吕金岭^{1, 2,},
高燕哺³,
李太魁^{1, 2},
孔海江⁴,
张金平⁵,
寇长林^{1, 2,,}
1.河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所/河南省农业生态环境重点实验室　郑州　450002
2.农业农村部原阳农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站　新乡　453500
3.河南省生态环境监测中心　郑州　450046
4.中国气象局-河南省农业气象保障重点实验室　郑州　450003
5.新乡市气象局　新乡　453003
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41807098)和国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0800600, 2017YFC0212400)资助

详细信息

作者简介:吕金岭, 研究方向为农田氮素循环和气体排放。E-mail: lvjinling2008@163.com

通讯作者:寇长林, 研究方向为农田土壤肥力提升。E-mail: koucl@126.com

中图分类号:S19

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出版历程

收稿日期:2021-07-12
录用日期:2021-08-05
网络出版日期:2021-08-27
刊出日期:2021-11-10

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer amount on N₂O emission from wheat-maize rotation system in lime concretion black soil

LYU Jinling^{1, 2,},
GAO Yanbu³,
LI Taikui^{1, 2},
KONG Haijiang⁴,
ZHANG Jinping⁵,
KOU Changlin^{1, 2,,}
1. Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environmental Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Henan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Eco-Environment, Zhengzhou 450002, China
2. Yuanyang Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment and Arable Land Conservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Xinxiang 453500, China
3. Henan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
4. Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique - China Meteorological Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
5. Xinxiang Meteorological Office, Xinxiang 453003, China
Funds:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41807098) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0800600, 2017YFC0212400)

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Corresponding author:E-mail: koucl@126.com

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摘要
摘要:砂姜黑土是黄淮海平原重要的中低产土壤, 由于其剖面含有砂姜层, 易产生裂隙, 影响了氮素在土壤剖面的迁移分布, 可能导致砂姜黑土的N₂O排放存在一定的独特性。基于此, 本研究以砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作体系为研究对象, 设置4个处理, 分别为不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(TR)、优化施肥(OPT)和再优化施肥(ZOPT), 通过静态箱-气相色谱法结合常规土壤参数的监测与分析, 探究砂姜黑土不同施氮条件下N₂O排放特征、累积排放量及关键驱动因素。结果显示, 砂姜黑土小麦季的N₂O平均排放通量为14.2~21.6 μg·m^?2·h^?1, 累积排放量为0.82~1.24 kg(N)·hm^?2; 玉米季的N₂O平均排放通量为14.4~24.5 μg·m^?2·h^?1, 累积排放量为0.42~0.71 kg(N)·hm^?2; 不同处理小麦季的N₂O累积排放量均高于玉米季。小麦季追肥期与基肥期的N₂O累积排放量分别为0.27~0.41 kg(N)·hm^?2和0.55~0.83 kg(N)·hm^?2, 玉米季分别为0.18~0.30 kg(N)·hm^?2和0.24~0.41 kg(N)·hm^?2, 追肥期N₂O累积排放量均高于基肥期。相关性分析结果显示, CK处理的N₂O排放量与土壤温度、含水量和硝酸盐含量均表现出明显的多元线性相关(P<0.05), TR、OPT和ZOPT仅与土壤硝酸盐含量呈极显著多元线性相关(P<0.01), 而与土壤温度和土壤含水量未表现明显的相关性, 说明施肥条件下, 土壤硝酸盐含量的高低成为影响砂姜黑土农田土壤N₂O排放最关键的影响因素。除此之外, 不同施氮量的N₂O累积排放量差别明显(P<0.05), TR处理的N₂O排放量最高, 小麦玉米季分别为1.24 kg(N)·hm^?2和0.71 kg(N)·hm^?2, 显著高于OPT处理[0.99 kg(N)·hm^?2和0.51 kg(N)·hm^?2]和ZOPT处理[0.82 kg(N)·hm^?2和0.42 kg(N)·hm^?2]。无论小麦季还是玉米季N₂O的累积排放量均随施氮量的增加而呈指数增加趋势, 相关性系数分别达0.997和0.977 (P<0.05), 说明砂姜黑土传统施氮N₂O存在过量排放问题。总而言之, 尽管与其他土壤相比, 砂姜黑土不属于N₂O高排土壤, 但传统施氮量导致的N₂O排放量仍不可忽视。
关键词:砂姜黑土/
N₂O排放/
施氮量/
土壤硝酸盐含量/
静态箱-气相色谱法/
小麦-玉米轮作
Abstract:Lime concretion black soil is an important medium and low-yield soil in the Huanghuaihai Plain. It is prone to cracks because containing a high clay and sand ginger layer, making it unique in nitrogen transport. This study used the wheat and corn rotation system in lime concretion black soil as the research object, researching the N₂O emission characteristics and key driving factors by static box-gas chromatography methods. The experiment included four treatments: no fertilization (CK), traditional fertilization (TR), optimized fertilization (OPT), and re-optimized fertilization (ZOPT). Results showed that the average emission flux of N₂O in the wheat season ranged from 14.2 to 21.6 μg?m^?2?h^?1, and the cumulative emission amount ranged from 0.82 to 1.24 kg(N)?hm^?2; the average emission flux of N₂O in the corn season ranged from 14.4 to 24.5 μg?m^?2?h^?1, the cumulative emission amount ranged from 0.42 to 0.71 kg(N)?hm^?2; the N₂O emission in the wheat season was higher than that in the corn season, and the N₂O emission in the top dressing period of the two seasons was higher than that in the basal fertilizer period, demonstrating that the wheat season and top dressing period were high N₂O emission periods for lime concretion black soil. The correlation analysis results showed that N₂O emission of CK showed a significant multiple linear correlation with soil temperature, water content, and NO₃^?-N content (P<0.05); whereas that of TR, OPT, and ZOPT only showed a significant multiple linear correlation with soil nitrate (P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between soil temperature and soil water content (except in individual cases), indicating that under fertilization conditions, the level of soil nitrate content was the most critical factor affecting N₂O emissions from the farmland of lime concretion black soil. In addition, the cumulative N₂O emissions of different nitrogen application rates were significantly different (P<0.05), and the N₂O emissions of the TR treatment were the highest, which were 1.24 kg(N)?hm^?2 and 0.71 kg(N)?hm^?2, respectively, in the wheat and corn seasons, significantly higher than those of OPT treatment [0.99 kg(N)?hm^?2 and 0.51 kg(N)?hm^?2] and ZOPT treatment [0.82 kg(N)?hm^?2 and 0.42 kg(N)?hm^?2]. The cumulative emissions of N₂O in both the wheat and corn seasons showed an exponentially increasing trend with the increase in nitrogen application, with the correlation coefficients reaching 0.997 and 0.977 (P<0.05), respectively, indicating that the traditional lime concretion black soil nitrogen application had the problem of excessive emissions of N₂O. Overall, compared with other soils, although lime concretion black soil is not a high-emission soil of N₂O, the N₂O emission caused by higher nitrogen application cannot be ignored.
Key words:Lime concretion black soil/
N₂O emission/
Nitrogen fertilizer amount/
Soil nitrate content/
Static chamber-gas chromatography/
Wheat and corn rotation

