Advances in research of Achnatherum inebrians-Epichloë endophyte symbionts
LI Chun-Jie,, YAO Xiang, NAN Zhi-Biao,*State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730020, China
SupportedbytheNationalBasicResearchProgramofChina(2014CB138702) the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China(IRT_17R50)(30070546) the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2017-kb10) the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2018-kb10) the 111 Project(B12002) the Natural Science Foundation of China(31372366)
Abstract Research on drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)-endophytic fungi (Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians) represented an important area of endophyte research in China. Compared with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)-endophyte (E. coenophiala) in the United States and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-endophyte (E. festucae var. lolii) in New Zealand, A. inebrians-endophyte research in China is becoming a leading branch of endophyte research. The studies of A. inebrians-endophyte symbionts over the past three decades were reviewed, mainly including endophyte distribution, detection methods, infection rate, fungal diversity, stress tolerances of drought, cold, salt, heavy metal, pest, disease and their mechanisms, secondary metabolite of alkaloids, feeding experiments and its ecological functions etc. Research reveals that drunken horse grass itself has no toxicity, the grazed animals will be intoxicated if the grass bears infection by Epichloë endophytes and produces ergot alkaloids. Future research will focus on E. gansuensis and E. inebrians genomics and endophyte functions. In other research we will create new grass cultivars that are 1) sanitized of the endophyte and non-toxic, 2) utilizing novel endophytes that deter birds feeding and 3) utilizing endophytes that are modified to produce novel fungicides, pesticides or medicines. Keywords:grasses;fungal endophytes;future perspectives;toxic grass control and utilization;bio-control
PDF (926KB)摘要页面多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 引用本文 李春杰, 姚祥, 南志标. 醉马草内生真菌共生体研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(8): 793-805 doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0001 LI Chun-Jie, YAO Xiang, NAN Zhi-Biao. Advances in research of Achnatherum inebrians-Epichloë endophyte symbionts. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(8): 793-805 doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0001
Table 1 表1 表1醉马草主要分布区的环境条件及内生真菌带菌率 Table 1The distribution and its natural conditions of Achnatherum inebrians and its Epichloë endophyte infection rate
指标 Index
新疆 Xinjiang
青海 Qinghai
甘肃 Gansu
内蒙古 Nei Mongol
宁夏 Ningxia
西藏 Xizang
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)
124-277
282-450
129-558
213-300
286-323
262-977
海拔 Elevation (m)
1 200-2 200
2 600-3 910
1 647-3 056
1 750-2 090
1 883-1 937
3 028-4 305
纬度 Latitude (N)
41.78°-47.97°
34.15°-37.28°
34.77°-38.83°
38.90°-39.02°
36.48°-36.55°
29.48°-30.17°
经度 Longitude (E)
74.82°-94.82°
99.77°-101.77°
99.62°-105.20°
105.83°-105.90°
105.67°-105.72°
96.07°-97.28°
带菌率 Infection rate (%)
97.7 (83-100)
98.3 (75-100)
98.9 (80-100)
95.8 (80-100)
100
97.0 (0-100)
Numbers in brackets are range of infection rate. 括号内数字为带菌率范围。
内生真菌可提高重金属镉胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐重金属毒害的能力。镉胁迫条件下, 内生真菌侵染显著提高了醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长、鲜质量、干质量及脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010a)。成株E+醉马草株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、分蘖数、根长、根数均高于E-醉马草, 其生理机理是内生真菌的侵染提高了醉马草的植株含水量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010b)。但胁迫条件下该共生体对镉元素的分配转运机制需进一步研究。
5.1.5 耐瘠薄
内生真菌可提高低氮胁迫条件下醉马草的生长能力。可使E+醉马草生物量显著高于E-醉马草, 其生理机制是内生真菌的侵染增强宿主在低NO3-和NH4+及总氮含量下的氮使用和氮吸收效率(Wang et al., 2018b); 生化机制是低氮胁迫条件下内生真菌通过调节萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活性降低了H2O2的含量, 从而提高了醉马草硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽合酶的活性(Wang et al., 2018b), 以及增加了醉马草光合效率的能力(Wang et al., 2018a)来维持宿主生长。
5.2 生物抗性
5.2.1 抗虫性
内生真菌的侵染显著增强了醉马草的抗虫性。E+醉马草植株上禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)和朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的虫口密度显著低于E-植株(李春杰, 2005)。离体叶片饲喂实验表明, 与E+叶片比较, 朱砂叶螨对E-叶片表现出了明显的取食喜好; 禾谷缢管蚜取食E+叶片的死亡率显著高于取食E-叶片的死亡率(张兴旭, 2008, 2012; Zhang et al., 2012)。室内饲喂和田间取食实验发现, 内生真菌的侵染显著降低了亚洲小车蝗(Oedaleus decorus)和针毛收获蚁(Messor aciculatus)对醉马草叶片和种子的取食量(Zhang et al., 2012)。有关麦角新碱、麦角酰胺等生物碱致毒剂量等抗虫机理, 有待进一步研究。
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HuangX, LiCJ, NanZB, YangS, ChaiQ ( 2010). Effects of Achnatherum inebrians infected with Neotyphodium endophyte on accompanying species of stipa capillata and Poa sphondylodes Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 19(5), 87-93. DOI:10.11686/cyxb20100513URLMagsci [本文引用: 1] <FONT face=Verdana>本研究以我国西北部的天然草原广泛分布的烈性毒草醉马草和其主要伴生种针茅、硬质早熟禾为供试材料,研究内生真菌侵染的禾草与其他禾草的竞争作用。结果表明,带菌(E+)醉马草抑制了针茅、硬质早熟禾种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,发芽率分别下降了17.1%和13.6%,胚芽长分别降低了23.2% 和16.3%;带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅、硬质早熟禾的株高均有显著的抑制作用(<EM>P</EM><0.05),从发芽后第1周便显著抑制了2种供试禾草的生长;在<BR>与醉马草混种时,带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅和硬质早熟禾的分蘖数以及单株生物量均有显著的抑制作用(<EM>P</EM><0.05)。不带菌(E-)醉马草对2种供试禾草以上的各项指标均没有产生显著的影响(<EM>P</EM>>0.05),且针茅、硬质早熟禾对醉马草没有显著影响(<EM>P</EM>>0.05)。综上所述,带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅和硬质早熟禾有强烈持续的竞争抑制作用,而不带菌(E-)醉马草则对2种禾草没有显著的影响。</FONT> [ 黄玺, 李春杰, 南志标, 杨松, 柴青 ( 2010). 醉马草内生真菌对其伴生种硬质早熟禾和针茅生长的影响 , 19(5), 87-93.] DOI:10.11686/cyxb20100513URLMagsci [本文引用: 1] <FONT face=Verdana>本研究以我国西北部的天然草原广泛分布的烈性毒草醉马草和其主要伴生种针茅、硬质早熟禾为供试材料,研究内生真菌侵染的禾草与其他禾草的竞争作用。结果表明,带菌(E+)醉马草抑制了针茅、硬质早熟禾种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,发芽率分别下降了17.1%和13.6%,胚芽长分别降低了23.2% 和16.3%;带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅、硬质早熟禾的株高均有显著的抑制作用(<EM>P</EM><0.05),从发芽后第1周便显著抑制了2种供试禾草的生长;在<BR>与醉马草混种时,带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅和硬质早熟禾的分蘖数以及单株生物量均有显著的抑制作用(<EM>P</EM><0.05)。不带菌(E-)醉马草对2种供试禾草以上的各项指标均没有产生显著的影响(<EM>P</EM>>0.05),且针茅、硬质早熟禾对醉马草没有显著影响(<EM>P</EM>>0.05)。综上所述,带菌(E+)醉马草对针茅和硬质早熟禾有强烈持续的竞争抑制作用,而不带菌(E-)醉马草则对2种禾草没有显著的影响。</FONT>
HuangX, LiXZ, ChaiQ, LiCJ ( 2013). Effects of Achnatherum inebrians/Neotyphodium endophyte symbiont on microflora and nutrient of soil Pratacultural Science, 30, 352-356. URL [本文引用: 1] Drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians), is a kind of intoxicating grass growing on native grassland in Northwestern China. The aim of this research is to determine the effects of endophyte infected (E+) A.inebrians on the quantity of soil microbes and nutrient components of rhizosphere soil of accompanying species. The results indicated that the quantity of soil fungi was 1.33-1.55 times than accompanying species in Sangke, Ganjia and Yuzhong, where soil bacteria was 1.60-2.65 times. The measurement results of soil nutrients showed that organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of rhizosphere soil of A.inebrians were higher than those of accompanying species. However, the content of total phosphorus and total potassium had no significant effects on the rhizosphere soil of A.inebrians and accompanying species. [ 黄玺, 李秀璋, 柴青, 李春杰 ( 2013). 醉马草内生真菌共生体对土壤微生物和养分的影响 , 30, 352-356.] URL [本文引用: 1] Drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians), is a kind of intoxicating grass growing on native grassland in Northwestern China. The aim of this research is to determine the effects of endophyte infected (E+) A.inebrians on the quantity of soil microbes and nutrient components of rhizosphere soil of accompanying species. The results indicated that the quantity of soil fungi was 1.33-1.55 times than accompanying species in Sangke, Ganjia and Yuzhong, where soil bacteria was 1.60-2.65 times. The measurement results of soil nutrients showed that organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of rhizosphere soil of A.inebrians were higher than those of accompanying species. However, the content of total phosphorus and total potassium had no significant effects on the rhizosphere soil of A.inebrians and accompanying species.
