李剑萍,,
韩颖娟,
李万春
中国气象局旱区特色农业气象灾害监测预警与风险管理重点实验室/宁夏气象防灾减灾重点实验室 银川 750002
基金项目: 宁夏回族自治区科技支撑计划项目2013ZYN245
中国气象局关键技术集成项目CMATG2007M44
宁夏自然科学基金项目ZN16202
详细信息
作者简介:马力文, 主要从事特色作物农业气象、农作物气候品质认证等方面的研究。E-mail:ma_liwen@163.com
通讯作者:李剑萍, 主要研究方向为农业气候资源与生态。E-mail:lijp_111@163.com
中图分类号:P49计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2017-06-24
录用日期:2017-10-26
刊出日期:2018-03-01
Meteorological conditions and rating method of quality formation of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape in eastern foothills of Helan Mountain
MA Liwen,LI Jianping,,
HAN Yingjuan,
LI Wanchun
Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring, Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions, China Meteorological Administration/Ningxia Key Lab of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Yinchuan 750002, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Support Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region2013ZYN245
the Key Technology Integration Project of China Meteorological AdministrationCMATG2007M44
the Natural Science Foundation of NingxiaZN16202
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Corresponding author:LI Jianping, E-mail:lijp_111@163.com
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摘要
摘要:葡萄品质很大程度上决定了葡萄酒品质，其与气象条件关系密切。在正常管理和农业技术水平下，衡量葡萄生长气象条件是否适宜品质形成的方法称为酿酒葡萄品质气象评价技术。研究酿酒葡萄品质形成的气象评级技术和气象指标，可为葡萄酒商业评级、年份酒鉴定和窖藏提供气候参考依据。利用贺兰山东麓2003-2011年多点采样化验的101份‘赤霞珠’总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁资料，选取其中的51份进行相关普查，确定了有生物学意义的显著气象因子，以各因子的决定系数分别建立了5项品质指标的权重模型，通过单项品质指标对综合品质的贡献构建了综合品质气象评价模型。参照前人对葡萄酒品质、酿酒葡萄品质的研究和葡萄酒和葡萄品质标准，根据酿造葡萄酒所需的总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁，确定‘赤霞珠’各项品质指标的阈值，利用模型反推出与葡萄酒品质相对应的气象因子阈值和‘赤霞珠’品质气象分类标准。回代检验显示5项品质指标均通过了0.001的R检验和F检验，与实测值接近且变化趋势一致。总糖、总酸、糖酸比和单宁的模拟效果较好，R ≥ 0.59且RMSE较小，但pH误差相对较大。用50份未参与建模的样本估算了‘赤霞珠’品质等级。总糖、总酸与实测接近；个别样本的糖酸比、单宁误差相对较大，但变化趋势与实测一致；样本pH均在适宜范围内且较稳定。从综合评分和等级来看，28个样本与实况等级相同，18个样本误差在1级内，仅4个样本相差2级，准确反映出原料的质量。‘赤霞珠’品质气象评价指标和模型为评价贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质提供了一套可行的方法。
关键词:贺兰山东麓/
赤霞珠/
酿酒葡萄/
气象品质/
气象因子/
品质等级/
模型评价
Abstract:The quality of grape wine is largely determined by the quality of grapes, which is closely related to meteorological conditions during grape growing season. Under normal management conditions and agricultural technology, the method of evaluation of meteorological conditions for fruit growth is called quality meteorological evaluation of wine grape. Meteorological condition rating techniques and meteorological indexes research on wine grape quality formation provide the base lines of climatic conditions for rating commercial wine, vintage identification and hoarding. In this paper, five indexes were tested for total sugar, total acid, sugar-acid ratio, pH and tannin content of 101 'Cabernet Sauvignon' fruit samples collected at various sites in eastern Helan Mountain during 2003-2011. Test data for 51 samples were selected to analyze for correlations with meteorological data for fruit growth. Based on the analysis of biological effects of meteorological factors on quality, meteorological factors affecting each quality index were determined for significant level. Based on the determination coefficient of each meteorological factor to a quality index, five weight models of quality indexes with significant meteorological factors were constructed. Thus the quality indexes of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape were reckoned with the meteorological conditions for fruit growth period. Using determination coefficients of meteorological factors as weight, an integrated meteorological