常明,
王西琴,
中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院 北京 100872
基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项2018ZX07111001
详细信息
作者简介:刘维哲, 主要研究方向为资源管理与环境经济。E-mail:liuvzhe@126.com
通讯作者:王西琴, 主要研究方向为资源管理与环境经济。E-mail:wxiqin@ruc.edu.cn
中图分类号:F303.4计量
文章访问数:749
HTML全文浏览量:0
PDF下载量:1260
被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-04-10
录用日期:2018-06-08
刊出日期:2018-09-01
Irrigation water efficiency based on stochastic production frontier and influencing factors:An empirical study of wheat in Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi
LIU Weizhe,CHANG Ming,
WANG Xiqin,
School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, China Renmin University, Beijing 100872, China
Funds: the National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment2018ZX07111001
More Information
Corresponding author:WANG Xiqin, E-mail: wxiqin@ruc.edu.cn
摘要
HTML全文
图
参考文献
相关文章
施引文献
资源附件
访问统计
摘要
摘要:农业部门是我国用水大户，随着水资源短缺问题的日益严峻，提高农业灌溉用水效率是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文基于陕西关中地区小麦种植户实地调研数据，选取C-D生产函数构建随机前沿模型（SFA）测算小麦种植中的生产技术效率与灌溉用水效率，在此基础上选取农户个人特征、家庭特征、灌溉特征和耕地特征相关变量，采用Tobit模型进行影响因素分析，以识别限制和促进灌溉效率的关键因素。研究结果显示，关中地区小麦生产技术效率较高，为0.7~1.0，均值为0.87。灌溉用水效率远低于生产技术效率，为0~0.5，均值仅为0.31，存在较大的提升空间。对影响因素的研究发现，农户教育水平、家庭经济水平、灌渠完好程度、用水紧缺程度和节水灌溉技术等对灌溉用水效率等有显著的正向影响，农户非农就业、家庭非农收入比例为负向影响，农户年龄、灌溉水价、经营规模和耕地块数与灌溉用水效率没有明显相关性。说明关中地区灌溉用水具有节水空间，可通过维修灌渠、改进节水灌溉技术、适当提高水价等，逐步提高灌溉用水效率。
关键词:灌溉用水效率/
生产技术效率/
农户特征/
灌溉特征/
地块特征/
随机前沿/
关中地区
Abstract:Water resources are scarce in China, with a per capita water resource of 2 300-2 500 m3 which is only 1/4 of the world's average. Because of water shortages, there has been continuous conflict between various water consuming sectors. This has made it necessary to conduct studies on the efficiency of agricultural irrigation water for sustainable development. Although irrigation water efficiency has been studied in China, such research driven by micro-data is largely lacking for Northwest China. In this paper, a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model based on Cobb-Douglas production function was used to measure technical efficiency of wheat farmers and irrigation efficiency in Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi. Then the Tobit model was used to determine the influencing factors of irrigation efficiency. A total of 12 variables were selected, which reflected the personal, family, irrigation and cultivated land characteristics of farmers in the region. The results showed that technical efficiency of wheat farmers in Guanzhong Region was relatively high, with a range of 0.7-1.0 and a mean of 0.87. Irrigation efficiency was 0-0.5 and the mean was 0.31, which was far below technological efficiency. Analysis of the influencing factors of irrigation efficiency showed that farmers' education level, family economic status, irrigation channel condition, water shortage degree and irrigation water-saving degree had significant positive impact on irrigation efficiency. Then off-farm employment and non-farm income had a negative impact on irrigation efficiency. Age of farmers, irrigation water price, planting scale and subdivision of cultivated land had no obvious correlation with irrigation efficiency. Thus the study not only revealed the current conditions of wheat irrigation efficiency in Guanzhong Region, but also put forward critical suggestions on agricultural water resources management through the study of the influencing factors. The study also provided a reference base for improving irrigation water efficiency in Guanzhong Region in Shaanxi Province.
