.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00330120802211752URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This research seeks to contribute to advancing qualitative methodologies at the intersection of qualitative geographic information systems (GIS), narrative analysis, 3D GIS-based time-geographic methods, and computer-aided qualitative data analysis. The approach to GIS-based narrative analysis developed in the study, called “geo-narrative,” is based on extending current GIS capabilities for the analysis and interpretation of narrative materials such as oral histories, life histories, and biographies. The three central elements in this approach are (1) narrative analysis as the qualitative approach; (2) 3D GIS-based time-geographic methods as the representational framework; and (3) 3D-VQGIS as the GIS-based computer-aided qualitative data analysis component. A case example based on a study of the lives of the Muslim women in Columbus, Ohio, after 11 September 2001 is used to illustrate the approach.
[18]宁越敏. 中国城市化特点、问题及治理
. 南京社会科学, 2012, (10): 19-27.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8263.2012.10.003URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
中国已进入快速城市化时期,2011年的城市化率超过了50%.本文首先分析了当代中国城市化的三个特点,即规模大、速度快,半城市化现象显著;城市化的区域差异显著;都市化现象已经显现,大城市群成为国家经济的核心地区.其次,从三个方面分析了中国城市问题出现的原因.针对中国城市化进程中的问题,本文从政策制定和空间策略两方面提出了两个建议,一是认为要深化改革,逐步解决半城市化的问题,二是要实施都市区和城市群发展战略,预防城市病的发生.
[Ning Yuemin.A study on the urbanization, urban problems and solution in China
. Social Sciences in Nanjing, 2012, (10): 19-27.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8263.2012.10.003URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
中国已进入快速城市化时期,2011年的城市化率超过了50%.本文首先分析了当代中国城市化的三个特点,即规模大、速度快,半城市化现象显著;城市化的区域差异显著;都市化现象已经显现,大城市群成为国家经济的核心地区.其次,从三个方面分析了中国城市问题出现的原因.针对中国城市化进程中的问题,本文从政策制定和空间策略两方面提出了两个建议,一是认为要深化改革,逐步解决半城市化的问题,二是要实施都市区和城市群发展战略,预防城市病的发生.
[19]顾朝林. 转型发展与未来城市的思考
. 城市规划, 2011, 35(11): 23-34, 41.
URL摘要
从工业城市转型发展路径入手,基于工业城市转型发展理论和美国城市的三次转型实践,就中国城市可能出现的转型城市类型进行比较深入的探讨,特别注重第三波和第四波城市类型的概括和归纳,它们是后福特主义城市、边缘城市、网络城市和旅游休闲度假城市、文化城市、创意城市、生态城市、低碳城市、科技城市和智慧城市等.
[Gu Chaolin.Transitional development and future urban forms
. City Planning Review, 2011, 35(11): 23-34, 41.]
URL摘要
从工业城市转型发展路径入手,基于工业城市转型发展理论和美国城市的三次转型实践,就中国城市可能出现的转型城市类型进行比较深入的探讨,特别注重第三波和第四波城市类型的概括和归纳,它们是后福特主义城市、边缘城市、网络城市和旅游休闲度假城市、文化城市、创意城市、生态城市、低碳城市、科技城市和智慧城市等.
[20]周春山, 叶昌东. 中国城市空间结构研究评述
. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(7): 1030-1038.
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.07.006URL摘要
中国正处于城市化快速发展时期,城市空间结构面临关键转型,相关研究日益受到重视,研究数量不断增多,深度不断加强。因此,有必要对中国城市空间结构相关研究进行系统总结,从中找出存在的问题,以及与国际相关研究的差距。基于对20世纪80年代以来中国城市空间结构相关研究成果的数量统计,将其划分为3个主要的研究时期:①20世纪80-90年代中期,为西方城市空间结构理论引入期及国内实证研究的起步期;②20世纪90年代中期-21世纪初,为中国城市空间结构的研究积累期;③21世纪初至今,为中国城市空间结构模式的总结及新城市空间现象研究的多元化时期。在对各个时期主要相关研究成果进行梳理和总结的基础上,对比当前国际研究的最新成果,提出未来中国城市空间结构的重点研究领域应当集中于:转型期城市空间结构理论模式的探讨,新城市空间现象的深入探讨,节约型城市空间增长的研究,城市空间结构深层机制的分析,中、微观尺度研究领域的开拓,新研究方法的应用等6个方面。
[Zhou Chunshan, Ye Changdong.Progress on studies of urban spatial structure in China
. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(7): 1030-1038.]
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.07.006URL摘要
中国正处于城市化快速发展时期,城市空间结构面临关键转型,相关研究日益受到重视,研究数量不断增多,深度不断加强。因此,有必要对中国城市空间结构相关研究进行系统总结,从中找出存在的问题,以及与国际相关研究的差距。基于对20世纪80年代以来中国城市空间结构相关研究成果的数量统计,将其划分为3个主要的研究时期:①20世纪80-90年代中期,为西方城市空间结构理论引入期及国内实证研究的起步期;②20世纪90年代中期-21世纪初,为中国城市空间结构的研究积累期;③21世纪初至今,为中国城市空间结构模式的总结及新城市空间现象研究的多元化时期。在对各个时期主要相关研究成果进行梳理和总结的基础上,对比当前国际研究的最新成果,提出未来中国城市空间结构的重点研究领域应当集中于:转型期城市空间结构理论模式的探讨,新城市空间现象的深入探讨,节约型城市空间增长的研究,城市空间结构深层机制的分析,中、微观尺度研究领域的开拓,新研究方法的应用等6个方面。
[21]薛德升, 黄耿志. 管制之外的“管制”制城中村非正规部门的空间集聚与生存状态: 以广州市下渡村为例
. 地理研究, 2008, 27(6): 1390-1398, 1484.


[Xue Desheng, Huang Gengzhi.Regulation beyond formal regulation: Spatial gathering and surviving situation of the informal sectors in urban village case study in Xiadu village of Guangzhou city
. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(6): 1390-1398, 1484.]

[22]姚士谋, 张平宇, 余成, .. 中国新型城镇化理论与实践问题
. 地理科学, 2014, 34(6): 641-647.
URL摘要
城镇化问题是当代中国社会经济发展的综合性课题,是涉及到国民经济各部门如何协调发展,达到一个新的现代化和谐社会发展的根本问题;新型城镇化是中国城镇化健康稳定发展的基本保证,在当前的新形势下,探索中国新型城镇化理论与实践问题,具有重要的学术价值与实践意义。在过去一阶段,虽然城镇化推动了中国社会经济发展取得了巨大成就,并在城市现代化建设与城乡一体化方面也取得了惊人的发展,但在某个时期或一些地区,城镇化过速发展阶段,出现了无序的发展状态,大中城市边缘盲目扩展,水土资源日渐退化,生态环境遭受破坏,特别是有些政府决策人对城镇化的许多制约因素认识不足,甚至决策失误,导致了城市环境出现许多不安全、不舒适的问题。着重从地理空间与自然资源保护的角度,探索中国新型城镇化3个理论与实践问题:①如何认知中国新型城镇化的基本特征与新的路径;②在全球经济一体化形势下,如何构建新型城镇化的创新模式;③在新型城镇化实施过程中,如何认识中国城镇化本身的发展规律,走具有中国特色的新型城镇化道路。
[Yao Shimou, Zhang Pingyu, Yu Cheng, et al.The theory and practice of new urbanization in China
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(6): 641-647.]
