孙丹平,
张颖睿,
黄国勤,
江西农业大学生态科学研究中心 南昌 330045
基金项目: 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目GJJ160395
国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0300208
国家科技支撑计划课题2012BAD14B14
详细信息
作者简介:杨滨娟, 研究方向为耕作制度与农业生态。E-mail:yangbinjuan27@sina.com
通讯作者:黄国勤, 研究方向为作物学、生态学、农业发展与区域农业、资源环境与可持续发展等。E-mail:hgqjxes@sina.com
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收稿日期:2018-01-03
录用日期:2018-03-04
刊出日期:2018-08-01
Comparison of resources use efficiencies among paddy-upland multi-crop rotation systems in the middle reaches of Yangtze River
YANG Binjuan,SUN Danping,
ZHANG Yingrui,
HUANG Guoqin,
Center for Ecological Science Research, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Funds: the Project for Science and Technology Research of Department of Education of Jiangxi ProvinceGJJ160395
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300208
the National Key Technology R & D Program of China2012BAD14B14
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Corresponding author:HUANG Guoqin, E-mail:hgqjxes@sina.com
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摘要
摘要:为了实现农田资源高效利用，维护农业生态良性循环，优化长江中游地区传统种植模式，本研究于2013年10月-2015年11月，以冬闲连作为对照，分析比较了不同水旱复种轮作模式（冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻、马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻、蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻、绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻、油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻）的光、温、水、土资源利用效率。结果表明：水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的光能利用率均比冬闲连作处理高，周年光能利用率两年间分别高8.26%~82.50%和2.63%~121.42%，其中均以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最高。水旱复种轮作模式的年有效积温利用率均高于冬闲连作模式，两年间分别高12.87%~21.26%和11.17%~25.88%，以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式最佳。两年间水旱复种轮作模式的冬季、晚季和周年的水分利用率均比冬闲连作处理高，其中周年水分利用率分别高45.36%~83.50%和40.00%~118.75%，以"马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻"轮作模式的晚季和周年水分利用率最高，"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"模式的冬季水分利用率最高。两年间土地利用率均以"绿肥-早稻-晚稻"复种模式最高，平均利用率达96.11%，"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"轮作模式的土地利用率表现最好。因此，各水旱复种轮作模式的周年光能利用率、年有效积温利用率、水分利用率和土地利用率均高于冬闲对照，其中以"蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻"和"绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"轮作模式表现较好，适宜在长江中游地区推广应用。
关键词:长江中游地区/
水旱复种轮作/
种植模式/
光能利用率/
积温利用率/
水分利用率/
土地利用率
Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to search for the possibility of efficient use of farmland resources, maintain virtuous circle of agricultural ecology and optimize traditional planting patterns in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. The use efficiencies of solar radiation, heat, water and land in 5 paddy-upland multi-crop rotation systems (winter fallow-early rice-late rice → winter fallow-early rice-late rice, potato-maize soybean ‖ -late rice → vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice, vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice, milk vetch-early rice-late rice → rapeseed-peanut-late rice, rapeseed-peanut-late rice → potato-maize‖ soybean-late rice) with continuous cropping with winter fallow as the control were analyzed. Results showed that solar radiation use efficiency in winter, late season and for the year under paddy-upland multi-cropping rotation patterns was higher than continuous cropping with winter fallow. Annual solar radiation use efficiency was respectively 8.26%-82.50% and 2.63%-121.42% higher than continuous winter fallow during the two years. Vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice pattern had the highest solar radiation use efficiency in winter, spring and in the whole year. Annual effective accumulated temperature utilization rate of paddy-upland multi-cropping rotation patterns was higher than that of continuous cropping with winter fallow, which were respectively 12.87%-21.26% and 11.17%-25.88% higher than continuous cropping with winter fallow during the two years. Vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice pattern was the best among all patterns. Water use efficiency in winter, late season and for the year under paddy-upland multi-cropping rotation patterns was higher than that of continuous cropping with winter fallow, with annual water use efficiencies respectively 45.36%-83.50% and 40.00%-118.75% higher during the two years. Potato-maize soybean ‖ -late rice → vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice pattern was best in late season and annual year. Vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice was the highest in winter. Land use efficiency of green manure-early rice-late rice rotation pattern was the highest, with an average utilization rate of 96.11%. Land use efficiency of vegetable-peanut maize ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice multi-cropping pattern was the highest. Comprehensive analysis showed that annual solar radiation use efficiency, annual effective accumulated temperature utilization rate, water use efficiency and land use efficiency under paddy-upland multi-cropping rotation patterns were higher than that under continuous cropping with winter fallow. Vegetable-peanut corn ‖ -late rice → green manure-early rice-late rice, and milk vetch-early rice-late rice → rapeseed-peanut-late rice performed better and thus suitable for promotion in the middle reaches of Yangtze River.
