高尚宾^1,,,
宋成军¹,
徐志宇¹,
孙仁华¹,
薛颖昊¹,
胡潇方¹,
乔玉辉²
1.农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站/农业农村部资源循环利用技术与模式综合实验室　北京　100026
2.生物多样性与有机农业北京市重点实验室/中国农业大学资源与环境学院　北京　100193
基金项目:国家质量基础的共性技术研究与应用重点专项(SQ2018YFF020004)资助

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通讯作者:高尚宾, 主要研究方向为生态循环农业。E-mail: gaoshb@agri.gov.cn

中图分类号:S-1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2021-03-09
录用日期:2021-06-28
网络出版日期:2021-08-12
刊出日期:2021-10-01

The development space of and recommendations for ecological farms in China

GAO Shangbin^1,,,
SONG Chengjun¹,
XU Zhiyu¹,
SUN Renhua¹,
XUE Yinghao¹,
HU Xiaofang¹,
QIAO Yuhui²
1. Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China / Comprehensive Laboratory for Resource Recycling Technology and Model of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100026, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming / College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Funds:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (SQ2018YFF020004)

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Corresponding author:GAO Shangbin, E-mail: gaoshb@agri.gov.cn

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摘要
摘要:生态农场是发达国家农业环境政策的主要实施对象, 是我国生态农业建设的基本单位, 成为农业绿色发展的有效抓手。本文依托跨时7年的生态农场调查数据, 结合农业农村部5年的生态农业基地建设经验, 得出了我国4个区域和3类生态农场的经济参数, 进一步依据我国新型农业经营主体发展规划, 按照3%~5%生态化转型比例, 评估了生态农场在区域和全国尺度的发展空间, 分析了生态农场促进农业绿色发展的产业价值, 从战略层面提出我国近期生态农场建设的最新要求和政策建议。结果显示: 1)从区域看, 华南地区生态农场投入产出效率最高, 东北地区生态农场投入产出效率最低; 从类型看, 种养结合单体产投比和利润率最高, 养殖型和种植型单体产投比、利润率较小。2)到2022年, 国内生态农场将达到3万~5万家, 生态农场区域规模排序为: 华北地区>长江中下游地区>东北地区>华南地区, 可有效带动市场投资和提供就业机会。3)近期应在“长三角”地区和部分重点区域, 率先建成一批具有全国示范引领作用的生态农场, 逐步向全国推广生态农场评价工作, 优化生态农场补偿政策, 打造生态农场大数据系统, 培育生态农场产业化平台, 创设生态农场产业投融资机制。
关键词:生态农场/
生态振兴/
农业绿色发展/
高效生态农业/
经济特征/
发展趋势/
政策建议
Abstract:Ecological farms are the main implementation objects for agricultural environmental policy in developed countries. Ecological farms represent the basic unit of promotion for ecological agriculture in China and have become an effective approach for agricultural green development. Based on a 7-year field investigation and 5 years of experience in the construction of eco-agriculture bases, the economic parameters of four regions of China (Northeast China, North China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, and South China) and three types of ecological farms (planting farm, breeding farm, plant-breeding combined farm) were obtained. According to the development plan of China’s new type of agricultural business and the proportion of 3%?5% ecological transformation, the development space of ecological farms at the regional and national scales was evaluated, and the industrial value of the ecological farms in promoting agricultural green development was analyzed. The latest requirements and policy recommendations for China’s recent ecological farm construction were put forward at the strategic level. The results show that: 1) the input-output efficiency of ecological farms in South China is the greatest and that in Northeast China is the lowest. With respect to ecological farm type, ecological farms carrying out planting-breeding have the greatest input-output ratio and average profit margin, but breeding-based ecological farms and planting-based ecological farms have lower input-output ratios and average profit margins. 2) There will be 30 000?50 000 ecological farms in China by 2022, and the scale of industrial value for the ecological farms ranks as North China > the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River > Northeast China > South China, which will effectively drive market investment and provide employment opportunities. 3) Recently, it is necessary to build several ecological farms as the national demonstrations in the Yangtze River Delta region and other key areas, gradually promote the evaluation of ecological farms throughout the country. Meantime, optimizing the compensation policies, building a big data system, cultivating an industrialization platform, creating the investment and financing mechanism, and cultivating talented workforce and market subjects who would be engaged in the operation and management of ecological farms should be conducted.
Key words:Ecological farm/
Ecological revitalization/
Agricultural green development/
Efficient ecological agriculture/
Economic characteristics/
Development trend/
Policy recommendations

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表1我国四大区域3种类型生态农场投入产出情况
Table1.Input and output situation of three types of ecological farms in four regions of China