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LiCJ, NanZB, ZhangCJ, ZhangCY, ZhangYH ( 2009). Effects of drunken horse grass infected with endophyte on Chinese rabbit Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 11(2), 84-90. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2009.02.016URL [本文引用: 3] 通过饲喂试验,研究了带内生真菌(E+)和不带内生真菌(E-) 的醉马草对家兔健康的影响.内生真菌的侵染,使醉马草粗脂肪含量显著提高,粗蛋白和粗纤维含量无显著改变.按10 mL/kg体重的剂量灌服E+醉马草水提液,家兔表现出明显的中毒症状;但累计灌服20 mL/kg体重的剂量,亦未引致死亡.平均按每kg体重累计饲喂E+醉马草131.6 g,可引起家兔中毒;累计饲喂350.9 g可使家兔致死,死亡率达66.7%.而灌服和饲喂E-醉马草的家兔则无异常.初步认为,醉马草对家兔的致毒机理是由内生真菌与宿主互作产生的生物碱所 致. [ 李春杰, 南志标, 张昌吉, 张崇岳, 张燕慧 ( 2009). 醉马草内生真菌对家兔的影响 , 11(2), 84-90.] DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-0864.2009.02.016URL [本文引用: 3] 通过饲喂试验,研究了带内生真菌(E+)和不带内生真菌(E-) 的醉马草对家兔健康的影响.内生真菌的侵染,使醉马草粗脂肪含量显著提高,粗蛋白和粗纤维含量无显著改变.按10 mL/kg体重的剂量灌服E+醉马草水提液,家兔表现出明显的中毒症状;但累计灌服20 mL/kg体重的剂量,亦未引致死亡.平均按每kg体重累计饲喂E+醉马草131.6 g,可引起家兔中毒;累计饲喂350.9 g可使家兔致死,死亡率达66.7%.而灌服和饲喂E-醉马草的家兔则无异常.初步认为,醉马草对家兔的致毒机理是由内生真菌与宿主互作产生的生物碱所 致.
LiF ( 2007). Effects of Endophyte Infection on Drought Resistance to Drunken Horse Grass (Achnatherum inebrians). Master degree dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou. [本文引用: 4]
LiNN, XiaC, ZhongR, JuYW, NanZB, ChristensenMJ, ZhangXX ( 2018). Interactive effects of water stress and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) on the alkaloid production of Achnatherum inebrians, infected by Epichloë, endophyte , 61, 1-3. [本文引用: 1]
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LiangY, WangH, LiC, NanZ, LiF ( 2017). Effects of feeding drunken horse grass infected with Epichloë gansuensis, endophyte on animal performance, clinical symptoms and physiological parameters in sheep , 13, 223. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1120-6. DOI:10.1186/s12917-017-1120-6URLPMID:5518123 [本文引用: 2] Many reports showed that grass-endophyte symbiosis induced livestock poisoned. Yet, there is no study evaluating clinical symptoms and physiological parameters in sheep fedEpichlo05 gansuensisendophyte-infected grass. The objective of the present study was to investigate these indexes by feeding sheep with endophyte-infectedA. inebrians(E+ Group) or endophyte-freeA. inebrians(E- Group) drunken horse grass or alfalfa hay (Control Group). TheEpichlo05endophyte caused obvious toxicity symptoms in the sheep fed E+A. inebrians, with 1 of the 5 sheep having died by the 35th day. The feed intake and body weight gain of the E+ Group were significantly less than the E- and control groups (P02<0.05). Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 45.502mmol/L) and aspartate aminotransferase for the E+ group (AST, 139.302mmol/L) were significantly (P02<0.05) greater than for the E- (ALT, 31.202mmol/L; AST, 78.602mmol/L) and control (ALT, 32.602mmol/L; AST, 56.602mmol/L) groups at the fifth week; serum concentration of creatinine for the E+ group (63.802mmol/L) was also significantly (P02<0.05) greater than for E- (56.602mmol/L) and control groups (58.502mmol/L). Meanwhile, urine biochemical indices for the E+ group indicated that ketone and occult blood were significantly (P02<0.05) elevated compared to the other groups while urine pH values were significantly (P02<0.05) acidic. The relative weight of heart, brain, liver, lung and kidney for Group E+ were almost two fold more than the other groups, but uterus weight was about half that found for Group E- or Control. We conclude that theEpichlo05endophyte infection is the cause ofA. inebrianstoxicity to sheep. Interestingly, none of the measured parameters differed significantly between E- and the control groups, which implied that drunken horse grass could be utilized efficiently by sheep when not infected by theEpichlo05endophyte.
MatthewAC, BrianAT, WayneRS, RichardDJ, WadeM, ArvinaR, YonathanL, Pierre-YvesD, LindaJJ, BarryS, AustenRDG, MurrayPC ( 2017). Epichloë hybrida, sp. nov., an emerging model system for investigating fungal allopolyploidy , 109, 715-729. DOI:10.1080/00275514.2017.1406174URL [本文引用: 1] The main goal is to identify genes associated to migratory timing behavior in bar-tailed godwits, which is a long-distance migratory bird with strong individual consistency in their migratory timin…" [more]
MilesCO, LaneGA, di MennaME, GarthwaiteI, PiperEL, BallOJP, LatchGCM, AllenJM, HuntMB, BushLP, MinFK, FletcherI, HarrisPS ( 1996). High levels of ergonovine and lysergic acid amide in toxic Achnatherum inebrians accompany infection by an Acremonium-like endophytic fungus , 44, 1285-1290. [本文引用: 3]
MoonCD, GuillauminJJ, RavelC, LiC, CravenKD, SchardlCL ( 2007). New Neotyphodium endophyte species from the grass tribes Stipeae and Meliceae , 99, 895-905. DOI:10.1080/15572536.2007.11832521URLPMID:18333513 [本文引用: 2] Several species of Achnatherum (grass tribe Stipeae) and Melica (tribe Meliceae) typically are infected by nonpathogenic, seed-transmissible fungi with characteristics of Neotyphodium species (anamorphic Clavicipitaceae). Molecular phylogenetic studies clearly have distinguished the endophytes from Achnatherum inebrians (from Xinjiang Province, China), A. robustum and A. eminens (both from North America) and indicate that the A. inebrians endophyte comprises a unique nonhybrid lineage within the Epichloe and Neotyphodium phylogeny, whereas the endophytes of A. robustum, and A. eminens are hybrids with multiple Epichloe species (holomorphic Clavicipitaceae) as ancestors. Likewise distinct hybrid origins are indicated for Neotyphodium species from the European Melica species, M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica, the South African species M. decumbens and M. racemosa, and the South American species M. stuckertii. Neotyphodium species have been described from A. inebrians from Gansu Province, China, (N. gansuense), A. eminens (N. chisosum), M. stuckertii (N. tembladerae) and the South African Melica species (N. melicicola). However the endophytes from A. robustum and the European Melica species have not been described and the phylogenetic relationships of N. gansuense have not been investigated. Here we report a comprehensive study of morphological features and phylogenetic analyses of -tubulin and actin gene sequences on an expanded collection of endophytes from the Stipeae and Meliceae. These data provide a firm foundation for the description of two new Neotyphodium species, N. guerinii from M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica, and N. funkii from A. robustum. We also propose the new variety, N. gansuense var. inebrians for endophytes of A. inebrians from Xinjiang Province, which are morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from, yet clearly related to, N. gansuense from Gansu Province.
