李璐丹1,
曹萌萌3,
尚国琲1,,
1.河北地质大学 石家庄 050031
2.中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所/山区发展研究中心 成都 610041
3.河北省林业技术推广总站 石家庄 050081
基金项目: 河北省社会科学基金项目HB17GL020
详细信息
作者简介:于淑会, 主要研究方向为土地生态利用与山区可持续发展。E-mail:yushuhui126@126.com
通讯作者:尚国琲, 主要研究方向为土地资源管理。E-mail:463580227@qq.com
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出版历程
收稿日期:2018-12-28
录用日期:2019-03-14
刊出日期:2019-09-01
Measurement of rural multi-dimensional poverty in the Taihang Mountains by using Beiye Township of Pingshan County as a model
YU Shuhui1, 2,,LI Ludan1,
CAO Mengmeng3,
SHANG Guofei1,,
1. Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
2. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment/Research Center for Mountain Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
3. Popularization Center of Forestry Technique of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
Funds: the Social Science Foundation of Hebei ProvinceHB17GL020
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Corresponding author:SHANG Guofei, E-mail:463580227@qq.com
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摘要
摘要:我国贫困人口分布呈现山区农村聚集现象，全面了解山区农村贫困现状、有效减少山区农村贫困对象是全面建成小康社会的重要任务。本文立足河北省太行山区贫困农村，以海拔与区位特征为依据，选择河北省平山县北冶乡的6个典型村镇为研究对象，通过提问式调查方式获取数据，选取收入、资本、生活水平3个维度9个指标构建评价指标体系，采用A-F（Alkire-Foste）法分析数据，得到北冶乡多维贫困测度结果。研究结果表明：1）北冶乡单维贫困状况仍较严重，各维度贫困发生率存在显著差异，贫困主要表现为资本维度的缺失。2）北冶乡多维贫困程度较深。3维贫困（贫困户）家庭超过90%，多维贫困指数随维度k的增加而降低。3）各指标对北冶乡多维贫困的贡献存在显著差异。人均耕地面积、教育、技能培训与卫生设施4个指标贡献率均超过15%，且随维度k的增加变化不大，是太行山区精准扶贫应着重关注的方面。4）教育缺失是导致贫困发生的内在因素，相对于教育未缺失家庭，教育缺失家庭的月收入更低、收入来源更单一、家庭人口规模更大。针对以上结论，提出采用等级优化模式整理农村居民点，从而进行教育资源整合与优化、助力山区脱贫的建议。
关键词:太行山区/
A-F方法/
农村多维贫困/
贫困深度/
贫困广度/
教育水平/
精准扶贫
Abstract:China has been working to alleviate since its reformation, and has made certain success. However, the poverty-stricken populations in China distributes in rural in mountainous areas for a long time. It is difficult to get rid of poverty in these lagging areas. A comprehensive understanding of the poverty situation in mountainous areas and effective techniques to reduce it have become important tasks for building a healthy society. We chose six typical villages in Taihang Mountain, Beiye Township, Pingshan County, Hebei Province based on elevation and geographical characteristics as the objectives. A question-based survey was conducted to obtain relative data. The evaluation index system was established with three dimensions-income, capital and living standard-and 9 indexes. The A-F (Alkire-Foste) method was used to analyze the results of multidimensional poverty measurement. The results showed that:1) the single-dimensional poverty situation in Beiye Township was still serious, and the causes of poverty were significantly different in all dimensions. Poverty mainly manifested as the absence of capital dimension. 2) The degree of multi-dimensional poverty in Beiye Township was deep. More than 90 percent of poor households lived in poverty. With an increase in dimension k, the multi-dimensional poverty index decreased. 3) The contribution of each index to the multi-dimensional poverty of Beiye Township was significantly different. The indexes of per capita cultivated land area, education, skill training and health facilities all contributed more than 15% and changed little when dimension k increased. 4) The lack of education was an internal factor that led to poverty. Compared to families with education, families without education had lower monthly income, single income source, and larger family size. In view of the above conclusions, this paper put forward the suggestions of using a hierarchical optimization mode to organize rural residential areas so as to integrate and optimize educational resources and help mountainous areas eliminate poverty.