URL摘要
城镇化问题是当代中国社会经济发展的综合性课题,是涉及到国民经济各部门如何协调发展,达到一个新的现代化和谐社会发展的根本问题;新型城镇化是中国城镇化健康稳定发展的基本保证,在当前的新形势下,探索中国新型城镇化理论与实践问题,具有重要的学术价值与实践意义。在过去一阶段,虽然城镇化推动了中国社会经济发展取得了巨大成就,并在城市现代化建设与城乡一体化方面也取得了惊人的发展,但在某个时期或一些地区,城镇化过速发展阶段,出现了无序的发展状态,大中城市边缘盲目扩展,水土资源日渐退化,生态环境遭受破坏,特别是有些政府决策人对城镇化的许多制约因素认识不足,甚至决策失误,导致了城市环境出现许多不安全、不舒适的问题。着重从地理空间与自然资源保护的角度,探索中国新型城镇化3个理论与实践问题:①如何认知中国新型城镇化的基本特征与新的路径;②在全球经济一体化形势下,如何构建新型城镇化的创新模式;③在新型城镇化实施过程中,如何认识中国城镇化本身的发展规律,走具有中国特色的新型城镇化道路。
[23]修春亮, 孙平军, 王绮. 沈阳市居住就业结构的地理空间和流空间分析
. 地理学报, 2013, 68(8): 1110-1118.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
以沈阳市为案例,使用“六普”居住人口数据和“二经普”就业数据,通过因子分析方法进行居住和就业一体的综合空间分析.在城市尺度上的地理空间与“流变量”视角下“流空间”的比较分析发现:在城市地理空间表达上,居住功能的作用明显重于就业,但就业功能对城市地理空间也有所表达,居业一体的空间分析仍然是有意义的;在社会构成要素的分布上,传统地理空间仍有基本的规定性,居业空间结构中居住空间差异的分层明显,而就业的集中度则高很多;文化精英在居住和就业方面与大众已经有所分化,由大学的建设和布局所致,“单位”仍然是扩张中的大城市空间结构特征之一;居住的空间扩展几乎是全方位的,而就业的扩张范围则小得多,精英层的就业空间主要集中于市中心和“金廊”一带,导致居住与就业空间不匹配;城市空间结构中形成了“居住扇”、“就业廊”、“流动圈”等几大空间构造;大学和大学城、行政机关、金融等生产者服务业是“流空间”的主要因子;在“流变量”空间格局中,就业功能分布变化的“去中心化”或“多中心化”的趋势还不明显.
[Xiu Chunliang, Sun Pingjun, Wang Qi.Residence-employment structure analysis on spaces of geography and flows in Shenyang city
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8): 1110-1118.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
以沈阳市为案例,使用“六普”居住人口数据和“二经普”就业数据,通过因子分析方法进行居住和就业一体的综合空间分析.在城市尺度上的地理空间与“流变量”视角下“流空间”的比较分析发现:在城市地理空间表达上,居住功能的作用明显重于就业,但就业功能对城市地理空间也有所表达,居业一体的空间分析仍然是有意义的;在社会构成要素的分布上,传统地理空间仍有基本的规定性,居业空间结构中居住空间差异的分层明显,而就业的集中度则高很多;文化精英在居住和就业方面与大众已经有所分化,由大学的建设和布局所致,“单位”仍然是扩张中的大城市空间结构特征之一;居住的空间扩展几乎是全方位的,而就业的扩张范围则小得多,精英层的就业空间主要集中于市中心和“金廊”一带,导致居住与就业空间不匹配;城市空间结构中形成了“居住扇”、“就业廊”、“流动圈”等几大空间构造;大学和大学城、行政机关、金融等生产者服务业是“流空间”的主要因子;在“流变量”空间格局中,就业功能分布变化的“去中心化”或“多中心化”的趋势还不明显.
[24]Chai Yanwei.Space-time behavior research in China: Recent development and future prospect
. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2013, 103(5): 1093-1099.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.792179URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
The space–time behavior approach has become an influential methodology in Chinese urban geography. In this article I provide an overview of space–time behavior research in China, focusing on theoretical and methodological progress as well as key themes and findings from recent empirical studies. I argue that space–time behavior research offers a new perspective for understanding the complexity and diversity of human behavior patterns during the large-scale spatial and institutional transition in Chinese cities. Yet although Chinese urban geographers have made more methodological progress in data collection and analytic tools, theoretical development still lags behind compared to the space–time behavior approach in the West. The article concludes by discussing key theoretical and practical challenges for future development of space–time activity research in China.
[25]Soja E W.Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory
. London and New York: Verso, 1989.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(94)90464-2URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Building on the work of Foucault, Giddens, Jameson and Lefebvre, one of America's foremost geographers argues for a radical rethinking of the dialectics of space, time and social being.
[26]Soja E W.The city and spatial justice
. Justice Spatiale, Spatial Justice, 2009, (1): 31-39.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148354URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
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[本文引用: 1]
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. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.

[33]Soja E W.Third Space: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-And-Imagined Places
. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1177/030981689806400112URL摘要
Thirdspace : journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places Edward W. Soja Blackwell, 1996 : hbk : pbk
[34]叶超. 社会空间辩证法的由来
. 自然辩证法研究, 2012, 28(2): 56-60.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
空间问题和"空间的生产"是人文社会科学领域持续研究的重点之一。社会空间辩证法是"空间的生产"理论的主要方法论。它产生于两重批判的基础之上:一是对传统容器空间观的批判,另一是对经典马克思主义作家忽视空间要素及其作用的批判。社会空间辩证法概念系通过列斐伏尔的奠基,哈维等人的发扬,最后由索加正式予以提出。
[Ye Chao.The origins of socio-space dialectic
. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 2012, 28(2): 56-60.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
空间问题和"空间的生产"是人文社会科学领域持续研究的重点之一。社会空间辩证法是"空间的生产"理论的主要方法论。它产生于两重批判的基础之上:一是对传统容器空间观的批判,另一是对经典马克思主义作家忽视空间要素及其作用的批判。社会空间辩证法概念系通过列斐伏尔的奠基,哈维等人的发扬,最后由索加正式予以提出。
[35]Knox P, Pinch S.Urban Social Geography: An Introduction
. London: Routledge, 2014.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The 5th edition of this highly respected text builds upon the successful structure, engaging writing style and clear presentation of previous editions. Examining urban social geography from a theoretical and historical perspective, it also explores how it has developed into the modern day. Taking account of recent critical work, whilst simultaneously presenting well established approaches to the subject, it ensures students are well-informed about all the issues. The result is a topical book that is clear and accessible for students
[36]Soja E W.The socio-spatial dialectic
. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, 70(2): 207-225.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01308.xURL [本文引用: 1]
[37]魏立华, 闫小培. 社会经济转型期中国城市社会空间研究述评
. 城市规划学刊, 2005, 12(5): 16-20.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2005.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
1990年代以来国内外****关注于中国城市社会分化、居住空间分异、社会流动、居住流动等问题的研究,并将其放在经济全球化的背景中予以考虑;中国城市社会空间研究逐步从宏观的社会描述转向社会空间演进机制的深刻剖析,中产阶层化、郊区化、"城中村"、边缘社区、城市贫困等敏感问题得到更多的关注,"社会--经济--制度"的三重转型成为这些研究的注脚.