simulation model with 5 quality indicators was constructed and a comprehensive quality meteorological evaluation model was established by using the weight of individual quality indicators. Using related research results coupled with the winemaker suggestion, a comprehensive meteorological scoring model for wine grape quality was constructed based on the contribution of each quality index and wine quality. In relation to previous studies and the criteria of quality of grape and wine, 5 quality indicators and quality grades were classified. The threshold meteorological factors corresponding to the wine quality and classification criteria for grape climatic conditions of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' were also determined. It implied that based on the requirements of total sugar, total acid, sugar-acid ratio, pH and tannin content needed for brewing high quality wine, the 5 quality indicators and comprehensive meteorological grades of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' were divided into five grades. This included excellent (grade 5), very good (grade 4), good (grade 3), medium (grade 2) and poor (grade 1). Then based on the threshold of each quality grade and the comprehensive meteorological simulation equation of the above 5 quality indicators, the threshold of the meteorological factors affecting each quality grade was deduced. This was in turn used as the meteorological factor classification index for evaluating the climate condition for quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape. The effects of simulation and grape classification of the 5 quality indicators and 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape in the foothills of Helan Mountain were tested using the 51 samples selected to establish the model. The results showed that all the models of the 5 quality indicators passed the 0.001 R-test and F-test, indicating that the estimated values were within the measured values and that the variation trends were consistent. Among these, the simulation effects of total sugar content, total acid content, sugar-acid ratio and tannin content were better (R ≥ 0.59 and small RMSE) than the effects of pH (where there was a relative large simulation dispersion). To predict the effects of the evaluation model and indexes by using the other 50 samples that were not included in the model development and meteorological data during fruit development, the effects of the grading were tested for 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape quality in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain. The results indicated that the contents of total sugar and total acid were close to the measured values. In addition to a relative large error for few samples of sugar-acid ratio and tannin content, the error for the other samples was relatively small and the overall trend was consistent with the measured values. pH was relatively stable and all the samples were within the appropriate range for brewing high-quality wine, and differences in yearly meteorological conditions were difficult to determine, indicating that the local climatic conditions were conducive for the pH needed for high quality wine brewing. From the comprehensive score and grade, 28 samples were the same as the actual level and only 4 samples differed at 2 levels. The rest of the samples were within level 1, which more accurately reflected the quality of raw materials. The meteorological evaluation indexes and models of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' provided a feasible tool for evaluating the quality of wine grape in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain.