区域 Region	生态农场类型 Ecological farm type	样本数 Farm samples number	投入 Investment (×104 ￥?farm?1)	产出 Output (×104 ￥?farm?1)	产投比 Ratio of output to investment	投资利润率 Investment profit rate (%)	就业岗位数量 Provided jobs number
东北地区 Northeast China	种植型农场 Planting farm	12	661±92	830±179	1.3±0.2	30±5	59.0±6
	养殖型农场 Breeding farm	6	344±56	387±46	1.0±0.1	10±2	22.0±2
	种养结合型农场 Planting-breeding combined farming	6	625±79	709±132	1.1±0.1	10±2	36.0±3
	平均 Average	—	543±174	642±229	1.2±0.1	20±10	39.0±18.7
华北地区 North China	种植型农场 Planting farm	69	519±103	836±337	1.6±0.4	60±24	159±23
	养殖型农场 Breeding farm	21	1247±492	1701±560	1.4±0.3	40±9	17.0±4
	种养结合型农场 Planting-breeding combined farming	18	285±62	717±216	2.5±0.8	150±17	34.0±9
	平均 Average	—	684±502	1085±237	1.8±0.6	80±40	70.0±60
长江中下游地区 The Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River	种植型农场 Planting farm	16	672±203	1140±192	1.7±0.2	70±12	80.0±27
	养殖型农场 Breeding farm	3	1859±224	2265±485	1.2±0.1	20±8	25.0±8
	种养结合型农场 Planting-breeding combined farming	21	343±145	504±82	1.5±0.2	50±10	56.0±14
	平均 Average	—	958±797	1303±892	1.5±0.2	50±20	53.7±28
华南地区 South China	种植型农场 Planting farm	26	111±35	134±47	1.2±0.3	20±3	52±12
	养殖型农场 Breeding farm	8	335±97	802±153	2.4±0.4	140±47	25±4
	种养结合型农场 Planting-breeding combined farming	8	134±30	304±77	2.3±0.5	130±37	24±5
	平均 Average	—	193±123	413±347	2.0±0.7	97±7	34±16

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表2我国四大区域3种类型生态农场在调查期及2022年不同转换比例下的数量、占比
Table2.Numbers and proportions of different types of ecological farms in four regions in China in the survey period and 2022 with different transformation rates

时间 Time	项目 Item		东北地区 Northeast China	华北地区 North China	长江中下游地区 The Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River	华南地区 South China
调查期 Survey period	调查生态农场数量 Number of investigated ecological farms		95	155	118	100
	现状占比 Proportion of status quo (%)		20.3	33.1	25.2	21.4
	种植型生态农场 Planting ecological farm	数量 Number	52	93	26	64
		占比 Proportion (%)	55	60	22	64
	养殖型生态农场 Breeding ecological farm	数量 Number	7	36	17	23
		占比 Proportion (%)	7	23	14	23
	种养结合型生态农场 Planting-breeding combined ecological farm	数量 Number	36	26	75	13
		占比 Proportion (%)	38	17	64	13
2022	3%转型比例 Ecological farms number if 3% farms transformed to ecological farm	总量 Total	6090	9937	7565	6410
		种植型 Planting farm	3333	5962	1667	4103
		养殖型 Breeding farm	449	2308	1090	1474
		种养结合型 Planting-breedingc ombined farm	2308	1667	4808	833
	5%转型比例 Ecological farms number if 5% farms transformed to ecological farm	总量 Total	10 150	16 560	12 607	10 684
		种植型 Planting farm	5556	9936	2778	6838
		养殖型 Breeding farm	748	3846	1816	2457
		种养结合型 Planting-breeding combined farm	3846	2778	8013	1389

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表32022年不同转换比例下我国四大区域3种类型生态农场区域规模空间评估
Table3.Evaluation of future regional market space of ecological farm in four regions of China in 2022 with different transformation rates

区域 Region	农场类型 Ecological farm type	现状占比 Proportion of status quo (%)	3%比例转化 3% farms transformed to ecological farm					5%比例转化 5% farms transformed to ecological farm
			总投入 Total investment (×108 ￥)	总产出 Total output (×108 ￥)	总利润 Total profit (×108 ￥)	就业人数 Farm employment (×104 persons)		总投入 Total investment (×108 ￥)	总产出 Total output (×108 ￥)	总利润 Total profit (×108 ￥)	就业人数 Farm employment (×104 persons)
东北 Northeast China	种植型 Planting farm	54.7	220.3	276.7	56.3	19.7		367.2	461.1	93.9	32.8
	养殖型 Breeding farm	7.4	15.4	17.4	1.9	1.0		25.7	28.9	3.2	1.6
	种养结合型 Planting-breeding combined farm	37.9	144.2	163.6	19.4	8.3		240.4	272.7	32.3	13.8
	小计 Subtotal	100.0	379.9	457.7	77.6	29.0		633.3	762.7	129.4	48.2
华北 North China	种植型 Planting farm	60.0	309.4	498.4	189.0	94.8		515.7	830.6	315.0	158.0
	养殖型 Breeding farm	23.2	287.8	392.5	104.5	3.9		479.6	654.2	174.2	6.5
	种养结合型 Planting-breeding combined farm	16.8	47.5	119.5	72.0	5.7		79.2	199.2	120.0	9.4
	小计 Subtotal	100.0	644.7	1010.4	365.5	104.4		1074.5	1684.0	609.2	173.9
长江中下游地区 The Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze Rive	种植型 Planting farm	22.0	112.0	190.0	78.0	13.3		186.7	316.7	130.0	22.2
	养殖型 Breeding farm	14.4	202.6	246.8	44.2	2.7		337.6	411.4	73.7	4.5
	种养结合型 Planting-breeding combined farm	63.6	164.9	242.3	77.4	26.9		274.8	403.8	129.0	44.9
	小计 Subtotal	100.0	479.5	679.1	199.6	42.9		799.1	1131.9	332.7	71.6
华南 South China	种植型 Planting farm	64.0	45.5	55.0	9.4	21.3		75.9	91.6	15.7	35.6
	养殖型 Breeding farm	23.0	49.4	118.2	68.9	3.7		82.3	197.1	114.8	6.1
	种养结合型 Planting-breeding combined farm	13.0	11.2	25.3	14.2	2.0		18.6	42.2	23.6	3.3
	小计 Subtotal	100.0	106.1	198.5	92.5	27.0		176.8	330.9	154.1	45.0
总计 Total	—	—	1610.2	2345.7	735.2	203.3		2683.7	3909.5	1225.4	338.7

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