[Wei Lihua, Yan Xiaopei.Summaries and analysis on studies about urban social space in China's socio-economic transition
. Urban Planning Forum, 2005, 12(5): 16-20.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2005.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
1990年代以来国内外****关注于中国城市社会分化、居住空间分异、社会流动、居住流动等问题的研究,并将其放在经济全球化的背景中予以考虑;中国城市社会空间研究逐步从宏观的社会描述转向社会空间演进机制的深刻剖析,中产阶层化、郊区化、"城中村"、边缘社区、城市贫困等敏感问题得到更多的关注,"社会--经济--制度"的三重转型成为这些研究的注脚.
[38]黄怡. 新城市社会学: 1970年代以来西方城市社会学的范式转变
. 同济大学学报社会科学版, 2011, 22(6): 53-57.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-3060.2011.06.008URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
文章从城市社会学学科角度出发,简要回溯了西方传统城市社会学的兴起与衰变,着眼于1970年代以来新城市社会学的范式转变,并着重论述了1990年代以后作为新城市社会学主导范式的“社会空间观点”,从其完整的研究理论框架与具有可操作性的研究应用框架两个层面进行深入剖析。最后概括了新城市社会学的“新”的特征与趋势。
[Huang Yi.The new urban sociology: The paradigm shift of Western urban sociology since 1970s
. Journal of Tongji University: Social Science Section, 2011, 22(6): 53-57.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-3060.2011.06.008URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
文章从城市社会学学科角度出发,简要回溯了西方传统城市社会学的兴起与衰变,着眼于1970年代以来新城市社会学的范式转变,并着重论述了1990年代以后作为新城市社会学主导范式的“社会空间观点”,从其完整的研究理论框架与具有可操作性的研究应用框架两个层面进行深入剖析。最后概括了新城市社会学的“新”的特征与趋势。
[39]司敏. “社会空间视角”: 当代城市社会学研究的新视角
. 社会, 2004, (5): 17-19.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-8804.2004.05.004URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
正1995年,高特第纳(M·Gottdiener)和亨 切森(R·Hutchison)在《新城市社会学》一 书中,首次提出了城市研究的"社会空间视角"(Social Spatial Perspective)。这种方法一经提出就引起了城市学、地理学、建筑学和规划学等诸多学科的关注和讨论。2000年,该书出版了第2版。其中,作者更强调了环境是有意义的空间,空间的象征意义在城市研究中应与政治、经济、文化因素同等看待等观点,并对社会空间视角的应用进行了更为详细的论述。
[Si Min.Socio-spatial perspective: New insights into urban sociology
. Chinese Journal of Sociology, 2004, (5): 17-19.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-8804.2004.05.004URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
正1995年,高特第纳(M·Gottdiener)和亨 切森(R·Hutchison)在《新城市社会学》一 书中,首次提出了城市研究的"社会空间视角"(Social Spatial Perspective)。这种方法一经提出就引起了城市学、地理学、建筑学和规划学等诸多学科的关注和讨论。2000年,该书出版了第2版。其中,作者更强调了环境是有意义的空间,空间的象征意义在城市研究中应与政治、经济、文化因素同等看待等观点,并对社会空间视角的应用进行了更为详细的论述。
[40]柴彦威, 申悦, 肖作鹏, .. 时空间行为研究动态及其实践应用前景
. 地理科学进展, 2012, 31(6): 667-675.
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.06.001URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
随着国内外时空间行为研究的数据采集、计算挖掘、三维可视化与时空模拟等理论与技术的不断革新,时空间行为研究日益呈现出研究数据多源化、研究方法科学化、研究对象个体化、研究主题应用化等趋势。海外的时空间行为研究在结构化理论、GIS以及其他社会科学领域中得到广泛的理论应用,中国的时空间行为研究经历了时间地理学的引入与描述性统计、城市空间与时空间行为的互动机理研究、基于位置感知设备的数据采集与规划应用等3个阶段,正在步入实践应用的重要时期。时空间行为研究在城市规划、社会管理、居民服务等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
[Chai Yanwei, Shen Yue, Xiao Zuopeng, et al.Review for space-time behavior research: Theory frontiers and application in the future
. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(6): 667-675.]
https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.06.001URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
随着国内外时空间行为研究的数据采集、计算挖掘、三维可视化与时空模拟等理论与技术的不断革新,时空间行为研究日益呈现出研究数据多源化、研究方法科学化、研究对象个体化、研究主题应用化等趋势。海外的时空间行为研究在结构化理论、GIS以及其他社会科学领域中得到广泛的理论应用,中国的时空间行为研究经历了时间地理学的引入与描述性统计、城市空间与时空间行为的互动机理研究、基于位置感知设备的数据采集与规划应用等3个阶段,正在步入实践应用的重要时期。时空间行为研究在城市规划、社会管理、居民服务等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
[41]Cox K R.Bourgeois thought and the behavioural geography debate
. In: Cox K R, Golledge R G. Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited. New York: Methuen, 1981: 256-279.
[本文引用: 1]
[42]Aitken S C.Person-environment theories in contemporary perceptual and behavioural geography I: Personality, attitudinal and spatial choice theories
. Progress in Human Geography, 1991, 15(2): 179-193.
https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259101500204URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
ABSTRACT Theory development is a necessary part of any social science. In an attempt to bring some coherence to an eclectic behavioural geography, this first review outlines progress in understanding of person-environment relations with a focus on personality, attitudinal and spatial choice theories. -after Author
[43]柴彦威. 行为地理学研究的方法论问题
. 地域研究与开发, 2005, 24(2): 1-5.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2005.02.001URL [本文引用: 3]摘要
行为地理学研究正成为人文地理学的一大热点.时代呼唤具有中国特色的行为地理学研究理论与方法.文章探讨行为地理学研究中的方法论问题,强调微观个体行为与整体社会的结合、短期行为与长期行为的结合、主观能动性与客观制约的结合、定量研究与质性分析的结合等,并试图提出一个行为研究的整体性框架.
[Chai Yanwei.Methodological problems in behavioral geography study
. Areal Research and Development, 2005, 24(2): 1-5.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2005.02.001URL [本文引用: 3]摘要
行为地理学研究正成为人文地理学的一大热点.时代呼唤具有中国特色的行为地理学研究理论与方法.文章探讨行为地理学研究中的方法论问题,强调微观个体行为与整体社会的结合、短期行为与长期行为的结合、主观能动性与客观制约的结合、定量研究与质性分析的结合等,并试图提出一个行为研究的整体性框架.