Key words:Eastern foothill of Helan Mountain/
Cabernet Sauvignon/
Wine grape/
Meteorological quality/
Meteorological factor/
Quality grade/
Evaluation model
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图1‘赤霞珠’葡萄5项品质要素的气象因子回代模拟效果
Figure1.Simulation results of meteorological factors on 5 quality indicators of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2用其他未参与建模的‘赤霞珠’葡萄样本对5项品质要素的模拟检验
Figure2.Simulation test of 5 quality indicators of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape with other samples not involved in modeling
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3未参试的‘赤霞珠’葡萄样本的综合气象品质评分估算检验
Figure3.Integrative climatic quality scores for non-tested samples of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1‘赤霞珠’葡萄采样年份、地点及对应的气象站点位置
Table1.Sampling times and sites of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape and locations of automatic weather stations
| 编号 Number | 气象站号 Weather station code | 气象站地点 Weather station site | 采样地点?Sampling site | 采样年份 Sampling year | 年份印象 Yearly vintage impression | |||
| 名称 Name | 经度 Longitude | 纬度 Latitude | 海拔 Altitude (m) | |||||
| 1~3 | Y1204 | 永宁黄羊滩 Huangyangtan, Yongning | 永宁黄羊滩 Huangyangtan, Yongning | 106°01′02〃 | 38°17′44〃 | 1 132 | 2003 | 正常?Normal |
| 4 | Y2716 | 青铜峡邵刚镇 Shaogang, Qingtongxia | 青铜峡连湖农场 Lianhu Farm, Qingtongxia | 105°46′32〃 | 38°12′31〃 | 1 113 | 2003 | 正常?Normal |
| 5~10 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2003 | 正常?Normal |
| 11 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2003 | 良?Good |
| 12 | Y1204 | 永宁黄羊滩农场 Huangyangtan Farm, Yongning | 永宁玉泉营 Yuquanying, Yongning | 106°01′02〃 | 38°37′44〃 | 1 132 | 2003 | 正常?Normal |
| 13~18 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2003 | 正常?Normal |
| 19~22 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2003 | 良?Good |
| 23 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2003 | 优?Very good |
| 24 | Y2708 | 甘城子四泵站 Sibeng Station of Ganchengzi | 青铜峡甘城子 Ganchengzi, Qingtongxia | 105°52′44〃 | 38°06′07〃 | 1 180 | 2004 | 正常?Normal |
| 25~29 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2004 | 正常?Normal |
| 30~32 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2004 | 良?Good |
| 33~46 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2004 | 正常?Normal |
| 47~51 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2004 | 良?Good |
| 52~54 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2004 | 优?Very good |
| 55~59 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2005 | 正常?Normal |
| 60~70 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2007 | 正常?Normal |
| 71~77 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2007 | 正常?Normal |
| 78~81 | Y1010 | 西夏区南梁农场 Nanliang Farm, Xixia District | 银川芦花台 Luhuatai, Yinchuan | 106°11′25〃 | 38°39′45〃 | 1 100 | 2008 | 正常?Normal |
| 82~88 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2008 | 正常?Normal |
| 89~94 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2009 | 良?Good |
| 95~98 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2011 | 正常?Normal |
| 99 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2011 | 良?Good |
| 100~101 | Y2717 | 红十月葡萄基地 Red October Grape Base | 青铜峡御马基地 Royal Horse Base, Qingtongxia | 106°02′22〃 | 38°05′13〃 | 1 114 | 2011 | 优?Very good |
下载: 导出CSV表2‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质与不同生育期气象因子的相关分析(n=51)
Table2.Correlation analysis between quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape and meteorological factors at different grape growth stages (n=51)