NanZB ( 1996 a). Incidence and distribution of endophytic fungi in seeds of some native and introduced grasses in China Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 5(2), 1-8. URL [本文引用: 1] 对我国部分国产和引进的禾草品种进行了种带内生真菌的检验。自检验的22属,48种,84个 种样的国产禾草中,发现6种7个种样的种子中含有内生真菌,按带菌率的高低,它们依次是:产自甘肃山丹县的中华羊茅:100%;产自甘肃天祝县的紫羊 茅:80%;产自新疆阿勒泰的布顿大麦草:18%;产自青海省的羊草:12%;产自甘肃省甘南州的大雀麦:10%;产自甘肃省的无芒雀麦:6.0%和产自 甘肃甘南州的中华羊茅:4.5% [ 南志标 ( 1996 a). 内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种种子中的分布 , 5(2), 1-8.] URL [本文引用: 1] 对我国部分国产和引进的禾草品种进行了种带内生真菌的检验。自检验的22属,48种,84个 种样的国产禾草中,发现6种7个种样的种子中含有内生真菌,按带菌率的高低,它们依次是:产自甘肃山丹县的中华羊茅:100%;产自甘肃天祝县的紫羊 茅:80%;产自新疆阿勒泰的布顿大麦草:18%;产自青海省的羊草:12%;产自甘肃省甘南州的大雀麦:10%;产自甘肃省的无芒雀麦:6.0%和产自 甘肃甘南州的中华羊茅:4.5%
NanZB ( 1996 b). Incidence and distribution of endophytic fungi in seedlings and plants of some native and introduced grasses in China Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 5(3), 13-17. URL [本文引用: 1] 对已知种带内生真菌的部分国产和引进的禾草品种通过盆栽及幼苗检验,确定了内生真菌的生产力,同时调查了内生真菌在兰州市城区部分草坪绿地中的分布。结果表明,采自我国新疆阿勒泰地区的布顿大麦草种子中的内生真菌具高活力,幼苗侵染率为81.5%,而其余受检国产禾草种的种子均已丧失发芽力,未能进行幼苗检验。自美国引进的黑麦草品种的种样中的内生真菌均具生活力,已全部在幼苗中检出,侵染率为5.6% ̄50%。调查的兰 [ 南志标 ( 1996 b). 内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种的幼苗及成株中的分布 , 5(3), 13-17.] URL [本文引用: 1] 对已知种带内生真菌的部分国产和引进的禾草品种通过盆栽及幼苗检验,确定了内生真菌的生产力,同时调查了内生真菌在兰州市城区部分草坪绿地中的分布。结果表明,采自我国新疆阿勒泰地区的布顿大麦草种子中的内生真菌具高活力,幼苗侵染率为81.5%,而其余受检国产禾草种的种子均已丧失发芽力,未能进行幼苗检验。自美国引进的黑麦草品种的种样中的内生真菌均具生活力,已全部在幼苗中检出,侵染率为5.6% ̄50%。调查的兰
NanZB ( 1996 c). Effects of Acremonium endophyte on the growth of Hordeum bogdanii Pratacultural Science, 13, 16-18. URL [本文引用: 1] 植物生长室条件下,通过比较含(E+)与不含(E-)内生真菌的布顿大麦草的生物量,分蘖数等指标,研究确定了内生真菌对寄主生长的影响。结果表明,与E-植株相比,E+植株的总生物量增加36.4%,地上部分牧草干物质产量增加33.3%,根干重增加30%,每株植株的分蘖数增加136.8%。 [ 南志标 ( 1996 c). 内生真菌对布顿大麦草生长的影响 , 13, 16-18.] URL [本文引用: 1] 植物生长室条件下,通过比较含(E+)与不含(E-)内生真菌的布顿大麦草的生物量,分蘖数等指标,研究确定了内生真菌对寄主生长的影响。结果表明,与E-植株相比,E+植株的总生物量增加36.4%,地上部分牧草干物质产量增加33.3%,根干重增加30%,每株植株的分蘖数增加136.8%。
NanZB, LiCJ ( 2000). Neotyphodium in native grasses in China and observations on endophyte/host interaction In: Paul VH, Dapprich PD eds. . 41-50. [本文引用: 2]
NortonBW, LiXS, FletcherI ( 2009a). The grazing preferences of sheep on pastures containing drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) in Xinjiang Province, China In: Papachristou TG, Parisi ZM, Salem HB, Morand-Fehr P eds. . 105-110. URL [本文引用: 2] ABSTRACT Drunken horse grass (DHG) (Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng) is a rapidly spreading perennial grass weed of western China. DHG contains an endophytic fungus (Neotyphodium spp.) which produces neurotoxins which cause morbidity in animals grazing these plants. The present study investigates the effects of fungicide (propiconizole) application, seed heat treatment, N and P fertiliser and water application on the growth and potential toxicity of DHG for grazing sheep in Xinjiang province of PRC. Two experiments are reported in which Merino/Xinjiang fine-wool sheep are grazed on pasture plots (5 10 m) of DHG and native grasses to which the above treatments were applied. Field application of fungicide did not effectively control DHG endophyte, reducing infection from 92 to 60%, and ergonovine concentrations from 358 to 273 mg/kg DM. Sheep selected other grasses in preference to DHG which formed on average 27% of DM eaten. The levels of endophyte in DHG did not affect preference, nor did the application of N and P fertiliser. In the second experiment, heat treatment of DHG seed prior to planting significantly reduced both endophyte (93 vs 5%) and ergonovine (308 vs 10 mg/kg DM) in DHG being grazed. Sheep consumed more DHG (54% removed, 61% in the diet) than did sheep grazing infected DHG pastures (38% removed, 51% in the diet). It was concluded that heat-treatment of seed is a cheap, practical and effective way of producing toxin-free DHG pastures in this area, and since neither plant survival nor responsiveness to fertiliser and irrigation was affected by endophyte presence, toxin-free DHG pastures may be a valuable new grazing resource for this low rainfall area. The present study also showed that while sheep will eat some DHG, they have a greater preference for other grasses, which increases as the proportion of other grasses in the sward increases.
NortonBW, LiXS, FletcherI ( 2009b). The effects of endophyte content on the nutritive value of drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) fed to sheep in Xinjiang Province, China In: Papachristou TG, Parisi ZM, Salem HB, Morand-Fehr P eds. . 147-152. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00310.xURL [本文引用: 1] Drunken horse grass (DHG) (Achnatherum inebrians) is a weed of the grazing lands of China, and contains an endophytic fungi (Neotyphodium spp.) producing the neurotoxin ergonovine. The following experiments investigate the effects of endophyte and ergonovine content on the nutritive value and on the symptoms of toxicity of DHG hay fed to sheep in Xinjiang province, PRC. Endophyte infection in D...