[44]Lenntorp B.Time geography at the end of its beginning
. Geojournal, 1999, 48(3): 155-158.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007067322523URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Abstract: No Abstract
[45]Richardson D B, Volkow N D, Kwan M P, et al.Spatial turn in health research
. Science, 2013, 339(6126): 1390-1392.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232257URL [本文引用: 1]
[46]Silm S, Ahas R.Ethnic differences in activity spaces: A study of out-of-home nonemployment activities with mobile phone data
. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2014, 104(3): 542-559.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.892362URL摘要
The need to examine the entire scope of everyday activities of individuals in segregation studies has recently been recognized by social scientists and policy makers. To bring forth new insights into ethnic segregation through investigating the activities and movement undertaken by different population groups, we used mobile phone positioning data to compare the activity spaces of out-of-home nonemployment activities over a one-year period in Estonia and abroad. The results show that ethnicity has a significant influence on the activity spaces of individuals. The biggest differences between the two population groups occur in Estonia outside the respondents’ home city of Tallinn, where the Russian-speaking minority was found to visit 45 percent fewer districts than Estonians. Moreover, they exhibit a preference for districts that are more heavily populated by a Russian-speaking population. With respect to international travel, the Russian-speaking minority visits fewer countries and are 3.602times more likely to visit former Soviet Union countries than Estonians. The activity spaces of out-of-home nonemployment activities have fewer differences between the two groups in the respondents’ home city of Tallinn. Overall, our results show that ethnic differences have less effect on the everyday activity space and a greater influence on the choices made regarding long-distance travel.
[47]Kwan M P, Kotsev A.Gender differences in commute time and accessibility in Sofia, Bulgaria: A study using 3D geovisualisation
. The Geographical Journal, 2015, 181(1): 83-96.
https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12080URL摘要
Much research on human mobility patterns and accessibility to date has been conducted largely in Western European and North American countries, where the private vehicle is the main means for commuting. As a result, most studies focused largely on car‐based mobility (automobility) and accessibility, and relatively little is known about countries in other regions of the world. Based on an activity‐travel dataset collected in Sofia, Bulgaria and using 3D geovisualisation, this study attempts to fill this gap through examining gender differences in commute time and potential access to urban opportunities. The results reveal important gender differences in commute time and individual accessibility. Among the surveyed participants, women tend to spend more time on their commute trips and have more restrictive spatial reach to urban opportunities compared with men, largely as a result of their reliance on public transit as their primary mode of transport. Further, women have lower accessibility compared with men who used the same travel mode. This case study adds important new knowledge about a geographical area that has been under‐studied by Anglophone geographers. It also shows that GIS‐based geovisualisation and analysis are powerful tools for uncovering gender differences in the geographical distribution of commute time, which conventional quantitative methods cannot reveal.
[48]Neutens T.Accessibility, equity and health care: Review and research directions for transport geographers
. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 43: 14-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006URL摘要
Research at the confluence of accessibility, equity and health is flourishing. And yet, there is only slow and modest progress in terms of improving the spatial and temporal accuracy of measuring accessibility and equity of accessibility to health care services. This paper critically reviews the latest methodological and empirical research developments and trends in this area through a transport geography lens. More specifically, this paper discusses recent accomplishments in terms of modeling accessibility and provides a systematic and comprehensive literature review of their application in empirical studies of health care delivery. Based on this literature review a research agenda is put forward, identifying knowledge gaps that transport researchers can help to fill. These knowledge gaps pertain to the need for more spatially disaggregated, individualized and temporally-aware accessibility metrics, more sophisticated geocomputational tools to operationalize such metrics and improved measurement of equity considerations in empirical research.
[49]Delafontaine M, Neutens T, Schwanen T, et al.The impact of opening hours on the equity of individual space-time accessibility. Computers,
Environment and Urban Systems, 2011, 35(4): 276-288.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.02.005URL摘要
While many studies have concentrated on the effects of the spatial distribution of services on individual accessibility, only little is known about the ways in which equity of individual accessibility is affected by the temporal organisation of service delivery. This paper seeks to deepen our understanding about the relationship between accessibility, equity and the opening hours of public service facilities on the basis of space ime accessibility measures. Three approaches based on different equity principles are presented to schedule the opening hours of public service facilities: a utilitarian, an egalitarian and a distributive approach. A case study of public libraries in Ghent (Belgium) demonstrates the relevance of these approaches for amending the opening hours of public services to control the equity of accessibility levels across individuals.
[50]B?cker L, Dijst M, Prillwitz J.Impact of everyday weather on individual daily travel behaviours in perspective: A literature review
. Transport Reviews, 2013, 33(1): 71-91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.747114URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
In the light of growing societal interest for climate change adaptation and mitigation, insights into the meaning of weather conditions for travel behaviours—particularly walking and cycling—have become very important. Recently, various studies from transport, health and biometeorological disciplines have touched upon the relevance of weather for daily activities and travel, yet a review and critical assessment of the existing knowledge are lacking. Hence, the aim of this review is first to bring together these contributions and provide a systematic and comprehensive overview concerning the impact of weather conditions on daily travel activities. Second, the methodological, contextual and behavioural backgrounds of the studies will be discussed. The major conclusion is that the existing studies present an incomplete and fragmented picture of the impact of weather on travel behaviour, which makes effective planning for climate change a harsh job. In the conclusions, some lines for future research will be recommended.
[51]Katz P, Scully V J, Bressi T W.The new urbanism: Toward an architecture of community
. Environmental Protection, 1994, 17(2-3): 285-300.
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RAEC.0000026836.66261.c1URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The costs, problems and realities of urban sprawl are everywhere. What has worked for the past 40 years can not be sustained or expanded further. New Urbanism, dynamic new planning and design concepts, is beginning to provide some hope that past mistakes of urban development need not be repeated. There is a broad and growing trend toward the restoration of community and a preservation of environmental resources. Almost a nostalgic return to smaller and more intimate neighborhoods, new urbanism integrates housing, shops, workplaces, parks and civic facilities into close-knit communities. Walkways, public places and parks are central to the planning. A wide range of housing styles offers affordability to all economic levels of a community. Public transportation is an important part of any design proposal. This book provides 24 case studies describing projects from Seaside in Florida to Cite Internationale in Canada and is an invaluable guide for architects, urban planners, civic leaders and concerned and interested citizens.
[52]Fainstein S S.New directions in planning theory
. Urban Affairs Review, 2000, 35(4): 451-478.
https://doi.org/10.1177/107808740003500401URL摘要
ABSTRACT The author examines three approaches to planning theory: the communicative model, the new urbanism, and the just city. The first type emphasizes the planner's role in mediating among "stakeholders," the second paints a physical picture of a desirable planned city, and the third presents a model of spatial relations based on equity. Differences among the types reflect an enduring tension between a focus on the planning process and an emphasis on desirable out- comes. The author defends the continued use of the just-city model and a modified form of the political economy mode of analysis that underlies it. The past decade has witnessed a reinvigoration of theoretical discussion within the discipline of planning. Inspired by postmodernist cultural critique and by the move among philosophers away from logical positivism toward a substantive concern with ethics and public policy, planning theorists have reframed their debates over methods and programs to encompass issues of discourse and inclusiveness. In the 1970s and 1980s, proponents of positivist scientific analysis battled advocates of materialist political economy. Although the divide between positivists and their opponents persists, other issues have come to define the leading edge of planning theory. Contempo- rary disagreements concern the usefulness of Habermasian communicative rationality, the effect of physical design on social outcomes (an old debate resurfaced), and the potential for stretching a postmarxist political economy approach to encompass a more complex view of social structure and social benefits than was envisioned by materialist analysis. Although discussions of
[53]Handy S.Smart growth and the transportation-land use connection: What does the research tell us?