Key words:Middle reaches of Yangtze River/
Paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems/
Planting patterns/
Solar radiation use efficiency/
Accumulated temperature utilization rate/
Water use efficiency/
Land use efficiency
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表1试验设计
Table1.Treatments description
| 处理 Treatment | 第1年度(2013年冬—2014年秋) The first year (winter 2013—autumn 2014) | 第2年度(2014年冬—2015年秋) The second year (winter 2014—autumn 2015) | 备注 Note |
| A(CK) | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 连作冬闲系统 Continuous cropping with winter fallow system |
| B | 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 水旱复种轮作系统 Paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems |
| C | 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice | 水旱复种轮作系统 Paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems |
| D | 绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice | 油菜-花生-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 水旱复种轮作系统 Paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems |
| E | 油菜-花生-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 水旱复种轮作系统 Paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems |
| “-”表示接茬, “‖”表示间作。“-” represents continuous planting; “‖” represents intercropping. | |||
下载: 导出CSV表2稻田水旱复种轮作系统中各作物单位干物质热量
Table2.Heat of per unit dry matter of crops of the tested paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems
| 农作物 Crop | 热值 Heat value(103 cal·kg-1) | 单位干物质热量 Heat of per unit dry matter (kJ·kg-1) |
| 稻谷Rice | 3 700.0 | 15 466.0 |
| 稻草Straw | 3 360.0 | 14 044.8 |
| 蔬菜(干) Vegetable (dry) | 3 918.0 | 16 377.2 |
| 花生Peanut | 5 600.0 | 23 408.0 |
| 玉米籽实Grains of maize | 3 950.0 | 16 511.0 |
| 玉米秸秆Straw of maize | 3 470.0 | 14 504.6 |
| 紫云英Milk vetch | 4 785.0 | 20 000.0 |
| 油菜籽Rapeseed | 6 300.0 | 26 334.0 |
| 油菜秆Rape straw | 3 380.0 | 14 128.4 |
| 马铃薯(鲜) Potato (fresh) | 890.0 | 3 720.2 |
| 大豆Soybean | 3 620.0 | 15 131.6 |
下载: 导出CSV表3稻田不同水旱复种轮作对光能利用率的影响
Table3.Solar radiation use efficiencies of different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems %
| 试验 Experiment | 种植模式 Cropping pattern | 冬季 Winter season | 春季 Spring season | 晚季 Later season | 周年 Annual |
| 2014年 In 2014 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.000 | 0.350 | 0.473 | 0.823 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 0.131 | 0.218 | 0.542 | 0.891 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 0.692 | 0.332 | 0.478 | 1.502 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 0.361 | 0.399 | 0.539 | 1.299 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 0.835 | 0.180 | 0.484 | 1.498 | |
| 2015年 In 2015 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.000 | 0.324 | 0.437 | 0.761 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 0.760 | 0.440 | 0.484 | 1.685 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 0.449 | 0.343 | 0.529 | 1.321 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 0.771 | 0.202 | 0.453 | 1.427 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 0.114 | 0.213 | 0.453 | 0.781 | |
| 复种均值 Mean of multiple cropping | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.000 | 0.337 | 0.455 | 0.792 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 0.726 | 0.386 | 0.481 | 1.593 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 0.405 | 0.371 | 0.534 | 1.310 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 0.803 | 0.191 | 0.468 | 1.463 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 0.123 | 0.216 | 0.498 | 0.836 | |
| 轮作均值 Mean of rotation | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice→winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.000 | 0.337 | 0.455 | 0.792 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice→vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 0.446 | 0.329 | 0.513 | 1.288 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice→green manure-early rice-late rice | 0.571 | 0.338 | 0.503 | 1.412 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice→rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 0.566 | 0.301 | 0.496 | 1.363 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice→potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 0.474 | 0.197 | 0.468 | 1.139 |
下载: 导出CSV表4稻田水旱复种轮作对年有效积温利用率的影响
Table4.Utilization rates of annual effective accumulated temperature of different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems
| 试验 Experiment | 种植模式 Cropping pattern | 有效积温Effective accumulated temperature (℃) | 年有效积温利用率 Utilization rate of annual effective accumulated temperature (%) | |||
| 冬季 Winterseason | 春季 Springseason | 晚季 Laterseason | 周年 Annual | |||
| 2014年 In 2014 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 1 396.00 | 1 569.00 | 4 022.00 | 73.72 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 294.00 | 1 483.50 | 1 569.00 | 4 022.00 | 83.20 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 337.00 | 1 483.50 | 1 569.00 | 4 022.00 | 84.27 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 630.50 | 1 396.00 | 1 569.00 | 4 022.00 | 89.40 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 337.00 | 1 483.50 | 1 569.00 | 4 022.00 | 84.27 | |
| 2015年 In 2015 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 1 309.00 | 1 597.00 | 3 913.50 | 74.26 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 324.50 | 1 309.00 | 1 597.00 | 3 913.50 | 82.55 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 752.00 | 1 309.00 | 1 597.00 | 3 913.50 | 93.47 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 324.50 | 1 309.00 | 1 597.00 | 3 913.50 | 82.55 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 324.50 | 1 309.00 | 1 597.00 | 3 913.50 | 82.55 | |