PennellCGL, RolstonMP, van KotenC, HumeDE, CardSD ( 2017). Reducing bird numbers at New Zealand airports a unique endophyte product 70, 224-234. DOI:10.30843/nzpp.2017.70URL [本文引用: 1]
QianSY, ZhangZL ( 1986). Control of Achnatherum inebrians by dalapon in grassland Gansu Animal and Veterinary Sciences, ( 4), 49. URL [本文引用: 1] 正 永登县有草原面积483.4万亩,其中优良草原占7%;中等草原占76%;下等草原占13%;劣等草原占4%。有些低劣草原亩产草量仅40斤左右,杂草和毒草占草地面积的45—50%,尤以醉马草为最,占草地面积的15—20%。 [ 钱顺云, 张正礼 ( 1986). 茅草枯灭除草原醉马草试验 , ( 4), 49. ] URL [本文引用: 1] 正 永登县有草原面积483.4万亩,其中优良草原占7%;中等草原占76%;下等草原占13%;劣等草原占4%。有些低劣草原亩产草量仅40斤左右,杂草和毒草占草地面积的45—50%,尤以醉马草为最,占草地面积的15—20%。
RenJZ ( 1954). Several common poisonous weeds in the northwestern grasslands Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, ( 2), 56-60. URL [本文引用: 2] 正 近几年来我们在草原调查中发现几乎无处不有毒草的踪迹,在若干草原上尤为严重,深感在畜牧事业空前发展,牧民生活普遍提高的今天,对于我国草原上的毒草问题应该给以适当注意,遂将所得标本资料稍加整理;纳入所授草原学教材中,但因缺乏必要参考资料,仅凭有限资料及个人摸索,今谨摘要发表,提供有关专家及各地牧民同志参考,并盼提出宝贵意见。 [ 任继周 ( 1954). 西北草原上几种常见的毒草 , ( 2), 56-60.] URL [本文引用: 2] 正 近几年来我们在草原调查中发现几乎无处不有毒草的踪迹,在若干草原上尤为严重,深感在畜牧事业空前发展,牧民生活普遍提高的今天,对于我国草原上的毒草问题应该给以适当注意,遂将所得标本资料稍加整理;纳入所授草原学教材中,但因缺乏必要参考资料,仅凭有限资料及个人摸索,今谨摘要发表,提供有关专家及各地牧民同志参考,并盼提出宝贵意见。
RenJZ ( 2013). China’s historical shifting between grassland-agriculture and cropland-agriculture Agricultural History of China, 32(1), 3-8. [本文引用: 1]
ShymanovichT, CharltonND, MussoAM, ScheererJ, CechNB, FaethSH, YoungCA ( 2017). Interspecific and intraspecific hybrid Epichloë species symbiotic with the North American native grass Poa alsodes , 109, 459-474. DOI:10.1080/00275514.2017.1340779URLPMID:28723242 [本文引用: 1] Abstract The endophyte presence and diversity in natural populations of Poa alsodes were evaluated along a latitudinal transect from the southern distribution range in North Carolina to New York. Two distinct Epichlo hybrid taxa were identified from 23 populations. Each taxon could easily be distinguished by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping with primers designed to mating type genes and alkaloid biosynthesis genes that encode key pathway steps for ergot alkaloids, indole-diterpenes, lolines, and peramine. The most commonly found Epichlo taxon, Poa alsodes Taxonomic Group-1 (PalTG-1), was detected in 22 populations at high infection frequencies (72-100%), with the exception of one population at high elevation (26% infection). The second taxon, PalTG-2, was observed only in five populations in Pennsylvania constituting 12% of infected samples. Phylogenetic analyses placed PalTG-1 as an interspecific hybrid of E. amarillans and E. typhina subsp. poae ancestors, and it is considered a new hybrid species, which the authors name Epichlo毛 alsodes. PalTG-2 is an intraspecific hybrid of two E. typhina subsp. poae ancestors, similar to E. schardlii from the host Cinna arundinacea, which the authors propose as a new variety, Epichlo毛 schardlii var. pennsylvanica. Epichlo alsodes isolates were all mating type MTA MTB and tested positive for dmaW, easC, perA, and some LOL genes, but only the alkaloid N-acetylnorloline was detected in E. alsodes-infected plant material. Epichlo schardlii var. pennsylvanica isolates were all mating type MTB MTB and tested positive for perA, but peramine was not produced. Both E. alsodes and E. schardlii var. pennsylvanica appeared to have complete perA genes, but point mutations were identified in E. alsodes that would render the encoded perA gene nonfunctional.
Sulitanghan ( 2010). Research on threaten and control of Achnatherum inebrians Journal of Animal Industry in Xinjiang, ( 4), 56. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4889.2010.04.029URL [本文引用: 1] 草原作为可再生资源,具有重要的生态、生产和经济价值,它不但是新疆农牧民赖以生存发展的基本生产资料,而且是陆地生态系统的主题。草原在维持生态平衡、维系生物多样性、保护人居环境中发挥着巨大作用。近年来,由于自然和人为等因素的影响,造成草原生态环境日益恶化,生态失衡, [ 苏里唐汗 ( 2010). 关于草地醉马草的危害及防除办法的探讨 , ( 4), 56.] DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4889.2010.04.029URL [本文引用: 1] 草原作为可再生资源,具有重要的生态、生产和经济价值,它不但是新疆农牧民赖以生存发展的基本生产资料,而且是陆地生态系统的主题。草原在维持生态平衡、维系生物多样性、保护人居环境中发挥着巨大作用。近年来,由于自然和人为等因素的影响,造成草原生态环境日益恶化,生态失衡,
SunYD, ZhangXX, GuLJ, LiXZ, WangP, LiCJ ( 2015). Antifungal activity of the crude extraction of endophyte-infected and endophyte-free drunken horse grass Pratacultural Science, 32, 508-514. DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0189URL [本文引用: 1] Antifungal activities of the alkaloid extraction from endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) Achnatherum inebrians were tested against Claviceps purpurea, Drechslera erythrospila, Fusarium avenaceum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia lunata, F. semitectum, F. solani and Alternaria alternata to definite the bacteriostatic activity of drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)alkaloid extract. The results of HPLC analysis found that ergot alkaloids, ergonovine and ergine were existed in the E+ drunken horse grass. The concentrations were 26.178 and 369.074 mg kg-1, but these two alkaloids were not detected in the E- extraction. The alkaloid extraction from E+ and E- drunken horse grass inhibited the colony growth and spore germination of the 8 fungi differently, extraction from E+ had stronger inhibition to tested fungi than E-. The inhibition rate of E+ alkaloid extraction to the colony growth and spore germination of F. avenaceum was the highest with 63% and 57%, respectively. The concentration of alkaloid extraction and the spore germination inhibition rate of tested fungi was significantly positive correlation (P<0.05). Fungi of grass endophyte infection increased the antifungal activity of drunken horse grass extraction.The symbionts contained alkaloids ingredients, however .the specific chemical substances of the extractions and the mechanism of antifungal activity need further research. [ 孙一丹, 张兴旭, 古丽君, 李秀璋, 王萍, 李春杰 ( 2015). 醉马草-内生真菌共生体中生物碱的抑菌活性 , 32, 508-514.] DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0189URL [本文引用: 1] Antifungal activities of the alkaloid extraction from endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) Achnatherum inebrians were tested against Claviceps purpurea, Drechslera erythrospila, Fusarium avenaceum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia lunata, F. semitectum, F. solani and Alternaria alternata to definite the bacteriostatic activity of drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)alkaloid extract. The results of HPLC analysis found that ergot alkaloids, ergonovine and ergine were existed in the E+ drunken horse grass. The concentrations were 26.178 and 369.074 mg kg-1, but these two alkaloids were not detected in the E- extraction. The alkaloid extraction from E+ and E- drunken horse grass inhibited the colony growth and spore germination of the 8 fungi differently, extraction from E+ had stronger inhibition to tested fungi than E-. The inhibition rate of E+ alkaloid extraction to the colony growth and spore germination of F. avenaceum was the highest with 63% and 57%, respectively. The concentration of alkaloid extraction and the spore germination inhibition rate of tested fungi was significantly positive correlation (P<0.05). Fungi of grass endophyte infection increased the antifungal activity of drunken horse grass extraction.The symbionts contained alkaloids ingredients, however .the specific chemical substances of the extractions and the mechanism of antifungal activity need further research.