| 生育期 Growth period | 气象因子 Meteorological element | 固形物含量 Soluble solid content | 总糖含量 Total sugar content | 总酸含量 Total acid content | 糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio | pH | 单宁含量 Tannin content |
| 开花—采收 Anthesis to harvest | 平均气温?Average temperature | -0.648**** | -0.649**** | 0.529**** | -0.630**** | -0.210 | -0.335* |
| 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | -0.582**** | -0.587**** | 0.481**** | -0.584**** | -0.287* | -0.284* | |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | -0.406*** | -0.430*** | 0.079 | -0.264 | -0.153 | -0.414** | |
| ≥10 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ | 0.675**** | 0.652**** | -0.354* | 0.538**** | 0.358** | 0.481**** | |
| 日照时数?Sunshine duration | 0.622**** | 0.600**** | -0.602**** | 0.623**** | 0.257 | 0.242 | |
| 转色—采收 Pigmentation to harvest | 平均气温?Average temperature | -0.648**** | -0.683**** | 0.358** | -0.566**** | -0.218 | -0.478**** |
| 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | -0.539**** | -0.581**** | 0.300* | -0.499**** | -0.237 | -0.388** | |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | -0.738**** | -0.732**** | 0.305* | -0.535**** | -0.269 | -0.612**** | |
| 日均降水量?Average daily rainfall | -0.483**** | -0.468**** | 0.386** | -0.422*** | -0.261 | -0.265 | |
| ≥10 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ | 0.693**** | 0.668**** | -0.421*** | 0.578**** | 0.361** | 0.452**** | |
| 日照时数?Sunshine duration | 0.744**** | 0.736**** | -0.449**** | 0.635**** | 0.405*** | 0.491**** | |
| 采收前10天 10 days before harvest | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | -0.420*** | -0.449**** | 0.489**** | -0.529**** | -0.293* | -0.098 |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | -0.652**** | -0.691**** | 0.408*** | -0.587**** | -0.281* | -0.447*** | |
| 气温日较差?Daily temperature difference | 0.361** | 0.379** | 0.066 | 0.130 | 0.010 | 0.493**** | |
| 日均降水量?Average daily rainfall | -0.385** | -0.395*** | -0.039 | -0.164 | -0.068 | -0.500**** | |
| 采收前20天 20 days before harvest | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | -0.492**** | -0.529**** | 0.378** | -0.511**** | -0.193 | -0.270 |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | -0.696**** | -0.716**** | 0.378** | -0.578**** | -0.257 | -0.517**** | |
| 气温日较差?Daily temperature difference. | 0.362** | 0.327* | 0.022 | 0.097 | 0.111 | 0.459**** | |
| 日均降水量?Average daily rainfall | -0.508**** | -0.564**** | 0.021 | -0.295* | -0.230 | -0.613**** | |
| 采收前30天 30 days before harvest | 平均最高气温 Average maximum temperature | -0.568**** | -0.605**** | 0.355* | -0.533**** | -0.232 | -0.380** |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature | -0.748**** | -0.749**** | 0.397*** | -0.606**** | -0.287* | -0.550**** | |
| 气温日较差?Daily temperature difference | 0.460**** | 0.361** | -0.098 | 0.174 | 0.138 | 0.443*** | |
| 日均降水量?Average daily rainfall | -0.650**** | -0.694**** | 0.324* | -0.512**** | -0.417*** | -0.540**** | |
| 降水量?Precipitation | -0.650**** | -0.694**** | 0.324* | -0.512**** | -0.417*** | -0.540**** | |
| ??****、***、**和*表示通过0.001、0.005、0.01和0.05的r显著性检验。****, ***, ** and * indicate passing r = 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 significance test. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3‘赤霞珠’葡萄总糖含量(y)与不同生育期气象因子(x)的关系及不同总糖等级的气象因子范围
Table3.Relationship between total sugar content of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape (y) and meteorological factors at different grape growth stages (x) and meteorological factors ranges of different grades of total sugar content