Key words:Irrigation water efficiency/
Technical efficiency/
Famer characteristics/
Irrigation characteristics/
Cultivated land characteristics/
Stochastic frontier/
Guanzhong Region
HTML全文
图1关中地区小麦种植户生产技术效率(a)和灌溉用水效率(b)频数分布图
Figure1.Frequency distribution histograms of farmers' technical efficiency (a) and irrigation efficiency (b) of wheat production in Guanzhong Region
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1关中地区小麦生产投入产出变量均值统计
Table1.Statistics of input and output variables of wheat production in Guanzhong Region
| 投入产出变量 Input and output variable | 单位 Unit | 均值 Mean value | 标准差 Standard error |
| 产出Output | ￥·hm-2 | 26.22 | 6.22 |
| 种子Seed | ￥·hm-2 | 4.40 | 1.86 |
| 化肥Fertilizer | kg·hm-2 | 3.89 | 1.50 |
| 机械Machine | ￥·hm-2 | 7.92 | 3.70 |
| 劳动Labor | h·hm-2 | 2.19 | 0.51 |
| 灌溉水Irrigation water | m3·hm-2 | 25.14 | 13.87 |
| 其他Others | ￥·hm-2 | 5.64 | 1.54 |
下载: 导出CSV表2灌溉用水效率影响因素变量定义与统计
Table2.Definition and statistics of influential factors of irrigation efficiency
| 变量名称 Variable name | 含义 Definition | 均值 Mean value |
| 年龄?Age | 户主的年龄?Age of householder | 54.07 |
| 受教育水平 Education level | 1=文盲; 2=小学; 3=初中; 4=高中或中专; 5=大专及以上 1 = illiteracy; 2 = primary school; 3 = junior middle school; 4 = high school or technical secondary school; 5 = college or higher | 2.97 |
| 非农就业 Off-farm employment | 0=务农; 1=非务农 0 = farming; 1 = off-farming | 0.17 |
| 务农劳动力人数 Number of farming labor | 家庭中从事务农的劳动力人数 Number of farming labor of household | 2.32 |
| 家庭经济水平 Economic level of household | 1=较低; 2=中等偏下; 3=中等; 4=中等偏上; 5=较好 1 = low; 2 = below average; 3 = medium level; 4 = above average; 5 = high | 2.72 |
| 非农收入比例 Proportion of non-farm income | 非农收入占家庭总收入比重 Proportion of non-farm income to total household income | 0.61 |
| 灌溉水价 Irrigation water price | 现行农业水价 Current irrigation water price | 0.29 |
| 灌渠完好程度 Irrigation channel condition | 1=非常差; 2=较差; 3=一般; 4=较好; 5=非常好 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = average; 4 = good; 5 = excellent | 3.81 |
| 用水紧缺程度 Degree of water shortage | 1=非常充足; 2=比较充足; 3=一般; 4=比较紧缺; 5=严重紧缺 1 = very sufficient; 2 = sufficient; 3 = average; 4 = short; 5 = seriously short | 1.88 |
| 灌溉方式 Irrigation method | 0=传统灌溉; 1=节水灌溉 0 = traditional irrigation; 1 = water-saving irrigation | 0.49 |
| 种植面积 Planting scale | 农户该种作物种植面积 Wheat planting area of household | 5.26 |
| 耕地块数 Subdivision of cultivated land | 该作物耕地细分块数 Number of wheat cultivated land | 2.02 |
下载: 导出CSV表3关中地区小麦生产中各要素产出弹性
Table3.Output elasticity of variables in wheat production in Guanzhong Region
| 变量 Variable | 系数 Coefficient | 标准差 Standard error |
| 种子Seed | -0.052 | 0.045 |
| 化肥Fertilizer | 0.044* | 0.047 |
| 机械Machine | 0.076* | 0.041 |
| 劳动Labor | 0.055 | 0.067 |
| 灌溉水Irrigation water | 0.104*** | 0.035 |
| 其他资金Others | 0.266** | 0.104 |
| 常数项Constant | 5.253*** | 0.542 |
| 灌区虚拟变量 Irrigation area variable | — | — |
| γ | 0.861 | |
| ??*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平上显著。*, ** and *** mean significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively. | ||
下载: 导出CSV表4关中地区小麦生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率均值统计
Table4.Mean values of farmers' technical efficiency and irrigation efficiency of wheat production in Guanzhong Region
| 效率类型 Type of efficiency | 样本量 Observations | 均值 Mean value | 最小值 Minimum value | 最大值 Maximum value | 标准差 Standard error |
| 生产技术效率 Technical efficiency | 143 | 0.87 | 0.57 | 0.96 | 0.07 |
| 灌溉用水效率 Irrigation efficiency | 143 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.15 |
下载: 导出CSV表5研究区小麦生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率影响因素回归结果
Table5.Regression results of influential factors of farmers' technical efficiency and irrigation efficiency of wheat production in Guanzhong Region
| 类型 Type | 变量 Variable | 生产技术效率 Technical efficiency | 灌溉用水效率 Irrigation efficiency | |||
| 系数 Coefficient | 标准误 Standard error | 系数 Coefficient | 标准误 Standard error | |||
| 个人特征 Householder characteristic | 年龄Age | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| 受教育水平Education level | 0.025*** | 0.007 | 0.039** | 0.016 | ||
| 非农就业Off-farm employment | -0.103*** | 0.018 | -0.128*** | 0.042 | ||
| 家庭特征 Household characteristic | 务农劳动力人数Number of farming labor | 0.008* | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.010 | |
| 家庭经济水平Economic level of household | 0.015** | 0.007 | 0.037** | 0.016 | ||