WanZW ( 2017). Effects of Temperature, Illumination and pH Factor on Growth and Contents of Ergot Alkaloids of Epichloë Endophyte Symbiotic Achnatherum inebrians. Master degree dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou. [本文引用: 2]
WanZW, WangP, ZhangXX, LiCJ ( 2016 b). Effects of manganese and SA on germination of Achnatherum inebrians seed containing or free of endophyte Acta Agrestia Sinica, 24, 107-113. DOI:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2016.01.015URL [本文引用: 1] 本研究通过纸上芽床发芽试验,明确不同浓度的Mn处理对带(E+)与不带内生真菌(E-)醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子萌发的抑制作用以及外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对Mn胁迫的缓解作用。结果表明,与添加Mn处理相比,E+醉马草种子发芽率和发芽指数均显著(P0.05)高于E-醉马草种子,随着Mn处理浓度的增大,E+醉马草种子的萌发率均显著降低(P0.05),而E-醉马草种子发芽率和发芽指数无显著差异;随着Mn处理浓度的增加,E+和E-醉马草根长均呈明显的下降趋势,而芽长无显著差异;在外源SA各处理浓度下,E+醉马草根长均显著(P0.05)高于E-醉马草根长,在10mg·L-1 Mn处理液中分别添加不同浓度的外源SA,结果显示外源SA对Mn处理具有缓解作用。综上所述,内生真菌本身影响醉马草种子的萌发,重金属胁迫对醉马草种子萌发具有一定的抑制作用,而外源SA可以适当地缓解这一胁迫。 [ 万志文, 王萍, 张兴旭, 李春杰 ( 2016 b). 锰、水杨酸与内生真菌互作对醉马草种子萌发的影响 , 24, 107-113.] DOI:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2016.01.015URL [本文引用: 1] 本研究通过纸上芽床发芽试验,明确不同浓度的Mn处理对带(E+)与不带内生真菌(E-)醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子萌发的抑制作用以及外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对Mn胁迫的缓解作用。结果表明,与添加Mn处理相比,E+醉马草种子发芽率和发芽指数均显著(P0.05)高于E-醉马草种子,随着Mn处理浓度的增大,E+醉马草种子的萌发率均显著降低(P0.05),而E-醉马草种子发芽率和发芽指数无显著差异;随着Mn处理浓度的增加,E+和E-醉马草根长均呈明显的下降趋势,而芽长无显著差异;在外源SA各处理浓度下,E+醉马草根长均显著(P0.05)高于E-醉马草根长,在10mg·L-1 Mn处理液中分别添加不同浓度的外源SA,结果显示外源SA对Mn处理具有缓解作用。综上所述,内生真菌本身影响醉马草种子的萌发,重金属胁迫对醉马草种子萌发具有一定的抑制作用,而外源SA可以适当地缓解这一胁迫。
WangCS, GaoZK, XuWY ( 2007). The investigation of drunken horse grass in Xianqian town, Gaize County Journal of Tibet Science and Technology, ( 3), 31-33. [本文引用: 1]
WangJF, NanZB, ChristensenMJ, LiCJ ( 2018 a). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a vital role in Achnatherum inebrians plants host to Epichloë gansuensis by improving growth under nitrogen deficiency , 430, 37-48. [本文引用: 2]
WangJF, NanZB, ChristensenMJ, ZhangXX, TianP, ZhangZX, NiuXL, GaoP, ChenTX, MaLX ( 2018 b). Effect of Epichloë gansuensis endophyte on the nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen use efficiency, and stoichiometry of Achnatherum inebrians under nitrogen limitation , 66, 4022-4031. [本文引用: 3]
WangK, DangXP ( 1991). Poisoning test of Achnatherum inebrians on sheep Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 21(7), 32-33. [本文引用: 1]
WangP, ZhangXX, ZhaoXJ, LiCJ ( 2014). Effects of ethphon and salicylic acid on growth and ergot alkaloids concentrations of Achnatherum inebrians seedlings Pratacultural Science, 31, 2113-2118. DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0121URL [本文引用: 1] Effects of ethephon and salicylic acid (SA) on growth and ergot alkaloids concentrations of drunken horse grass (>0.05) compared with the control (CK) . However, the contents of ergine and ergonovine were higher than that of control (CK) treatment, especially for ethephon treatment which had significant effects (<0.05). [ 王萍, 张兴旭, 赵晓静, 李春杰 ( 2014). 乙烯利及水杨酸对醉马草幼苗生长及生物碱含量的影响 , 31, 2113-2118.] DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0121URL [本文引用: 1] Effects of ethephon and salicylic acid (SA) on growth and ergot alkaloids concentrations of drunken horse grass (>0.05) compared with the control (CK) . However, the contents of ergine and ergonovine were higher than that of control (CK) treatment, especially for ethephon treatment which had significant effects (<0.05).
WeltyRE, MilbrathGM, FaulkenberryD, AzevedoMD, MeekL, HallK ( 1986). Endophyte detection in tall fescue seed by staining and ELISA 14, 105-116. DOI:10.1016/0034-6667(86)90023-0URL [本文引用: 1] Acremonium coenophialum, an endophyte of cool-season grasses, is a seedborne fungus in Festuca arundinacea. Cattle grazing infected plants suffer...
WhiteJF, Morgan-JonesG, MorrowAC ( 1993). Taxonomy, life cycle, reproduction and detection of Acremonium endophytes , 44, 13-37. DOI:10.1016/0167-8809(93)90037-PURL [本文引用: 1] Endophytes referable to the deuteromycete genus Acremonium section Albo-lanosa have been found to be widespread in the subfamily Pooideae of the Poaceae. Methods used to survey grasses for endophytes are described and a list of hosts infected with endophytes is presented and discussed. Endophytic mycelium is present intercellularly in leaf sheaths, stems, and seeds and of grasses. Populations of Acremonium endophytes are classifiable into one of three categories (types) based on the degree to which stromata form in the grass population. It is proposed that the ability of endophytes to form stromata is determined by the capacity of endophyte strains to grow rapidly on sugars available in plants during culm elongation when stromata form on grasses. The mechanism of seed transmission of endophytes is described and evaluated. The mating system of Epichlo and involvement of the symbiotic fly Phorbia phrenione in vectoring conidia is also discussed. Several commonly encountered Acremonium species are described and discussed.