| 生育期 Growth period | 气象因子 Meteorological factor | 方程 Equation | R2 | F | 总糖含量等级?Grade of total sugar content | ||||
| 特优 Excellent | 优质 Very good | 良 Good | 中 Medium | 差 Poor | |||||
| 开花—采收 Anthesis to harvest | 平均气温 Average temperature (℃) | y=-20.927x+667.71 | 0.422 | 13.126 | ≤21.9 | 21.9~22.6 | 22.6~23.8 | 23.8~24.5 | ＞24.5 |
| ≥10 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature ≥ 10 ℃ (℃·d) | y=0.000 1x2-0.613 3x+ 828.39 | 0.512 | 18.847 | ≥2 403 | 2 403~2 189 | 2 189~1 832 | 1 832~1 617 | ＜1 617 | |
| 日照时数 Sunshine duration (h) | y=0.158 7x+57.371 | 0.596 | 26.510 | ≥961.7 | 961.7~867.2 | 867.2~709.7 | 709.7~615.2 | ＜615.2 | |
| 转色—采收 Pigmentation to harvest | 平均气温 Average temperature (℃) | y=-14.455x+508.53 | 0.467 | 15.777 | ≤20.7 | 20.7~21.7 | 21.7~23.4 | 23.4~24.5 | ＞24.5 |
| 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature (℃) | y=-3.095x2+81.942x-312.76 | 0.576 | 24.413 | ≤15.8 | 15.8~16.6 | 16.6~17.6 | 17.6~18.1 | ＞18.1 | |
| ≥10 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃(℃·d) | y=0.000 1x2-0.196 7x+ 256.64 | 0.520 | 19.484 | ≥1 006.7 | 1 006.7~789.6 | 789.6~427.8 | 427.8~210.7 | ＜210.7 | |
| 日照时数 Sunshine duration (h) | y=0.159 3x+146.73 | 0.542 | 21.293 | ≥397.2 | 397.2~303.0 | 303.0~146.1 | 146.1~51.9 | ＜51.9 | |
| 采收前30天 30 days before harvest | 平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature (℃) | y=-0.770 3x2+13.726x+ 174.1 | 0.600 | 26.955 | ≤14.6 | 14.6~16.1 | 16.1~18.1 | 18.1~19.1 | ＞19.1 |
| 日均降水量 Mean daily rainfall (mm) | y=-43.32lnx+363.37 | 0.503 | 18.225 | ≤34.7 | 34.7~49.1 | 49.1~87.5 | 87.5~123.7 | ＞123.7 | |
| ??n=51, F0.05=4.038, F0.01=7.20, R0.0052=0.151, R0.0012=0.201. | |||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4‘赤霞珠’葡萄总酸含量(y)与气象因子(x)的关系及不同总酸等级的气象因子范围
Table4.Relationship between total acid content of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape (y) and meteorological factors (x) and meteorological factors ranges of different grades of total acid content
| 气象因子 Meteorological factor | 方程 Equation | R2 | F | 总酸含量等级?Grade of total acid content | ||||
| 特优 Excellent | 优质 Very good | 良 Good | 中 Medium | 差 Poor | ||||
| 开花—采收平均气温 Average temperature from flower to picking (℃) | y=0.427 6x2-17.619x+190.86 | 0.301 | 7.773 | 20.3~ 20.9 | 21.0~ 22.2 | 22.3~ 23.1 | 23.2~ 23.7 | ≥23.8 |
| 开花—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from flower to picking (h) | y= -7.329ln(x)+60.598 | 0.218 | 5.021 | ≥1 081.0 | 930.4~ 1 080.9 | 758.2~ 930.3 | 617.9~ 758.1 | ≤617.8 |
| 转色—采收≥10 ℃积温 Accumulation temperature ≥10 ℃ from pigmentation to harvest (℃·d) | y=-0.003 567x+13.875 498 | 0.177 | 3.877 | ≥1 254.7 | 946.3~ 1 254.6 | 525.8~ 946.2 | 105.3~ 525.7 | ≤105.2 |
| 转色—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from pigmentation to harvest (h) | y=-2.871ln(x)+27.379 | 0.210 | 4.779 | ≥524.4 | 357.5~ 524.3 | 212.0~ 357.4 | 125.7~ 211.9 | ≤125.6 |
| 转色—采收日均降水量 Precipitation from pigmentation to harvest (mm) | y=1.623 1x+8.189 8 | 0.150 | 3.149 | ≤0.75 | 0.76~ 1.42 | 1.43~ 2.35 | 2.36~ 3.27 | ≥3.28 |
| 采收前10天平均最高气温 Maximum temperature 10 days before picking (℃) | y=0.029 8x2-1.105 8x+19.246 | 0.257 | 6.233 | ≤22.3 | 22.4~ 25.7 | 25.8~ 28.6 | 28.7~ 30.9 | ≥31.0 |
| ??n=51, F0.05=4.038, F0.01=7.20, R0.052=0.076, R0.012=0.125 7, R0.0052=0.151, R0.0012=0.201. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5‘赤霞珠’葡萄糖酸比(y)与气象因子(x)的关系及不同糖酸比等级的气象因子范围
Table5.Relationship between sugar-acid ratio of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape (y) and meteorological factors (x) and meteorological factors ranges of different grades of sugar-acid ratio