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图12019—2021年试验期间的气温与降水量
Figure1.Temperature and precipitation during the experiment period in 2019?2021


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图2气体采样装置和田间布置图
Figure2.Gas sampling device and field layout


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图3砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作试验期耕层不同深度土壤容积含水量、电导率和温度的变化
Figure3.Soil moisture content (VW), electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature in different depthes of plough layer of lime concretion black soil during the experiment period


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图4小麦-玉米轮作农田不同施肥处理下典型施肥期的N₂O挥发速率
CK、TR、OPT和ZOPT处理施肥情况如表1所示。Fertilization of CK, TR, OPT and ZOPT treatments are shown in Table 1.
Figure4.N₂O fluxes in the typical fertilization periods of different fertilization treatments of wheat and corn rotation field


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图5砂姜黑土小麦季和玉米季不同施肥处理耕层土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^?-N含量动态变化
CK、TR、OPT和ZOPT处理施肥情况如表1所示。Fertilization of CK, TR, OPT and ZOPT treatments are shown in Table 1.
Figure5.Dynamic of soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^?-N contents of plough layer under different fertilization treatments in wheat and corn seasons of lime concretion black soil


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图6砂姜黑土施肥量与小麦季和玉米季N₂O排放量的响应关系
Figure6.Correlation between cumulative N₂O emission and N fertilizer rate in wheat and corn seasons in lime concretion black soil


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表1砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作农田不同施肥处理的施肥量
Table1.Fertilization rates of different fertilization treatments of wheat and corn rotation cropland in lime concretion black soil kg·hm^?2　

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	氮肥 N fertilizer			磷肥 P2O5	钾肥 K2O
		总量 Total	基肥 Basal	追肥 Topdressing
小麦 Wheat	CK	0	0	0
	TR	250	150	100	90	90
	OPT	220	132	88	90	90
	ZOPT	190	114	76	90	90
玉米 Maize	CK	0	0	0
	TR	250	150	100	67.5	67.5
	OPT	220	132	88	67.5	67.5
	ZOPT	190	114	76	67.5	67.5

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表2砂姜黑土小麦-玉米轮作的N₂O平均排放通量及累积排放量
Table2.Average fluxes and cumulative emissions of N₂O in wheat and corn rotation system under different fertilization treatments