XiaC, ChristensenMJ, ZhangXX, NanZB ( 2018). Effect of Epichloë gansuensis endophyte and transgenerational effects on the water use efficiency, nutrient and biomass accumulation of Achnatherum inebrians under soil water deficit , 424, 555-571. [本文引用: 2]
XiaC, LiN, ZhangXX, FengY, ChristensenMJ, NanZB ( 2016). An Epichloë, endophyte improves photosynthetic ability and dry matter production of its host Achnatherum inebrians, infected by Blumeria graminis, under various soil water conditions , 22, 26-34. [本文引用: 2]
XiaC, ZhangXX, ChristensenMJ, NanZB, LiCJ ( 2015). Epichloë endophyte affects the ability of powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis) to colonise drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) , 16, 26-33. [本文引用: 3]
XiaC, ZhongR, ZhangXX, NanZB ( 2015). Allelopathic effects of volatile compounds from endophte-free and infected Achnatherum inebrians on Lolium perenne Pratacultural Science, 32, 658-666. DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0211URL [本文引用: 2] The effects of the volatile oils from drunken horse grass infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) by Neotyphodium gansuense on germination and antioxidative enzyme activity involving superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were determined. The germination experiment showed that the seed germination and POD activities of the perennial ryegrass under E- treatment were significantly (P [ 夏超, 钟睿, 张兴旭, 南志标 ( 2015). 醉马草挥发油对多年生黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生理变化的影响 , 32, 658-666.] DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0211URL [本文引用: 2] The effects of the volatile oils from drunken horse grass infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) by Neotyphodium gansuense on germination and antioxidative enzyme activity involving superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were determined. The germination experiment showed that the seed germination and POD activities of the perennial ryegrass under E- treatment were significantly (P
Xinjiang August 1st Agricultural College ( 1979) August 1st Agricultural College(1979) . Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, ürümqi. 253. [本文引用: 1]
YaoX, ChristensenMJ, BaoG, ZhangC, LiX, LiC, NanZ ( 2015). A toxic endophyte-infected grass helps reverse degradation and loss of biodiversity of over-grazed grasslands in northwest China 5, 18527. DOI: 10.1038/srep18527. DOI:10.1038/srep18527URLPMID:26679518 [本文引用: 2] Overgrazing of China grasslands is increasingly causing biodiversity to decline. In degenerated grasslands of northwest China endophyte (Epichlo gansuensis) infectedAchnatherum inebrians(drunken horse grass) is becoming widely distributed because of its toxicity to livestock. In this study, we investigated the ecological consequences of endophyte toxicity in this native grass, at three sites in northwest China, by comparing seed production of plant species and arthropod abundance in overgrazed grasslands with and without the presence ofA. inebrians.Our findings demonstrate that the presence of endophyte infectedA. inebriansreduces the loss of plant and arthropod biodiversity by providing a protected nursery free of animal grazing. Therefore,A. inebrians, typically regarded as an unwanted toxic invader by pastoralists, should be viewed as beneficial for grasslands as its presence maintains plant and arthropod biodiversity, and provides a foundation stone in the reconstruction and restoration of these grassland ecosystems.
YaoX, FanY, ChaiQ, JohnsonRD, NanZB, LiCJ ( 2016). Modification of susceptible and toxic herbs on grassland disease 7, 30635. DOI: 10.1038/srep30635. DOI:10.1038/srep30635URL [本文引用: 2] Recent research shows that continuous overgrazing not only causes grassland biodiversity to decline, but also causes light fungal disease.Achnatherum inebriansis susceptible to fungal diseases and increases in prevalence during over grazing due its toxicity to livestock. This study aimed to examine the effects ofA. inebrianson biological control organisms and levels of plant diseases in overgrazed grasslands in northwestern China. The results showed thatA. inebriansplants were seriously infected by fungal diseases and that this led to a high incidence of the mycoparasitic speciesAmpelomyces quisqualisandSphaerellopsis filum. In addition, the fungivore, Aleocharinae, was found only in the soil growingA. inebriansrather than in the overgrazed area withoutA. inebrians. Overall, in an overgrazed grassland fenced for one year, disease levels in blocks withoutA. inebrianswere significantly higher than those in blocks withA. inebrians. Our findings indicated that the disease susceptible, toxicA. inebrianscan help control plant disease levels in overgrazed grasslands.
ZhangXX ( 2008). Effects of Endophyte Infection on Pest Resistance to Drunken Horse Grass. Master degree dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou. [本文引用: 1]
ZhangXX, FanXM, LiCJ, NanZB ( 2010 a). Effects of cadmium stress on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidative enzymes in Achnatherum inebrians plants infected with a Neotyphodium endophyte , 60, 91-97. [本文引用: 3]
ZhangXX, LiCJ, NanZB ( 2010 b). Effects of cadmium stress on growth and anti-oxidative systems in Achnatherum inebrians symbiotic with Neoytphodium gansuense , 175, 703-709. [本文引用: 3]
ZhangXX, LiCJ, NanZB ( 2011). Effects of cutting frequency and height on alkaloid production in endophyte-infected drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) Science China: Life Science, 41, 422-426. URL [本文引用: 3] 在温室条件下,通过高效液相色谱法,测定了不同刈割高度(2.5,5.0和7.5cm)和刈割频度(1周1次和2周1次)对醉马草甘肃内生真菌共生体产生麦角酰胺和麦角新碱量的影响.前4个月醉马草中生物碱的含量基本成线性增加,在不同刈割高度处理中,7.5cm的刈割高度条件下生物碱含量要高于2.5cm的刈割高度;在刈割频度处理中,两周刈割一次生物碱含量要高于1周刈割1次.实验过程中检测到生物碱含量最高值可达最低值的2~3倍.上述结果表明,如果将醉马草内生真菌应用于植物保护,必须意识到潜在的植物管理因素(刈割频率或者播种密度等)的实施可能会降低或者提高植物保护的水平,相同的管理因素也可能影响其他禾草-内生真菌共生体中生物碱的含量,所以管理因素对禾草-内生真菌共生体产碱的影响将会是未来一个非常有趣的话题. [ 张兴旭, 李春杰, 南志标 ( 2011). 刈割高度和频度对醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)内生真菌共生体麦角生物碱的影响 , 41, 422-426.] URL [本文引用: 3] 在温室条件下,通过高效液相色谱法,测定了不同刈割高度(2.5,5.0和7.5cm)和刈割频度(1周1次和2周1次)对醉马草甘肃内生真菌共生体产生麦角酰胺和麦角新碱量的影响.前4个月醉马草中生物碱的含量基本成线性增加,在不同刈割高度处理中,7.5cm的刈割高度条件下生物碱含量要高于2.5cm的刈割高度;在刈割频度处理中,两周刈割一次生物碱含量要高于1周刈割1次.实验过程中检测到生物碱含量最高值可达最低值的2~3倍.上述结果表明,如果将醉马草内生真菌应用于植物保护,必须意识到潜在的植物管理因素(刈割频率或者播种密度等)的实施可能会降低或者提高植物保护的水平,相同的管理因素也可能影响其他禾草-内生真菌共生体中生物碱的含量,所以管理因素对禾草-内生真菌共生体产碱的影响将会是未来一个非常有趣的话题.
ZhangXX, LiCJ, NanZB ( 2011). Effects of salt and drought stress on alkaloid production in endophyte-infected drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) , 39, 471-476. DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2011.06.016URL [本文引用: 1] An evaluation was made of the influence of salt stress (0, 100, 200 or 300聽mmol/l) and drought stress (60% Water-Holding Capacity, 40% WHC or 20% WHC) on the levels of ergot alkaloids (ergonovine and ergine) formed in drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) grown under greenhouse conditions. Samples were collected and randomized, both at the beginning of the treatment and after treatment, and the alkaloids were extracted and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Higher alkaloid levels were recorded for plants under salt or drought stress, with levels of ergonovine being higher than those of ergine. Concentrations of both alkaloids increased over the plant growing period.