Key words:Taihang Mountain Area/
A-F method/
Rural multi-dimensional poverty/
Poverty depth/
Poverty span/
Educational level/
Precise poverty alleviation
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图12016年河北省平山县各乡镇人均产值与总面积情况[22]
Figure1.Output value per capita and total area of towns in Pingshan County in 2016[22]
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1平山县北冶乡被调查村镇基本信息表
Table1.Basic information of the investigated villages in Beiye Town of Pingshan County
| 村 Village | 问卷数 Number of questionnaires | 乡村户数 Number of rural households | 乡村人口 Rural population | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 经纬度 Latitude and longitude | 区位特征 Location feature |
| 下古道Xiagudao | 19 | 42 | 171 | 300~400 | 113°48'20”E 38°16'2.5”N | 坡度平缓Smooth slope |
| 燕尾庄Yanweizhuang | 35 | 65 | 218 | 600~700 | 113°43'40”E 38°15'12”N | 风景区内In the scenic area |
| 恶石Eshi | 16 | 98 | 269 | 600 | 113°46'26”E 38°10'17”N | 坡度陡峭Steep slope |
| 沕沕水Huhushui | 33 | 99 | 337 | 500 | 113°45'27”E 38°12'22”N | 风景区内, 毗邻乡道 In the scenic area, adjacent to the township |
| 大桥Daqiao | 28 | 117 | 457 | 400~500 | 113°42'49”E 38°16'59”N | 毗邻国道 Adjacent to the national road |
| 土岭Tuling | 41 | 124 | 506 | 400~500 | 113°49'56”E 38°14'19”N | 毗邻乡道 Adjacent to the township |
| 总和Sum | 172 | 545 |
下载: 导出CSV表2平山县北冶乡山区农村多维贫困评价指标体系
Table2.Rural multi-dimensional poverty evaluation index system of Beiye Town of Pingshan County
| 维度 Dimension | 指标 Index | 被剥夺临界值(zj) Deprived threshold | 权重(wj) Weight | 备注Remarks |
| 收入(1/3) Income | 年人均纯收入 Annual net income per capita | 家庭年人均纯收入低于全国农村贫困标准, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if the annual net income per capita of family is lower than the national rural poverty standard. | 1/3 | 2015年国家农村贫困标准为2 855元 The national rural poverty standard in 2015 was 2 855 ￥ |
| 资本(1/3) Capital | 人均耕地面积 Arable land area per capita | 家庭人均耕地面积小于贫困标准值, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if the cultivated area per capita of family is less than the standard value of poverty. | 1/9 | 贫困标准值[3]=平山县人均耕地面积×60%=0.106 hm2×60%= 0.064 hm2 Standard value of poverty = cultivated area per capita × 60% = 0.064 hm2 |
| 生活水平(1/3) Standard of living | 教育 Education | 家庭成员(15~39岁)存在最高学历为小学及以下或幼童(≤15岁)已辍学, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if the highest education of family members (15 to 39 years old) is primary school and below or young children (≤15 years old) drop out of school. | 1/9 | |
| 技能培训 Skill training | 家庭成员均未接受农业、就业技能等培训, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if family members have not received training in agriculture, employment skills, etc. | 1/9 | ||
| 卫生设施 Health facilities | 不能使用冲水厕所, 赋值为1 No flush toilet is assigned 1. | 1/15 | ||
| 资产 Assets | 无手机、电视、空调、冰箱、洗衣机或者汽车中的任何一项资产, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if there is no mobile phone, TV, air conditioner, refrigerator, washing machine or car in the home. | 1/15 | ||
| 饮用水 Drinking water | 饮用水是未经处理的自来水、井水、河水或饮水困难, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if lacking drinking water or drinking water is untreated tap water, well water, river water. | 1/15 | ||
| 健康 Health | 家中有两人及以上患有慢性病, 或者1人及以上丧失劳动力的赋值1 The assigned value is 1 if two or more family number have chronic diseases, or one or more lose labor. | 1/15 | ||
| 燃料 Fuel | 未能使用电、液化气、天然气、沼气作为生活资料, 赋值为1 The assigned value is 1 if failure to use electricity, liquefied gas, natural gas, and biogas as living materials. | 1/15 | ||
| 指标赋值为1表示在此指标上被剥夺, 即在此指标上贫困。The index is assigned 1 meaning that the family is poor regarding the index. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表3平山县北冶乡单一维度贫困率