| 非农收入比例Proportion of non-farm income | -0.023 | 0.016 | -0.098*** | 0.037 | ||
| 灌溉特征 Irrigation characteristic | 灌溉水价Irrigation water price | 0.049 | 0.092 | 0.120 | 0.215 | |
| 灌渠完好程度Irrigation channel condition | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.231* | 0.014 | ||
| 用水紧缺程度Degree of water shortage | 0.019*** | 0.006 | 0.033** | 0.014 | ||
| 灌溉方式Irrigation method | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.061* | 0.033 | ||
| 地块特征Land characteristic | 种植面积Planting scale | -0.007* | 0.001 | -0.002 | 0.002 | |
| 耕地块数Subdivision of cultivated land | -0.007 | 0.005 | -0.014 | 0.012 | ||
| 常数Constant | 0.873*** | 0.068 | 0.236 | 0.159 | ||
| 样本量Observations | 143 | 143 | ||||
| ??*、**、***分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平上显著。*, ** and *** mean significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively. | ||||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
| [1] | 康绍忠.水安全与粮食安全[J].中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(8):880-885 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2014802&flag=1 KANG S Z. Towards water and food security in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(8):880-885 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2014802&flag=1 |
| [2] | 王西琴, 吴若然, 李兆捷, 等.我国农业用水安全的分区及发展对策[J].中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(10):1428-1434 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20161016&flag=1 WANG X Q, WU R R, LI Z J, et al. Agricultural water security zoning and developmental countermeasures in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(10):1428-1434 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20161016&flag=1 |
| [3] | 刘昌明.中国农业水问题:若干研究重点与讨论[J].中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(8):875-879 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2014801&flag=1 LIU C M. Agricultural water issues in China:Discussions on research highlights[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(8):875-879 http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn/zgstny/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=2014801&flag=1 |
| [4] | 崔远来, 熊佳.灌溉水利用效率指标研究进展[J].水科学进展, 2009, 20(4):590-598 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2009.04.023 CUI Y L, XIONG J. Advances in assessment indicators of irrigation water use efficiency[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2009, 20(4):590-598 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2009.04.023 |
| [5] | 耿献辉, 张晓恒, 宋玉兰.农业灌溉用水效率及其影响因素实证分析——基于随机前沿生产函数和新疆棉农调研数据[J].自然资源学报, 2014, 29(6):934-943 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Conference/8180627 GENG X H, ZHANG X H, SONG Y L. Measurement of irrigation water efficiency and analysis of influential factors:An empirical study based on stochastic production frontier and cotton farmers' data in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(6):934-943 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Conference/8180627 |
| [6] | KOPP R J. The measurement of productive efficiency:A reconsideration[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1981, 96(3):477-503 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=f0df7768b6c4bc4cca87f88dcc92b381&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn |
| [7] | KANEKO S, TANAKA K, TOYOTA T, et al. Water efficiency of agricultural production in China:Regional comparison from 1999 to 2002[J]. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 2004, 3(3/4):231-251 doi: 10.1504/IJARGE.2004.006038 |
| [8] | 佟金萍, 马剑锋, 王慧敏, 等.中国农业全要素用水效率及其影响因素分析[J].经济问题, 2014, (6):101-106 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jjwt201406020 TONG J P, MA J F, WANG H M, et al. Research on agricultural total-factor water use efficiency and its influencing factors in China[J]. On Economic Problems, 2014, (6):101-106 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/jjwt201406020 |
| [9] | KARAGIANNIS G, TZOUVELEKAS V, XEPAPADEAS A. Measuring irrigation water efficiency with a stochastic production frontier[J]. Environmental and Resource Economics, 2003, 26(1):57-72 doi: 10.1023-A-1025625402762/ |
| [10] | 许朗, 黄莺.农业灌溉用水效率及其影响因素分析——基于安徽省蒙城县的实地调查[J].资源科学, 2012, 34(1):105-113 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1810.2012.01.016 XU L, HUANG Y. Measurement of irrigation water efficiency and analysis of influential factors:An empirical study of Mengcheng County in Anhui Province[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(1):105-113 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1810.2012.01.016 |