. International Regional Science Review, 2002, 28(2): 146-167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017604273626URL摘要
The connection between transportation and land use plays an important role in both explanations of sprawl and estimates of the costs of sprawl. Transportation and land use are inextricably linked in two basic ways and many more subtle ways. First, transportation investments and policies influence development patterns: commercial development stretches out along highway corridors, new subdivisions pop up after the new freeway opens, shopping malls and gas stations congregate at interchanges. In this way, transportation investments contribute to sprawl, but they can also be used as smart growth strategies to help to fight sprawl. Second, development patterns shape travel patterns: the design of suburban areas makes transit and walking a challenge, the separation between land uses in low ensity developments makes driving a necessity. In this way, sprawl contributes to automobile dependence, but smart growth policies to fight sprawl can reduce automobile dependence. Both theory and intuition tell us that this is the way the world works. But empirical evidence is surprisingly mixed, at least with respect to the impact we can expect from smart growth policies that depend on these relationships. The mixed evidence leaves plenty of room for debate.
[54]David W Chapman, Peter J Larkham.Urban design, urban quality and the quality of life: Reviewing the department of the environment's urban design campaign
. Journal of Urban Design, 1999, 4(2): 211-232.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809908724447URL摘要
This paper explores issues of ‘quality’ in urban design, principally through an evaluation of one UK government initiative. Between 1994 and 1996–97 the former Conservative government sought to promote ‘quality’ and ‘responsibility’ in the broad fields of urban and rural planning through the Department of the Environment's Quality in Town and Country (QTC) initiative. It was one of the more widely welcomed activities of this administration, but its achievements are questionable. One key component of the QTC initiative was the Urban Design Campaign (UDC), which sponsored 21 selected projects to provide case‐studies and demonstration projects, each tackling a difficult design and development challenge. This review, via the experience of two of the projects, addresses the questions of what lessons were learned from the UDC in terms of processes and outputs, and in responding to the rhetorical questions—particularly focusing on the nature of urban design in the development process and its relationship with the quality of life—posed in the original QTC discussion document. Lessons for the UK and other countries are discussed.
[55]Khalil H A.Enhancing quality of life through strategic urban planning
. Sustainable Cities & Society, 2012, 5: 77-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2012.06.002URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
For decades the sole measure of progress has been the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there has been a growing criticism for the dependence on standard of living as the only measure of well-being. Although the concept of quality of life has been in the development discourse for some time now, measuring it in a city is quite difficult as the aspects to be measured are still questionable. Moreover, the relative weight for each aspect can generate an endless debate. There are a number of indices claiming to measure and rate quality of life in different cities or countries. This paper reviews a number of leading indices in the field as efforts of various companies and organizations. It argues what aspects comprise good quality of life. It debates that different perspectives of the concept exist, giving more importance to subjective perspectives, especially when prioritizing actions or projects to enhance quality of life in a certain city. The paper studies strategic urban planning of cities as a tool to improve quality of life. It compares the main sectors addressed in the process to quality of life aspects. It then studies 2 cities in Egypt as case studies to review how stakeholders prioritize projects according to what contributes in improving their quality of life. The analysis shows the similarities and diversities of perspective in the Egyptian context.
[56]Jones P M, Dix M C, Clarke M I, et al.Understanding Travel Behavior
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[本文引用: 1]
[57]Ettema D F.Activity-based travel demand modeling
. Eindhoven: Doctoral Dissertation of Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 1996.
[本文引用: 1]
[58]Timmermans H, Arentze T, Joh C H.Analysing space-time behaviour: New approaches to old problems
. Progress in Human Geography, 2002, 26(2): 175-190.
https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph363raURL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Time geography had led geographers to analyse and model activity-travel patterns since the 1970s. The notion that activity-travel patterns are highly constrained has been frequently used in analytical studies and models of space-time behaviour. The popularity of this field of research lost most of its momentum in geography in the 1990s, but is now the dominant approach among civil engineers in transportation research. This paper critically reviews these developments. It briefly summarizes recent developments in space-time research, focusing on empirical and modelling studies. Potential strengths and weakness of the various modelling approaches are discussed
[59]Pas E I.Recent advances in activity-based travel demand modeling
. Paper presented at Travel Model Improvement Program Activity-Based Travel Forecasting Conference Proceedings, June 2-5, 1996, Summary, Recommendations and Compendium of Papers, February 1997.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
This paper presents an overview of recent and on-going advances in activity-based travel demand modeling, organized in terms of the methodologies employed (including computational process models, structural equation model systems, and hazard-based duration models) and the phenomena being modeled (including in-home and out-of-home activity participation, interpersonal dependencies, and daily activity-travel patterns). The paper sets the overview of the recent and on-going advances in activity-based travel modeling in the context of the long and rich history of activity-based travel analysis, which was first proposed about 20 years ago as an alternative to the trip-based modeling framework and the discrete choice, utility-maximizing models that were being incorporated into the trip-based travel demand modeling framework at that time. This paper finds that substantial progress has been made recently, and continues to be made, in advancing from activity-based travel analysis (with an emphasis on descriptive analysis and understanding), to activity-based travel forecasting models that can be used effectively for addressing contemporary policy and planning issues. The considerable recent effort and progress in activity-based travel modeling is attributed to technical, institutional and data availability factors.
[60]柴彦威, 沈洁. 基于活动分析法的人类空间行为研究
. 地理科学, 2008, 28(5): 594-600.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2008.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
居民日常活动空间和城市日常活动系统是人类空间行为研究中的重要内容,直接反映行为空间形成机制、分布特征及其与实体空间的相互关系,并为城市社会生活及其空间体系研究提供了重要的微观视角。通过行为空间研究中若干关键问题进行探讨,认为基于日常活动空间的活动分析法能够很好的整合和处理这些问题,在对活动分析法相关概念和几个重要方法介绍的基础上,尝试提出基于活动分析法的人类空间行为研究的思路与框架。
[Chai Yanwei, Shen Jie.Activity-based approach to human spatial behavior research
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008, 28(5): 594-600.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2008.05.002URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
居民日常活动空间和城市日常活动系统是人类空间行为研究中的重要内容,直接反映行为空间形成机制、分布特征及其与实体空间的相互关系,并为城市社会生活及其空间体系研究提供了重要的微观视角。通过行为空间研究中若干关键问题进行探讨,认为基于日常活动空间的活动分析法能够很好的整合和处理这些问题,在对活动分析法相关概念和几个重要方法介绍的基础上,尝试提出基于活动分析法的人类空间行为研究的思路与框架。
[61]约翰斯顿. 地理学与地理学家. 唐晓峰, 李平译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1999. [本文引用: 1]

[Johnston R J.Geography and Geographers. Translated by Tang Xiaofeng, Li Ping. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1999.] [本文引用: 1]
[62]Berry B J L. Approaches to regional analysis: A synthesis
. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1964, 54(1): 2-11.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1964.tb00469.xURL [本文引用: 1]摘要
First page of article
[63]Tobler W R.A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region
. Economic Geography, 1970, 46(2): 234-240.
https://doi.org/10.2307/143141URL [本文引用: 1]
[64]石崧, 宁越敏. 人文地理学“空间”内涵的演进
. 地理科学, 2005, 25(3): 3340-3345.