ZhongR, XiaC, JuYW, LiNN, ZhangXX, NanZB, ChristensenMJ ( 2018). Effects of Epichloë gansuensis on root-associated fungal communities of Achnatherum inebrians under different growth conditions , 31, 29-36. [本文引用: 1]
Does a foliar endophyte improve plant fitness under flooding? 1 2017
... 禾草内生真菌是指在禾草中度过全部或大部分生命周期, 而禾草不显示外部症状的一类真菌(Siegel et al., 1987).本文所指内生真菌仅限于与禾草专一共生的香柱菌(Epichloë)及其无性态Neotyphodium属真菌.禾草-内生真菌-家畜的关系, 集中反映了草地农业生态系统中, 植物与微生物、植物与动物及微生物与动物之间的错综复杂的关系(南志标和李春杰, 2004).一方面, 真菌与禾草共同形成互惠互利的共生体, 带菌禾草抗虫、抗旱, 生长迅速, 竞争性强; 另一方面, 共生体产生有毒生物碱, 给草地畜牧业生产造成巨大损失.国际上有关禾草内生真菌的研究, 以美国苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)-内生真菌(E. coenophiana)和新西兰多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)-内生真菌(E. festucae var. lolii)的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
An endophyte of Achnatherum inebrians, an intoxicating grass of northwest China 3 1994
Transcriptomic analyses giving insights into molecular regulation mechanisms involved in cold tolerance by Epichloë endophyte in seed germination of Achnatherum inebrians 3 2016
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 内生真菌的侵染, 可通过提高醉马草的抗逆性而促进其在逆境胁迫条件下的生长, 提高E+醉马草个体和种群的竞争力.与E-醉马草种群相比, 内生真菌提高E+醉马草种群在干旱(李飞, 2007)、盐(缑小媛, 2007)、低温(Chen et al., 2016)、重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b; 万志文等, 2016b)等非生物胁迫与病原菌(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、害虫(Zhang et al., 2012)等生物胁迫条件下的种子萌发力、株高、分蘖和生物量.详见本文第5部分. ...
Improved histochemical techniques for the detection of Acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue and methods of in vitro culture of the fungus 1 1983
... 常见的检测方法包括: 茎髓检测法(Clark et al., 1983)、种子检测法(Welty et al., 1986)和叶鞘检测法(李春杰等, 2008; 李春杰和南志标, 2009).其次, 还有分子检测法(汪琳等, 2011)、荧光检测法(Card et al., 2013)和血清学检测法(酶联免疫吸附, 组织免疫印迹).相比而言, 茎髓检测法简便、省时, 分子与生化检测法费时、费工、费用高. ...
Analysis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) structure and sequence within Epichloë endophyte genomes reveals impacts on gene structure and insights into ancestral hybridization events 1 2017
... 禾草内生真菌是指在禾草中度过全部或大部分生命周期, 而禾草不显示外部症状的一类真菌(Siegel et al., 1987).本文所指内生真菌仅限于与禾草专一共生的香柱菌(Epichloë)及其无性态Neotyphodium属真菌.禾草-内生真菌-家畜的关系, 集中反映了草地农业生态系统中, 植物与微生物、植物与动物及微生物与动物之间的错综复杂的关系(南志标和李春杰, 2004).一方面, 真菌与禾草共同形成互惠互利的共生体, 带菌禾草抗虫、抗旱, 生长迅速, 竞争性强; 另一方面, 共生体产生有毒生物碱, 给草地畜牧业生产造成巨大损失.国际上有关禾草内生真菌的研究, 以美国苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)-内生真菌(E. coenophiana)和新西兰多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)-内生真菌(E. festucae var. lolii)的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
3 2010
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
Interactive effects of water stress and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) on the alkaloid production of Achnatherum inebrians, infected by Epichloë, endophyte 1 2018
... 内生真菌可提高干旱胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐旱性.无论是温室或田间干旱胁迫条件下, 带菌(E+)醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长, 植株分蘖数、生物量、根冠比均显著高于不带菌(E-)醉马草(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; 李秀璋, 2017), 增加旱后恢复能力和水分利用效率(Xia et al., 2018).可能的机理是适度干旱胁迫条件下内生真菌的侵染增加了E+醉马草的叶片含水量、脯氨酸和过氧化物酶的含量(李飞, 2007), 调节了气孔的开闭及增强了其光合与养分的吸收能力(Xia et al., 2018).基于转录组学的耐旱分子机理有待于进一步研究. ...
... 内生真菌可抑制禾草病原真菌的生长, 提高醉马草的抗病性.对峙培养表明内生真菌纯培养能够显著抑制根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)和链格孢(Alternaria alternata)等4种病原真菌的生长(Li et al., 2007); 离体叶片接种病原菌实验表明E+叶片病斑显著小于E-叶片(Li et al., 2007).温室盆栽实验表明, 内生真菌的侵染可以通过促进宿主醉马草的生长和生物量累积降低白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)的定殖, 降低发病率、病情指数提高抗病性(Xia et al., 2015).不同土壤含水量条件下抗病性研究表明, E+醉马草的白粉病发病率和病情指数均显著低于E-醉马草, 株高、分蘖和生物量均显著高于E-醉马草, 干旱胁迫条件下表现得更为明显(Xia et al., 2016); 初步机理认为通过内生真菌侵染降低病情指数、提高光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高了醉马草的光合能力和干物质的积累(Xia et al., 2016).醉马草内生真菌共生体水浸液对病原真菌有显著的抑制作用(孙一丹等, 2015; 李秀璋, 2017), 进一步的浸膏、挥发油、石油醚提取物等对链格孢、根腐离蠕孢、新月弯孢、燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)具有一定的抗菌活性(Zhang et al., 2014a, 2014b).具体抗侵入、抗扩展、拮抗物质等抗病机理, 有待于进一步研究. ...
2 2017
... 内生真菌可提高干旱胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐旱性.无论是温室或田间干旱胁迫条件下, 带菌(E+)醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长, 植株分蘖数、生物量、根冠比均显著高于不带菌(E-)醉马草(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; 李秀璋, 2017), 增加旱后恢复能力和水分利用效率(Xia et al., 2018).可能的机理是适度干旱胁迫条件下内生真菌的侵染增加了E+醉马草的叶片含水量、脯氨酸和过氧化物酶的含量(李飞, 2007), 调节了气孔的开闭及增强了其光合与养分的吸收能力(Xia et al., 2018).基于转录组学的耐旱分子机理有待于进一步研究. ...
... 内生真菌可抑制禾草病原真菌的生长, 提高醉马草的抗病性.对峙培养表明内生真菌纯培养能够显著抑制根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)和链格孢(Alternaria alternata)等4种病原真菌的生长(Li et al., 2007); 离体叶片接种病原菌实验表明E+叶片病斑显著小于E-叶片(Li et al., 2007).温室盆栽实验表明, 内生真菌的侵染可以通过促进宿主醉马草的生长和生物量累积降低白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)的定殖, 降低发病率、病情指数提高抗病性(Xia et al., 2015).不同土壤含水量条件下抗病性研究表明, E+醉马草的白粉病发病率和病情指数均显著低于E-醉马草, 株高、分蘖和生物量均显著高于E-醉马草, 干旱胁迫条件下表现得更为明显(Xia et al., 2016); 初步机理认为通过内生真菌侵染降低病情指数、提高光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高了醉马草的光合能力和干物质的积累(Xia et al., 2016).醉马草内生真菌共生体水浸液对病原真菌有显著的抑制作用(孙一丹等, 2015; 李秀璋, 2017), 进一步的浸膏、挥发油、石油醚提取物等对链格孢、根腐离蠕孢、新月弯孢、燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)具有一定的抗菌活性(Zhang et al., 2014a, 2014b).具体抗侵入、抗扩展、拮抗物质等抗病机理, 有待于进一步研究. ...
Effects of feeding drunken horse grass infected with Epichloë gansuensis, endophyte on animal performance, clinical symptoms and physiological parameters in sheep 2 2017
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 开发医药产品: 由于醉马草内生真菌共生体产生的麦角新碱具有消肿、消炎、止痛等作用和疗效, 可用于临床分娩的药物.通过筛选生物碱产量高的单株(代乐英, 2010)并大面积种植, 为开发医用麦角新碱等药品提供了可能(Miles et al., 1996). ...