处理 Treatment	小麦季 Wheat season			玉米季 Corn season			小麦-玉米轮作体系 Rotation system
	N2O平均通量 Average N2O flux [μg(N)·m?2·h?1]	N2O累积排放量 Cumulative N2O emission [kg(N)·hm?2]		N2O平均通量 Average N2O flux [μg(N)·m?2·h?1]	N2O累积排放量 Cumulative N2O emission [kg(N)·hm?2]		N2O平均通量 Average N2O flux [μg(N)·m?2·h?1]	N2O累积排放量 Cumulative N2O emission [kg(N)·hm?2·a?1]
CK	3.65±0.95d	0.21±0.20d		3.34±0.52d	0.11±0.02c		3.50±0.74d	0.31±0.22d
TR	21.55±4.12a	1.24±0.41a		24.45±5.27a	0.71±0.27a		19.56±4.70a	1.96±0.68a
OPT	17.13±3.28b	0.99±0.33b		17.57±3.86b	0.51±0.24b		17.35±3.57b	1.49±0.57b
ZOPT	14.17±3.11c	0.82±0.26c		14.42±4.11c	0.42±0.28b		14.30±3.61c	1.23±0.54c
CK、TR、OPT和ZOPT处理施肥情况如表1所示。同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Fertilization of CK, TR, OPT and ZOPT treatments are shown in Table 1. Different letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level.

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表3砂姜黑土小麦季和玉米季不同施肥处理N₂O排放与土壤环境因子相关性分析
Table3.Correlation analysis of N₂O flux from different treatments and soil environmental factors under different fertilization treatments in wheat and maize seasons of lime concretion black soil

时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	NH4+-N	NO3?-N		T5 cm	T10 cm	T20 cm		V5 cm	V10 cm	V20 cm
		mg·kg?1			℃				m3·m?3
玉米季 Corn season	CK	0.177	0.421*		0.421*	0.402*	0.321		0.210	0.380*	0.287
	TR	0.163	0.665**		0.046	0.039	0.028		0.120	0.240	0.214
	OPT	0.278	0.652**		0.069	0.058	0.024		0.103	0.134	0.220
	ZOPT	0.183	0.783**		0.152	0.168	0.111		0.187	0.156	0.238
小麦季 Wheat season	CK	0.033	0.373*		0.131	0.055	0.372*		0.407*	0.337*	0.022
	TR	0.119	0.903**		0.063	0.155	0.041		0.154	0.185	0.307*
	OPT	0.155	0.799**		0.042	0.107	0.052		0.151	0.200	0.254
	ZOPT	0.171	0.831**		0.029	0.125	0.052		0.164	0.257	0.350*
CK、TR、OPT和ZOPT处理施肥情况如表1所示。T5 cm、T10 cm和T20 cm分别表示5 cm、10 cm、20 cm的土壤温度, V5 cm、V10 cm和V20 cm分别表示0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的体积含水量。*表示P<0.05水平显著相关; **表示在P<0.01水平显著相关。Fertilization of CK, TR, OPT and ZOPT treatments are shown in Table 1. T5 cm, T10 cm and T20 cm are soil temperature at 5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm depths. V5 cm, V10 cm and V20 cm are volumetric water contents at 0?5 cm, 5?10 cm and 10?20 cm soil layers. * indicates significant correlation at P<0.05 level; ** indicates significant correlation at P<0.01 level.

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表4砂姜黑土小麦和玉米不同施肥处理的产量、氮肥利用率及N₂O排放系数
Table4.Crop yields, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rates and N₂O emission factors of different fertilization treatments in wheat and corn seasons of lime concretion black soil

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	施氮量 N fertilizer rate (kg·hm?2)	籽粒产量 Yield (t·hm?2)	地上吸氮量 N uptake of aboveground part (kg·hm?2)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)	N2O挥发量 N2O emission (kg·hm?2)	N2O排放系数 N2O emission factor (%)
玉米 Corn	CK	0	3.39±0.18b	43.9±2.8b	/	0.11±0.02c	/
	TR	250	7.79±0.23a	136.1±6.5a	36.9±4.3c	0.71±0.27a	0.28± 0.03a
	OPT	220	7.82±0.21a	136.5±5.9a	42.1±.2.9b	0.51±0.24b	0.23±0.03b
	ZOPT	190	7.73±0.26a	134.7±5.3a	47.8±3.2a	0.42±0.28b	0.22±0.04b
小麦 Wheat	CK	0	3.45±0.14c	70.0±3.1c	/	0.21±0.20d	/
	TR	250	8.06±0.10ab	167.2±4.9b	39.0±5.1c	1.24±0.41a	0.50±0.05a
	OPT	220	8.11±0.13a	170.3±5.7a	45.6±3.7b	0.99±0.33b	0.45±0.03b
	ZOPT	190	7.95±0.11b	166.9±3.9b	51.0±5.5a	0.82±0.26c	0.43±0.06b
CK、TR、OPT和ZOPT处理施肥情况如表1所示。氮肥利用率=(施氮处理地上吸氮量–CK地上吸氮量)/施氮量×100%。同列不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Fertilization of CK, TR, OPT and ZOPT treatments are shown in Table 1. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) = (aboveground N uptake in fertilization treatments – that in CK treatment) / N application rate ×100%. Different letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level.

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