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.03.015URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
空间是人文地理学的核心概念之一,随着人文地理学经历三次变革:"区域差异-空间分析-社会 理论",空间的内涵也随之不断演进.从区域学派到空间分析,传统的空间认识使得人文地理学归属于自然科学范畴.1970年代以来人文地理学萌生了新的空间 认识,关注到空间的社会性,具有了更多的社会科学的特质.通过勾勒出人文地理学空间内涵演进的轨迹,提出空间内涵应是自然与社会属性相统一的观点.
[Shi Song, Ning Yuemin.Evolution on connotation of space inhuman geography
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2005, 25(3): 3340-3345.]
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2005.03.015URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
空间是人文地理学的核心概念之一,随着人文地理学经历三次变革:"区域差异-空间分析-社会 理论",空间的内涵也随之不断演进.从区域学派到空间分析,传统的空间认识使得人文地理学归属于自然科学范畴.1970年代以来人文地理学萌生了新的空间 认识,关注到空间的社会性,具有了更多的社会科学的特质.通过勾勒出人文地理学空间内涵演进的轨迹,提出空间内涵应是自然与社会属性相统一的观点.
[65]叶超. 人文地理学空间思想的几次重大转折
. 人文地理, 2012, 27(5): 1-5, 61.
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
理解空间思想的演变及其与人文地理学的关系具有重要意义。从思想史角度出发,可将人文地理学空间思想的演变划分为起、承、转、合四个阶段。康德从哲学角度第一次系统地界定地理学为专门的空间科学,抬升了地理学的学科地位。赫特纳—哈特向承袭康德的空间观,将空间科学的抽象规定与方志传统的实际历史结合,把地理学研究对象归约为区域。其后,人文地理学的空间思想出现了四次重大转向,分别是空间几何学、人文空间性、激进的空间、空间的生产;它们体现了人文地理学与数学、哲学和其它社会科学的紧密关联与交叉。20世纪80年代以来兴起的后现代空间思想某种程度上契合康德空间观,但在哲学理念和侧重点上存在很大差异。由于不同空间认识论都有其价值,价值大小也难以评估,所以人文地理学学科地位与身份问题的争论已趋于淡化,这提示了人文地理空间研究可采取多重面向。哲学和其他学科在为人文地理提供依据和工具,使得人文地理学身份陷入迷离的同时也为其增添了活力和魅力,这是人文地理学面临的最大机遇与挑战。
[Ye Chao.The significant turns of thoughts on space in human geography
. Human Geography, 2012, 27(5): 1-5, 61.]
URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
理解空间思想的演变及其与人文地理学的关系具有重要意义。从思想史角度出发,可将人文地理学空间思想的演变划分为起、承、转、合四个阶段。康德从哲学角度第一次系统地界定地理学为专门的空间科学,抬升了地理学的学科地位。赫特纳—哈特向承袭康德的空间观,将空间科学的抽象规定与方志传统的实际历史结合,把地理学研究对象归约为区域。其后,人文地理学的空间思想出现了四次重大转向,分别是空间几何学、人文空间性、激进的空间、空间的生产;它们体现了人文地理学与数学、哲学和其它社会科学的紧密关联与交叉。20世纪80年代以来兴起的后现代空间思想某种程度上契合康德空间观,但在哲学理念和侧重点上存在很大差异。由于不同空间认识论都有其价值,价值大小也难以评估,所以人文地理学学科地位与身份问题的争论已趋于淡化,这提示了人文地理空间研究可采取多重面向。哲学和其他学科在为人文地理提供依据和工具,使得人文地理学身份陷入迷离的同时也为其增添了活力和魅力,这是人文地理学面临的最大机遇与挑战。
[66]Miller H.Place-based versus people-based geographic information science
. Geography Compass, 2007, 1(3): 503-535.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00025.xURL [本文引用: 1]摘要
Abstract Geographic information science and technologies are revolutionizing basic and applied science by allowing integrated holistic approaches to the analysis of geographic locations and their attributes. However, the increasing mobility and connectivity of many people in the world means that the relationships between people and place are becoming more subtle and complex, rendering a place-based perspective incomplete. This article discusses the need to move beyond a place-based perspective in geographic information science to include a people-based perspective (i.e., the individual in space and time). It reviews the theories and technologies that can support the people-based perspective and provides some example applications of the people-based perspective.
[67]汤茂林. 我国人文地理学研究方法多样化问题
. 地理研究, 2009, 28(4): 865-882.
[本文引用: 1]

[Tang Maolin.The diversification of research approaches in human geography in Chinese Mainland
. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(4): 865-882.]
[本文引用: 1]
[68]Harvey D.The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Conditions of Cultural Change
. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.
[本文引用: 1]
[69]Kwan M-P.Beyond space (as we knew it): Toward temporally integrated geographies of segregation, health, and accessibility
. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2013, 103(5): 1078-1086.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.792177URL [本文引用: 2]摘要
Many fundamental notions in geographic and social science research still tend to be conceptualized largely in static spatial terms, ignoring how our understanding of the issues we study can be greatly enriched through the lenses of time and human mobility. This article revisits three such notions: racial segregation, environmental exposure, and accessibility. It argues for the need to expand our analytical focus from static residential spaces to other relevant places and times in people's everyday lives. Mobility is an essential element of people's spatiotemporal experiences, and these complex experiences cannot be fully understood by just looking at where people live. As many social scientists are interested in studying segregation, environmental exposure, and accessibility, geographers can contribute to advancing temporally integrated analysis of these issues through careful examination of people's everyday experiences as their lives unfold in space and time. Interdisciplinary research along this line could have a broad impact on many disciplines beyond geography.
[70]Kwan M-P.Gender and individual access to urban opportunities: A study using space-time measures
. Professional Geographer. 1999, 51(2): 210-227.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00158URL摘要
Conventional accessibility measures based on the notion of locational proximity ignore the role of complex travel behavior and space–time constraints in determining individual accessibility. As these factors are especially significant in women's everyday lives, all conventional accessibility measures suffer from an inherent “gender bias.” This study conceptualizes individual accessibility as space–time feasibility and provides formulations of accessibility measures based on the space–time prism construct. Using a subsample of European Americans from a travel diary data set collected in Franklin County, Ohio, space–time accessibility measures are implemented with a network-based GIS method. Results of the study indicate that women have lower levels of individual access to urban opportunities when compared to men, although there is no difference in the types of opportunities and areas they can reach given their space–time constraints. Further, individual accessibility has no relationship with the length of the commute trip, suggesting that the journey to work may not be an appropriate measure of job access.
[71]Wong D W S, Shaw S L. Measuring segregation: An activity space approach
. Journal of Geographical Systems, 2011, 13(2): 127-145.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-010-0112-xURLPMID:3106997摘要
While the literature clearly acknowledges that individuals may experience different levels of segregation across their various socio-geographical spaces, most measures of segregation are intended to be used in the residential space. Using spatially aggregated data to evaluate segregation in the residential space has been the norm and thus individual segregation experiences in other socio-geographical spaces are often de-emphasized or ignored. This paper attempts to provide a more comprehensive approach in evaluating segregation beyond the residential space. The entire activity spaces of individuals are taken into account with individuals serving as the building blocks of the analysis. The measurement principle is based upon the exposure dimension of segregation. The proposed measure reflects the exposure of individuals of a referenced group in a neighborhood to the populations of other groups that are found within the activity spaces of individuals in the referenced group. Using the travel diary data collected from the tri-county area in southeast Florida and the imputed racial thnic data, this paper demonstrates how the proposed segregation measurement approach goes beyond just measuring population distribution patterns in the residential space and can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of segregation by considering various socio-geographical spaces.