| [11] | 于伟咏, 漆雁斌, 韦锋, 等.水旱轮作模式和灌溉方式对西南地区水稻灌溉用水效率的影响[J].资源科学, 2017, 39(6):1127-1136 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zykx201706012 YU W Y, QI Y B, WEI F, et al. The impact of FDD rotation mode and irrigation methods on rice irrigation water efficiency in southwestern China[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(6):1127-1136 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zykx201706012 |
| [12] | 宋春晓, 马恒运, 黄季焜, 等.气候变化和农户适应性对小麦灌溉效率影响——基于中东部5省小麦主产区的实证研究[J].农业技术经济, 2014, (2):4-16 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyjsjj201402001 SONG C X, MA H Y, HUANG J K, et al. Impact of climate change and farmers' adaptability on wheat irrigation efficiency[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2014, (2):4-16 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyjsjj201402001 |
| [13] | 李双杰, 范超.随机前沿分析与数据包络分析方法的评析与比较[J].统计与决策, 2009, (7):25-28 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/tjyjc200907009 LI S J, FAN C. Analysis and comparison of stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis methods[J]. Statistics and Decision, 2009, (7):25-28 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/tjyjc200907009 |
| [14] | REINHARD S, LOVELL C A K, THIJSSEN G. Econometric estimation of technical and environmental efficiency:An application to Dutch dairy farms[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1999, 81(1):44-60 doi: 10.2307/1244449 |
| [15] | 王志平.生产效率的区域特征与生产率增长的分解——基于主成分分析与随机前沿超越对数生产函数的方法[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2010, 27(1):33-43 doi: 10.1016-j.carres.2011.05.029/ WANG Z P. Regional disparity in production efficiency and decomposition of productivity growth[J]. The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2010, 27(1):33-43 doi: 10.1016-j.carres.2011.05.029/ |
| [16] | 夏莲, 石晓平, 冯淑怡, 等.农业产业化背景下农户水资源利用效率影响因素分析——基于甘肃省民乐县的实证分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2013, 23(12):111-118 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2013.12.017 XIA L, SHI X P, FENG S Y, et al. Impact factor of farmers' water use efficiency under the background of the agriculture enterprise-Minle County in Gansu Province[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(12):111-118 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2013.12.017 |
| [17] | 赵姜, 孟鹤, 龚晶.京津冀地区农业全要素用水效率及影响因素分析[J].中国农业大学学报, 2017, 22(3):76-84 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnydxxb201703010 ZHAO J, MENG H, GONG J. Measurement of total factor agricultural water efficiency and analysis of influential factors in Jing-Jin-Ji area[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2017, 22(3):76-84 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zgnydxxb201703010 |
| [18] | 陈菲菲, 张崇尚, 罗玉峰, 等.农户种植经验对技术效率的影响分析——来自我国4省玉米种植户的微观证据[J].农业技术经济, 2016, (5):12-21 http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=nyjs201605002&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ CHEN F F, ZHANG C S, LUO Y F, et al. Analysis of farming household's experience on technical efficiency:Micro-evidence from 4 Chinese provinces corn growers[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2016, (5):12-21 http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=nyjs201605002&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ |
| [19] | BERBEL J, GóMEZ-LIMóN J A. The impact of water-pricing policy in Spain:An analysis of three irrigated areas[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2000, 43(2):219-238 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.457.9457 |
| [20] | HUFFAKER R, WHITTLESEY N, MICHELSEN A, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of conservation water-pricing programs:Reply[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 1998, 23(2):571-572 https://core.ac.uk/display/6546464 |
| [21] | 陈大波, 张新焕, 杨德刚, 等.三工河流域农户灌溉效率及影响因素[J].地理科学进展, 2012, 31(4):468-475 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201201278751 CHEN D B, ZHANG X H, YANG D G, et al. A study of farmers' irrigation efficiency and influencing factors in Sangong River Basin[J]. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(4):468-475 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201201278751 |