| 复种均值 Mean of multiple cropping | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 1 352.50 | 1 583.00 | 3 967.75 | 73.98 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 330.75 | 1 396.25 | 1 583.00 | 3 967.75 | 83.42 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 691.25 | 1 352.50 | 1 583.00 | 3 967.75 | 91.41 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 330.75 | 1 396.25 | 1 583.00 | 3 967.75 | 83.42 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 309.25 | 1 396.25 | 1 583.00 | 3 967.75 | 82.88 | |
| 轮作均值 Mean of rotation | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter Fallow-early rice-late rice→winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 2 705.00 | 3 166.00 | 7 935.50 | 73.98 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice→vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 618.50 | 2 792.50 | 3 166.00 | 7 935.50 | 82.88 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice→green manure-early rice-late rice | 1 089.00 | 2 792.50 | 3 166.00 | 7 935.50 | 88.81 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice→rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 955.00 | 2 705.00 | 3 166.00 | 7 935.50 | 86.02 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice→potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 661.50 | 2 792.50 | 3 166.00 | 7 935.50 | 83.42 | |
下载: 导出CSV表5稻田水旱复种轮作对水分利用率的影响
Table5.Water use efficiencies of different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems
| kg·m-3 | |||||
| 试验 Experiment | 种植模式 Cropping pattern | 冬季 Winter season | 春季 Spring season | 晚季 Later season | 周年 Annual |
| 2014年 In 2014 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 0.89 | 2.20 | 0.97 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 2.00 | 0.59 | 2.52 | 1.44 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 3.24 | 0.78 | 2.22 | 1.78 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 1.21 | 1.01 | 2.51 | 1.43 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 2.43 | 0.37 | 2.25 | 1.41 | |
| 2015年 In 2015 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 0.74 | 1.85 | 0.80 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 1.57 | 0.91 | 2.05 | 1.75 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 1.43 | 0.78 | 2.24 | 1.26 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 2.04 | 0.37 | 1.92 | 1.19 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 1.50 | 0.52 | 1.92 | 1.12 | |
| 复种均值 Mean of multiple cropping | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 0.81 | 2.03 | 0.88 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 2.40 | 0.84 | 2.14 | 1.77 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 1.32 | 0.90 | 2.37 | 1.34 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 2.24 | 0.37 | 2.08 | 1.30 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 1.75 | 0.56 | 2.22 | 1.28 | |
| 轮作合计 Total of rotation | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice→winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0.00 | 0.81 | 2.03 | 0.88 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice→vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 1.78 | 0.75 | 2.29 | 1.60 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice→green manure-early rice-late rice | 2.34 | 0.78 | 2.23 | 1.52 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice→rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 1.63 | 0.69 | 2.21 | 1.31 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice→potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 1.96 | 0.44 | 2.08 | 1.26 | |
下载: 导出CSV表6稻田水旱复种轮作对土地利用率的影响
Table6.Land use efficiencies of different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems
| 试验 Experiment | 种植模式 Cropping pattern | 土地利用期 Land use period (d) | 土地利用率 Land use efficiency (%) | |||
| 冬季 Winter season | 春季 Spring season | 晚季 Later season | 周年 Annual | |||
| 2014年 In 2014 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0 | 89 | 99 | 188 | 52.222 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 129 | 97 | 99 | 325 | 90.278 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 137 | 97 | 99 | 333 | 92.500 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 156 | 89 | 99 | 344 | 95.556 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 137 | 97 | 99 | 333 | 92.500 | |
| 2015年 In 2015 | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0 | 78 | 108 | 186 | 51.667 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 151 | 75 | 108 | 334 | 92.778 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 162 | 78 | 108 | 348 | 96.667 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 151 | 75 | 108 | 334 | 92.778 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 151 | 75 | 108 | 334 | 92.778 | |
| 复种合计 Total of multiple cropping | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻Winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0 | 167 | 207 | 374 | 51.233 |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 288 | 172 | 207 | 667 | 91.370 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻Green manure-early rice-late rice | 318 | 167 | 207 | 692 | 94.795 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻Rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 288 | 172 | 207 | 667 | 91.370 | |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 280 | 172 | 207 | 659 | 90.274 | |
| 轮作合计 Total of rotation | 冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻 Winter fallow-early rice-late rice→winter fallow-early rice-late rice | 0 | 167 | 207 | 374 | 51.233 |
| 马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻 Potato-maize‖soybean-late rice→vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice | 280 | 172 | 207 | 659 | 90.274 | |
| 蔬菜-花生‖玉米-晚稻→绿肥-早稻-晚稻 Vegetable-peanut‖corn-late rice→green manure-early rice-late rice | 299 | 175 | 207 | 681 | 93.288 | |
| 绿肥-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻 Green manure-early rice-late rice→rapeseed-peanut-late rice | 307 | 164 | 207 | 678 | 92.877 | |
| 油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米‖大豆-晚稻 Rapeseed-peanut-late rice→potato-maize‖soybean-late rice | 288 | 172 | 207 | 667 | 91.370 | |
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