噬菌体采用不同的生命周期:烈性噬菌体遵循其复制的裂解周期,并在周期结束时导致宿主细胞的裂解;温和噬菌将其基因组整合到宿主细菌染色体中。前噬菌体DNA与细菌染色体一起复制,并传给子细胞。在某些条件下,包括造成DNA损伤的各种压力,前噬体会被切除并进入裂解循环,而一些噬菌体也会以质粒的形式存在。根据参考文献[2]修改绘制。 Fig. 1Different life cycles of phages
宿主细胞密度影响噬菌体裂解-溶原的转换,表明温和噬菌体可能利用特定的机制来感知宿主细胞密度。早期细胞生理学和最适感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)有利于溶原性,这表明可能在共感染噬菌体之间发生一些细胞内通讯,以做出有利于两种入侵噬菌体的选择。但是,共同感染的噬菌体如何在裂解和溶原这两个相反的生存途径上折中仍然是个难题。Ghosh等[62]首次证明依赖细胞密度的前噬菌体诱导与群体感应系统有关。宿主细胞内的噬菌体具有进化的机制以感知其宿主密度,并在溶原-裂解之间做出协调决定,以便噬菌体可以根据宿主细胞密度估计后代噬菌体的成功感染率,从而最大限度地繁殖和避免耗尽敏感宿主。
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