[72]Wang D G, Li F, Chai Y W.Activity spaces and socio-spatial segregation in Beijing
. Urban Geography, 2012, 33(2): 256-277.
https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.33.2.256URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
The widespread development of gated communities has generated much concern over urban fragmentation and social segregation. The social division and segregation between residents inside and outside urban enclaves exist not only in their residential spaces, but also in their values, social relations, and daily lives. In this study, it is argued that sociospatial segregation research should pay more attention to individuals' actual usage of urban space in their daily lives. By examining the activity space of the residents from different types of neighborhoods, a spatiotemporal approach to studying sociospatial segregation in Beijing, China is described. Significant differences are found in the usage of time and space between residents inside and outside the so-called privileged enclaves. Their activity spaces are found to vary significantly in terms of extensity, intensity, and exclusivity. The study suggests that the fragmentation of urban space is the result not only of residential segregation, but also of how different social groups spend their time and use urban space.
[73]Wang D, Chai Y.The jobs-housing relationship and commuting in Beijing, China: The legacy of Danwei
. Journal of Transport Geography, 2009, 17(1): 30-38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.005URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
China’s market-oriented reform has not only revitalized the economy but also changed the physical structure of Chinese cities, which used to be largely determined by the socialist Danwei (or work unit) system. In order to understand the impacts of the reform and the influence of Danwei on jobs–housing relationships and commuting behavior, this study investigates whether there are differences in commuting behavior between individuals who live in houses provided by Danwei and those who reside in houses from private market sources in urban China. We apply the structural equations model to investigate the interactions between housing source (from Danwei or not), jobs–housing relationship, transport mode and commuting time in Beijing, the capital city of China. The results show that Danwei housing commuters have shorter commuting trips and higher usage of non-motorized transport mode than those who live in houses from the market sources. This finding implies that the diminishing influence of the traditional Danwei system and the market-oriented reform in urban development may have changed the jobs–housing balance and increased travel demand in Chinese cities.
[74]周素红, 刘玉兰. 转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁
. 地理学报, 2010, 65(2): 191-201.
https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201002006URL摘要
近年来,中国城市交通拥挤现象日渐突出,以交通基础设施建设为主导的单一交通供给已经很难满足交通日益增长的需求,交通需求管理成为解决交通拥挤问题的又一出路.因居民居住与就业地宅间分离而产生的日常通勤是构成高峰小时交通需求的主要原因.以广州市为例,采用追溯式问卷调查的方式,调查分析1996-2007年居民居住与就业地区位选择与变迁,并探讨其影响因素和机制.研究发现,体制转型对居民居住与就业地选择产生重要的影响,计划经济体制下形成的街区,居民的居住地与就业地相对稳定;市场化改革后新建或改建的街区,居民搬家和换工作的频度较高.在1996-2007年期间,居民居住地与就业地距离总体上呈现增加趋势,以商品房小区最为明显,价格、环境与岗位属性是影响居民搬家和变换工作的主要原因,在与短距离通勤无法兼得的情况下,很多居民选择以长距离通勤为代价换取更好的居住与就业条件.其次,保障性住房政策下形成的典型街区内部居民分化明显,形成原住户、转售后的商品房住户、转租房住户等三类为主导的住户结构,前两者存在较明显的居住与就业空间不匹配现象.此外,区位和个人属性也影响着居民居住与就业地的选择两者的空间距离.在区位方面,城市中心区的就业吸引力仍较突出,靠近中心区的住户居住与就业距离较短,且呈近距离重新择居或择业;由于居住外迁和产业外迁而分别引发的长距离向心型和外向型通勤共同存在,尤其是前者;在个人属性方面,中等收入水平的阶层是搬家和变换工作相对频繁的阶层.宏观层面上城市居住与就业空间的不匹配、城市空间拓展、单一功能外迁下的用地结构、社会经济转型与政策性福利以及阶层分化背景下引发的个性化选择等是影响居民居住地与就业地空间关系的重要原因.
[Zhou Suhong, Liu Yulan.The situation and transition of jobs-housing relocation in Guangzhou, China
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 191-201.]
https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201002006URL摘要
近年来,中国城市交通拥挤现象日渐突出,以交通基础设施建设为主导的单一交通供给已经很难满足交通日益增长的需求,交通需求管理成为解决交通拥挤问题的又一出路.因居民居住与就业地宅间分离而产生的日常通勤是构成高峰小时交通需求的主要原因.以广州市为例,采用追溯式问卷调查的方式,调查分析1996-2007年居民居住与就业地区位选择与变迁,并探讨其影响因素和机制.研究发现,体制转型对居民居住与就业地选择产生重要的影响,计划经济体制下形成的街区,居民的居住地与就业地相对稳定;市场化改革后新建或改建的街区,居民搬家和换工作的频度较高.在1996-2007年期间,居民居住地与就业地距离总体上呈现增加趋势,以商品房小区最为明显,价格、环境与岗位属性是影响居民搬家和变换工作的主要原因,在与短距离通勤无法兼得的情况下,很多居民选择以长距离通勤为代价换取更好的居住与就业条件.其次,保障性住房政策下形成的典型街区内部居民分化明显,形成原住户、转售后的商品房住户、转租房住户等三类为主导的住户结构,前两者存在较明显的居住与就业空间不匹配现象.此外,区位和个人属性也影响着居民居住与就业地的选择两者的空间距离.在区位方面,城市中心区的就业吸引力仍较突出,靠近中心区的住户居住与就业距离较短,且呈近距离重新择居或择业;由于居住外迁和产业外迁而分别引发的长距离向心型和外向型通勤共同存在,尤其是前者;在个人属性方面,中等收入水平的阶层是搬家和变换工作相对频繁的阶层.宏观层面上城市居住与就业空间的不匹配、城市空间拓展、单一功能外迁下的用地结构、社会经济转型与政策性福利以及阶层分化背景下引发的个性化选择等是影响居民居住地与就业地空间关系的重要原因.
[75]Zhao Y, Chai Y.Residents' activity-travel behavior variation by communities in Beijing, China
. Chinese Geographical Science, 2013, 23(4): 492-505.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-013-0616-7URL [本文引用: 1]
[76]申悦, 柴彦威. 基于GPS数据的城市居民通勤弹性研究: 以北京市郊区巨型社区为例
. 地理学报, 2012, 67(6): 191-201.
[本文引用: 1]

[Shen Yue, Chai Yanwei.Study on commuting flexibility of residents based on GPS data: A case study of suburban mega-communities in Beijing
. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 65(6): 191-201.]
[本文引用: 1]
[77]冯健, 周一星. 郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为: 基于千份问卷调查的分析
. 地理研究, 2004, 23(2): 227-242.
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.02.011URL摘要
利用千份问卷调查资料,研究居住郊区化进程中北京城市居民的迁居行为、第二住宅与季节性郊区化,以及包括通勤、出行和购物等在内的相关空间行为.研究表明,北京本地城市化和近郊化的特征明显,单位福利分房和原居住地拆迁是居民迁居的主要原因,居民职住分离现象十分普遍,传统单位制下职住合一的空间格局已被打破;城市第二住宅多用于商业出租等用途,表现出一定程度的季节性郊区化特点,但尚未达到规模集聚的程度;在居住郊区化的进程中,北京城市居民的通勤、出行和购物等空间行为均有一定程度的变化.
[Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing.Intra-urban migration and correlative spatial behavior in Beijing in the process of suburbanization: Based on 1000 questionnaires
. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(2): 227-242.]
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2004.02.011URL摘要
利用千份问卷调查资料,研究居住郊区化进程中北京城市居民的迁居行为、第二住宅与季节性郊区化,以及包括通勤、出行和购物等在内的相关空间行为.研究表明,北京本地城市化和近郊化的特征明显,单位福利分房和原居住地拆迁是居民迁居的主要原因,居民职住分离现象十分普遍,传统单位制下职住合一的空间格局已被打破;城市第二住宅多用于商业出租等用途,表现出一定程度的季节性郊区化特点,但尚未达到规模集聚的程度;在居住郊区化的进程中,北京城市居民的通勤、出行和购物等空间行为均有一定程度的变化.
[78]刘望保, 闫小培. 转型期广州市居住迁移影响因素于户籍之间的比较
. 地理研究, 2007, 26(5): 1055-1066.


[Liu Wangbao, Yan Xiaopei.Comparison of influencing factors for residential mobility between different household register types in transitional urban China: A case study of Guangzhou
. Geographical Research, 2007, 26(5): 1055-1066.]

[79]张文忠, 刘旺, 李业锦. 北京城市内部居住空间分布与居民居住区位偏好
. 地理研究, 2003, 22(6): 751-759.


[Zhang Wenzhong, Liu Wwang, Li Yejin.Housings' spatial distribution and residents' preference on housing location in Beijing
. Geographical Research, 2003, 22(2): 751-759.]

[80]Cao X, Chai Y.Gender role-based differences in time allocation: Case study of Shenzhen, China
. Transportation Research Record, 2015, 2014: 58-66.
https://doi.org/10.3141/2014-08URL摘要
ABSTRACT Previous studies on daily time allocation have shed light on individuals' trade-offs regarding time allocation within a fixed time budget. However, the interpersonal interactions of time allocation with a social network are far from understood, largely because of limited research in this area. Furthermore, few studies have focused on the residents of China, whose population is the largest in the world and whose culture is different from that of Western countries. Structural equation models are applied to data collected from 261 households in Shenzhen, China, to investigate the time allocation of male and female household heads on weekdays and weekend days. The results clearly show the household activity roles of Chinese residents: men dominate out-of-home activities, but women dominate in-home activities. Some insightful interpersonal interactions of activity participation between household heads also is offered.
[81]张艳, 柴彦威. 基于居住区比较的北京城市通勤研究
. 地理研究, 2009, 28(5): 1327-1340.
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.05.019URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
改革开放以来,伴随城市土地与住房市场化改革逐渐推进、郊区化与城市空间扩张不断加快、单位制度及单位大院的解体等,北京城市内部居住与就业的空间组织正经历着显著变化,从而导致通勤问题的产生以及城市通勤格局的显著变化。本文基于对北京市内10个典型居住区中600个家庭、842位就业居民的日常通勤行为问卷调查数据,比较城市内部不同居住地域居民通勤格局的差异性,以期折射北京市居住与就业空间重构的微观过程。研究表明:(1)城市内部不同居住区居民的通勤行为存在显著差异性;(2)不同类型单位居住区通勤格局呈现出明显的分化;(3)老城区旧居住区中相当比例的长距离逆向通勤,以及郊区新建商品房以及政策性住房居住区中较高比例的长距离内向通勤,反映城市职住分离现象的出现。
[Zhang Yan, Chai Yanwei.Characteristics of commuting pattern in Beijing: Based on the comparison of different urban residential areas
. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(5): 1327-1340.]
https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.05.019URL [本文引用: 1]摘要
改革开放以来,伴随城市土地与住房市场化改革逐渐推进、郊区化与城市空间扩张不断加快、单位制度及单位大院的解体等,北京城市内部居住与就业的空间组织正经历着显著变化,从而导致通勤问题的产生以及城市通勤格局的显著变化。本文基于对北京市内10个典型居住区中600个家庭、842位就业居民的日常通勤行为问卷调查数据,比较城市内部不同居住地域居民通勤格局的差异性,以期折射北京市居住与就业空间重构的微观过程。研究表明:(1)城市内部不同居住区居民的通勤行为存在显著差异性;(2)不同类型单位居住区通勤格局呈现出明显的分化;(3)老城区旧居住区中相当比例的长距离逆向通勤,以及郊区新建商品房以及政策性住房居住区中较高比例的长距离内向通勤,反映城市职住分离现象的出现。
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[Liu Yuting.Social Space of Urban Poverty in Transitional China. Beijing: Science Press, 2005.] [本文引用: 1]
[83]张艳, 柴彦威. 北京城市中低收入者日常活动时空间特征分析
. 地理科学, 2011, 31(9): 1056-1064.
URL摘要
转型期城市空间制度性及结构性变化以及住房、交通等公共服务设施的配置,往往因忽略城市中低收入群体日常活动的时空需求而使其陷入可达性及移动性困境,从而导致城市社会不公平问题。个体日常活动行为的时空特征反映了其对城市空间利用的时空需求,是测度可达性与移动性的基本指标,也是衡量社会排斥、社会剥夺、居住隔离的新维度。采用2007年北京城市居民活动日志调查数据,基于时间地理学对微观个体日常活动的分析框架,借助GIS三维可视化技术,从生活时间分配、工作与非工作活动的时空间分布格局、活动空间测度、移动性等方面,对北京城市中低收入者日常活动的时空间特征进行系统分析。通过城市中低收入者日常活动的时空需求研究,为城市空间优化和时间管理提供参考依据。
[Zhang Yan, Chai Yanwei.The spatio-temporal activity pattern of the middle and the low-income residents in Beijing, China
. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(9): 1056-1064.]
URL摘要
转型期城市空间制度性及结构性变化以及住房、交通等公共服务设施的配置,往往因忽略城市中低收入群体日常活动的时空需求而使其陷入可达性及移动性困境,从而导致城市社会不公平问题。个体日常活动行为的时空特征反映了其对城市空间利用的时空需求,是测度可达性与移动性的基本指标,也是衡量社会排斥、社会剥夺、居住隔离的新维度。采用2007年北京城市居民活动日志调查数据,基于时间地理学对微观个体日常活动的分析框架,借助GIS三维可视化技术,从生活时间分配、工作与非工作活动的时空间分布格局、活动空间测度、移动性等方面,对北京城市中低收入者日常活动的时空间特征进行系统分析。通过城市中低收入者日常活动的时空需求研究,为城市空间优化和时间管理提供参考依据。
[84]郑凯, 金海龙, 贾丽娟, . 城市中少数民族购物活动时空特征: 以乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族为例
. 云南地理环境研究, 2009, 21(3): 16-21.
[本文引用: 1]

[Zheng Kai, Jin Hailong, Jia Lijuan.et al.A study on temporal and spatial characteristics of the shopping activities of minorities in city: A case study of the Uygur residents of Urumqi
. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 2009, 21(3): 16-21.]
[本文引用: 1]
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