Table3.Single dimension poverty rate in Beiye Township, Pingshan County
| 收入Income | 资本Capital | 生活水平Standard of living | |||||||||||
| 年人均收入 Annual net income per capita | 人均耕地面积 Arable land area per capita | 教育 Education | 技能培训 Skills training | 卫生设施 Health facilities | 资产 Asset | 饮用水 Drinking water | 健康 Health | 燃料 Fuel | |||||
| 贫困率Poverty rate (%) | 39.53 | 97.09 | 90.12 | 94.77 | 93.60 | 12.79 | 81.40 | 45.93 | 20.35 | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表4平山县北冶乡多维贫困发生率与多维贫困指数
Table4.Multi-dimensional poverty incidence and poverty index in Beiye Township, Pingshan County
| 贫困维度(k) Poverty dimension | 多维贫困发生率(H) Multi-dimensional poverty incidence | 贫困剥夺份额(A) Poverty deprivation share | 多维贫困指数(M) Multi-dimensional poverty index | 收入贫困发生率 Income poverty rate |
| 1 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.38 |
| 2 | 0.98 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.38 |
| 3 | 0.90 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.38 |
| 4 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.38 |
| 5 | 0.47 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
| 6 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.36 | 0.38 |
| 7 | 0.27 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.38 |
| 8 | 0.06 | 0.93 | 0.06 | 0.38 |
| 9 | 0.00 | 0.38 |
下载: 导出CSV表5平山县北冶乡贫困指标对多维贫困的贡献率
Table5.Contribution rates of poverty indexes to multi-dimensional poverty in Beiye Township, Pingshan County
| % | |||||||||
| 贫困维度(k) Poverty dimension | 年人均收入 Annual income per capita | 人均耕地面积 Cultivated area per capita | 教育 Education | 技能培训 Skills training | 卫生设施 Health facilities | 资产 Assets | 饮用水 Drinking water | 健康 Health | 燃料 Fuel |
| 1 | 6.98 | 15.70 | 15.70 | 16.28 | 16.86 | 2.33 | 14.53 | 8.14 | 3.49 |
| 2 | 6.98 | 15.70 | 15.70 | 16.28 | 16.86 | 2.33 | 14.53 | 8.14 | 3.49 |
| 3 | 7.74 | 16.13 | 14.84 | 16.13 | 17.42 | 2.58 | 13.55 | 7.74 | 3.87 |
| 4 | 9.52 | 15.08 | 16.67 | 16.67 | 16.67 | 3.17 | 12.70 | 6.35 | 3.17 |
| 5 | 13.58 | 13.58 | 16.05 | 14.81 | 16.05 | 2.47 | 11.11 | 7.41 | 4.94 |
| 6 | 16.67 | 14.10 | 16.67 | 15.38 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 10.26 | 5.13 | 5.13 |
| 7 | 17.39 | 17.39 | 13.04 | 10.87 | 13.04 | 0.00 | 10.87 | 6.52 | 6.52 |
| 8 | 18.18 | 18.18 | 18.18 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 0.00 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 8.33 |
下载: 导出CSV表6平山县北冶乡教育缺失对多维贫困的贡献
Table6.Contribution of education loss to multi-dimensional poverty in Beiye Township, Pingshan County
| 贫困维度(k) Poverty dimension | 教育缺失Lack of education | 教育未缺失Fully educated | ||||
| 多维贫困指数(M) Multidimensional poverty index | 贡献 Contribution (%) | 多维贫困指数(M) Multidimensional poverty index | 贡献 Contribution (%) | |||
| 2 | 0.65 | 77.60 | 0.37 | 22.40 | ||
| 3 | 0.65 | 79.95 | 0.32 | 20.05 | ||
| 4 | 0.61 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | 0.51 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
下载: 导出CSV表7基于家庭特征的教育缺失对3维贫困的贡献
Table7.Contribution of education loss to 3-dimensional poverty based on family feature
| 项目Item | 教育缺失 Lack of education (%) | 教育未缺失 Fully educated (%) | ||
| 家庭月收入 Family’s month income (￥) | < 1 000 | 38.14 | 0.00 | |
| 1 000~3 000 | 12.37 | 26.03 | ||
| 3 000~5 000 | 34.02 | 26.03 | ||
| > 5 000 | 15.46 | 47.95 | ||
| 主要收入来源 Main income sources | 农产品Agricultural products | 12.37 | 26.03 | |
| 农副产品 Agricultural byproducts | 15.46 | 0.00 | ||
| 外出务工Migrant work | 42.27 | 47.95 | ||
| 其他Others | 29.90 | 26.03 | ||
| 人口Population | 1~2 | 10.31 | 26.03 | |
| 3~4 | 16.49 | 21.92 | ||
| ≥5 | 73.20 | 52.05 | ||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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