| 气象因子 Meteorological factor | 方程?Equation | R2 | F | 糖酸比等级?Grade of sugar-acid ratio | ||||
| 特优 Excellent | 优质 Very good | 良 Good | 中 Medium | 差 Poor | ||||
| 开花—采收平均气温 Average temperature from flower to picking (℃) | y=-4.303 8x+115.31 | 0.395 | 11.737 | 19.8~ 20.5 | 20.6~21.2 or 19.1~19.7 | 21.3~22.4 or 18.4~19.6 | 22.5~23.5 or 17.5~18.3 | ＞23.5 or＜17.5 |
| 开花—采收≥10 ℃积温 Accumulation temperature ≥10 ℃ from flower to picking (℃·d) | y=0.012 1x-8.116 29 | 0.282 | 7.053 | 2 902.2~ 3 150.1 | 2 654.2~ 2 902.1 | 2 241.0~ 2 654.1 | 1 827.8~ 2 240.9 | ＜1 827.8 |
| 开花—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from flower to picking (h) | y=0.028 1x-6.013 8 | 0.413 | 12.654 | ≥1 174.8 | 1 068.1~ 1 174.8 | 890.2~ 1 068.0 | 712.2~ 890.1 | ＜712.2 |
| 转色—采收平均气温 Average temperature from pigmentation to harvest (℃) | y=-2.512x+72.858 | 0.312 | 8.170 | 17.1~ 18.3 | 18.4~19.4 or 15.9~17.0 | 19.5~21.4 or 14.7~15.8 | 21.5~23.4 or 13.1~14.6 | ＞23.4 or＜13.1 |
| 转色—采收≥10 ℃积温 Accumulation temperature ≥10 ℃ from pigmentation to harvest (℃·d) | y=0.012 6x+8.389 8 | 0.326 | 8.722 | 1 477.0~ 1 715.1 | 1 239~1 476.9 or 1 715~ 1 953.2 | 842.1~1 238.8 or 1 953.3~ 2 191.3 | 445.3~842.0 or 2 191.4~ 2 508.7 | ＜445.3 or＞2 508.7 |
| 转色—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from pigmentation to harvest (h) | y=0.028 8x+9.567 4 | 0.393 | 11.659 | 605.3~ 709.5 | 501.1~605.2 or 709.6~813.6 | 327.5~501.0 or 813.7~917.8 | 153.9~327.4 or 917.9~ 1 056.7 | ＜153.9 or＞1 056.7 |
| 采收前30 d降水量 Precipitation 30 days before harvest (mm) | y=72.102x-0.357 | 0.275 | 6.834 | 11.7~ 15.7 | 15.8~21.8 | 21.9~41.9 | 42.0~98.6 | ＞98.6 |
| 采收前30 d平均最低气温 Minimum temperature 30 days before harvest (℃) | y=-1.388 1x+40.704 | 0.359 | 10.064 | 7.7~ 9.9 | 10.0~12.0 or 5.6~7.6 | 12.1~15.6 or 3.4~5.5 | 15.7~19.2 or 0.5~3.5 | ＞19.2 or＜0.5 |
| ??n=51, F0.05=4.038, F0.01=7.20, R0.052=0.076, R0.012=0.125 7, R0.0052=0.150 5, R0.0012=0.200 7. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表6‘赤霞珠’葡萄pH(y)与气象因子(x)的关系及不同pH等级的气象因子范围
Table6.Relationship between pH of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape (y) and meteorological factors (x) and meteorological factors ranges of different grades of pH
| 气象因子 Meteorological actor | 方程?Equation | R2 | F | pH等级?Grade of pH | ||||
| 特优 Excellent | 优质 Very good | 良 Good | 中 Medium | 差 Poor | ||||
| 开花—采收≥10 ℃积温 Accumulation temperature ≥10 ℃ from flower to picking (℃·d) | y=0.000 4x+2.431 6 | 0.212 | 4.837 | 1 921.0~ 2 421 | 2 421.1~2 671 or 1 671~ 1 920.9 | 2 671.1~2 921 or 1 421~ 1 670.9 | 2 921.1~3 171 or 1 171~ 1 420.9 | ＞3 171 or＜1 171 |
| 开花—采收日均日照时数 Daily sunshine hours from flowering to picking (h) | y=-0.038 8x+3.486 | 0.325 | 8.679 | ＜7.4 | 7.5~12.5 | ＞12.5 | ||
| 转色—采收≥10 ℃积温 Accumulation temperature ≥10 ℃ from pigmentation to harvest (℃·d) | y=0.000 4x+2.955 7 | 0.213 | 4.869 | 610.8~ 1 110.8 | 1 110.9~ 1 360.8 or 500~610.7 | 1 360.9~ 1 610.8 or＜500 | 1 610.9~ 1 860.8 | |
| 转色—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from initial pigmented to harvest (h) | y=-4×10-6x2+0.004 2x+2.411 | 0.325 | 8.667 | 245.0~ 356.6 | 356.7~525 or 203.5~ 244.9 | ＞525 or 166.7~ 203.5 | ＜166.7 | |
| 采收前30 d降水量 Precipitation 30 days before harvest (mm) | y=-0.004 9x+3.489 1 | 0.204 | 4.599 | ＜59.0 | 59.1~79.4 | 79.5~ 99.8 | 99.9~ 120.2 | ＞120.2 |
| ??n=51, F0.05=4.038, F0.01=7.20, R0.052=0.076, R0.012=0.125 7, R0.0052=0.150 5, R0.0012=0.200 7. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表7‘赤霞珠’葡萄单宁含量(y)与气象因子(x)的关系及不同单宁含量等级的气象因子范围
Table7.Relationship between tannin content of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape (y) and meteorological factors (x) and meteorological factors ranges of different grades of tannin content
| 气象因子 Meteorological factor | 方程?Equation | R2 | F | 单宁含量等级?Grade of tannin content | ||||
| 特优 Excellent | 优质 Very good | 良 Good | 中 Medium | 差 Poor | ||||
| 开花—采收平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature from flower to picking (℃) | y=-1.753 4x2+53.147x-369.81 | 0.311 | 8.129 | 15.0~16.4 | 16.5~17.3 | 17.4~7.9 | 18.0~18.3 | ＞18.3 |
| 转色—采收平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature from pigmentation to harvest (℃) | y=-0.644 3x2+17.119x-79.271 | 0.404 | 12.217 | 13.5~15.9 | 16.0~17.1 | 17.2~18.0 | 18.1~18.8 | ＞18.8 |
| 转色—采收日照时数 Sunshine duration from pigmentation to harvest (h) | y=0.025 89x+19.966 75 | 0.241 | 5.703 | 430.6~535.3 | 633.1 | 676.8 | 703.7 | ＞703.7 |
| 采收前30 d平均最低气温 Average minimum temperature 30 days before harvest (℃) | y=-0.126 1x2+2.12x+26.283 | 0.321 | 8.490 | 9.6~14.8 | 14.9~17.4 | 17.5~19.3 | 19.4~21.0 | ＞21.0 |
| 采收前20 d降水量 Precipitation in 20 days before harvest (mm) | y=-4.237 82ln(x)+42.416 44 | 0.395 | 11.752 | ＜18.3 | 18.4~59.5 | 59.6~73.6 | ＞73.6 | |
| 采收前10 d平均气温日较差 Daily temperature range 30 days before harvest (℃) | y=-0.539 9x2+14.481x-65.507 | 0.340 | 9.285 | 11.7~13.0 | 9.9~11.6 | 8.8~9.8 | 7.9~8.7 | ＜7.9 |
| ??n=51, F0.05=4.038, F0.01=7.20, R0.052=0.076, R0.012=0.125 7, R0.0052=0.150 5, R0.0012=0.200 7. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表8‘赤霞珠’葡萄各项品质要素与气象因子的最优关系模型
Table8.Optimal relation models between quality indicators of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape and meteorological factors
| 品质要素 Quality indicator | 综合权重模型 Comprehensive weight model | R2 | F |
| 总糖?Total sugar content (CS) | CS=0.068Sfh-0.332Tn302+5.921Tn30-15.678lnR30+185.982 | 0.696 | 41.211 |
| 总酸?Total acid content (CA) | CA=0.222 4Tfh2-9.163 5Tfh-1.038 7ln(Sch)+0.013 2Tm102-0.490 4Tm10+114.225 | 0.348 | 9.607 |
| 糖酸比?Sugar-acid ratio (RS/A) | RS/A=0.013 15Sfh+22.489 14R30-0.357-0.564 17Tn30+10.122 5 | 0.426 | 13.359 |
| pH | pH=-0.018 73Sdfh+0.000 139ATsch-0.001 48R30+3.315 6 | 0.301 | 7.751 |
| 单宁?Tannin content (CTan) | CTan=-0.319 9Tnch2+8.499 1Tnch-2.055 6R20-0.225 6Td102+6.051 3Td10-57.821 | 0.535 | 20.710 |
| ??n=51。Sfh、Sdfh:开花—采收日照时数(h)和日均日照时数(h·d-1); Tfh:开花—采收平均气温(℃); ATsch:转色—采收≥10 ℃积温(℃·d); Tnch:转色—采收平均最低气温(℃); Sch:转色—采收日照时数(h); Tn30:采收前30 d平均最低气温(℃); R30、R20:采收前30 d、20 d的降水量(mm); Tm10、Td10:采收前10 d平均最高气温和平均气温日较差(℃)。Sfh and Sdfh are sun duration and average daily sunshine hours from flower to harvest (h·d-1); Tfh is average temperature from flower to harvest (℃); ATsch is accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ from pigmentation to harvest (℃·d); Tnch is average minimum temperature from pigmentation to harvest (℃); Sch is sun duration from pigmentation to picking (h); Tn30 is mean min temperature 30 days before picking (℃); R30 and R20 are precipitation 30 days and 20 days before picking (mm); Tm10 and Td10 are mean max temperature and daily temperature difference 10 days before picking (℃). | |||
下载: 导出CSV表9‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合气象等级判别指标
Table9.Comprehensive indexes of meteorological quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grape
| 综合气象品质等级 Synthetic meteorological quality grade | 5(特优) Excellent | 4(优) Very good | 3(良) Good | 2(中) Medium | 1(差) Poor |
| 评价指标标准 Standard of meteorological quality index | ＞4.2 | 3.2~4.2 | 2.2~3.1 | 1.2~2.1 | ＜1.2 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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