New Neotyphodium endophyte species from the grass tribes Stipeae and Meliceae 2 2007
... 美国****Bruehl等(1994)和新西兰****Miles等(1996)从我国新疆的醉马草种子和幼苗中分离得到了内生菌, 但未鉴定真菌种.随后研究者对我国甘肃、青海、新疆、内蒙古等主要牧区醉马草内生真菌的系统调查发现: 醉马草植株的内生真菌带菌率高达100% (Nan & Li, 2000).Li等(2004)从分布于甘肃肃南的醉马草中分离并正式发表了亚洲第一个禾草内生真菌新种——甘肃内生真菌(Neotyphodium gansuense), 并明确了其生物学与生理学特性(Li et al., 2008), 根据最新国际真菌命名法规, 现更名为甘肃香柱菌(Epichloë gansuensis)(Leuchtmann et al., 2014); 而分离于我国新疆天山的醉马草内生真菌则为甘肃香柱菌醉马草变种E. gansuensis var. inebrians (Moon et al., 2007; Leuchtmann et al., 2014), 研究者与国际内生真菌学专家美国的Christopher Schardl合作, 将其分类地位由变种提升为种——醉马草香柱菌(E. inebrians)(Chen et al., 2015).截至目前, 共生于醉马草的内生真菌至少有2种, 即: 甘肃香柱菌(E. gansuensis)和醉马草香柱菌(E. inebrians), 均未发现有性态阶段.是否还有更多的种类, 有待于对蒙古和我国更多区域的内生真菌进行系统的分类学研究. ...
... 醉马草香柱菌: 菌落表面蜡状不规则、中间凸起、高度回旋状, 奶油至浅棕色, 菌丝在分枝处有隔, 2.8-4.2 μm宽, 偶尔至6.5 μm.未见其分生孢子(Moon et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2015). ...
内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种种子中的分布 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种种子中的分布 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种的幼苗及成株中的分布 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种的幼苗及成株中的分布 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
内生真菌对布顿大麦草生长的影响 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
内生真菌对布顿大麦草生长的影响 1 1996
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
Neotyphodium in native grasses in China and observations on endophyte/host interaction 2 2000
... 美国****Bruehl等(1994)和新西兰****Miles等(1996)从我国新疆的醉马草种子和幼苗中分离得到了内生菌, 但未鉴定真菌种.随后研究者对我国甘肃、青海、新疆、内蒙古等主要牧区醉马草内生真菌的系统调查发现: 醉马草植株的内生真菌带菌率高达100% (Nan & Li, 2000).Li等(2004)从分布于甘肃肃南的醉马草中分离并正式发表了亚洲第一个禾草内生真菌新种——甘肃内生真菌(Neotyphodium gansuense), 并明确了其生物学与生理学特性(Li et al., 2008), 根据最新国际真菌命名法规, 现更名为甘肃香柱菌(Epichloë gansuensis)(Leuchtmann et al., 2014); 而分离于我国新疆天山的醉马草内生真菌则为甘肃香柱菌醉马草变种E. gansuensis var. inebrians (Moon et al., 2007; Leuchtmann et al., 2014), 研究者与国际内生真菌学专家美国的Christopher Schardl合作, 将其分类地位由变种提升为种——醉马草香柱菌(E. inebrians)(Chen et al., 2015).截至目前, 共生于醉马草的内生真菌至少有2种, 即: 甘肃香柱菌(E. gansuensis)和醉马草香柱菌(E. inebrians), 均未发现有性态阶段.是否还有更多的种类, 有待于对蒙古和我国更多区域的内生真菌进行系统的分类学研究. ...
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
禾草内生真菌在草地农业系统中的作用 2 2004
... 禾草内生真菌是指在禾草中度过全部或大部分生命周期, 而禾草不显示外部症状的一类真菌(Siegel et al., 1987).本文所指内生真菌仅限于与禾草专一共生的香柱菌(Epichloë)及其无性态Neotyphodium属真菌.禾草-内生真菌-家畜的关系, 集中反映了草地农业生态系统中, 植物与微生物、植物与动物及微生物与动物之间的错综复杂的关系(南志标和李春杰, 2004).一方面, 真菌与禾草共同形成互惠互利的共生体, 带菌禾草抗虫、抗旱, 生长迅速, 竞争性强; 另一方面, 共生体产生有毒生物碱, 给草地畜牧业生产造成巨大损失.国际上有关禾草内生真菌的研究, 以美国苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)-内生真菌(E. coenophiana)和新西兰多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)-内生真菌(E. festucae var. lolii)的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
... )的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
禾草内生真菌在草地农业系统中的作用 2 2004
... 禾草内生真菌是指在禾草中度过全部或大部分生命周期, 而禾草不显示外部症状的一类真菌(Siegel et al., 1987).本文所指内生真菌仅限于与禾草专一共生的香柱菌(Epichloë)及其无性态Neotyphodium属真菌.禾草-内生真菌-家畜的关系, 集中反映了草地农业生态系统中, 植物与微生物、植物与动物及微生物与动物之间的错综复杂的关系(南志标和李春杰, 2004).一方面, 真菌与禾草共同形成互惠互利的共生体, 带菌禾草抗虫、抗旱, 生长迅速, 竞争性强; 另一方面, 共生体产生有毒生物碱, 给草地畜牧业生产造成巨大损失.国际上有关禾草内生真菌的研究, 以美国苇状羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)-内生真菌(E. coenophiana)和新西兰多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)-内生真菌(E. festucae var. lolii)的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
... )的研究最为典型(南志标和李春杰, 2004).从内生真菌系统分类学(Matthew et al., 2017; Shymanovich et al., 2017)等基础研究到高带菌率抗逆新品种选育(Johnson et al., 2013)等应用研究, 从分子机理(Clayton et al., 2017)等微观尺度到内生真菌生态学(Adams et al., 2017)等宏观尺度, 已经形成了较为完整的研究体系.然而, 与新西兰和美国相比, 我国的禾草内生真菌研究还有一定的差距. ...
我国北方草地6种乡土植物抗逆机理与应用 1 2016
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
我国北方草地6种乡土植物抗逆机理与应用 1 2016
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
The grazing preferences of sheep on pastures containing drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) in Xinjiang Province, China 2 2009
... 澳大利亚****Norton与新疆草原研究所李学森合作, 以新疆细毛羊为对象进行饲喂实验, 发现羊取食一定量的醉马草, 可增加对其他草的取食量(Norton et al., 2009a).并发现取食含有少量麦角新碱的醉马草干草可以降低采食量和羊的生产力(Norton et al., 2009b). ...
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a vital role in Achnatherum inebrians plants host to Epichloë gansuensis by improving growth under nitrogen deficiency 2 2018
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
... 内生真菌可提高低氮胁迫条件下醉马草的生长能力.可使E+醉马草生物量显著高于E-醉马草, 其生理机制是内生真菌的侵染增强宿主在低NO3-和NH4+及总氮含量下的氮使用和氮吸收效率(Wang et al., 2018b); 生化机制是低氮胁迫条件下内生真菌通过调节萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活性降低了H2O2的含量, 从而提高了醉马草硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽合酶的活性(Wang et al., 2018b), 以及增加了醉马草光合效率的能力(Wang et al., 2018a)来维持宿主生长. ...
Effect of Epichloë gansuensis endophyte on the nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen use efficiency, and stoichiometry of Achnatherum inebrians under nitrogen limitation 3 2018
... 研究者在我国率先开展了乡土草-内生真菌共生体的调查研究(南志标, 1996a, 1996b; Nan & Li, 2000), 研究证实了内生真菌提高宿主共生体抗非生物(干旱、寒冷、盐碱、重金属、瘠薄等)与生物(病、虫、线虫等)逆境的能力(南志标等, 2016; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b), 可促进宿主禾草的生长(李春杰, 2005; 南志标, 1996c), 并探讨了部分抗逆机理. ...
... 内生真菌可提高低氮胁迫条件下醉马草的生长能力.可使E+醉马草生物量显著高于E-醉马草, 其生理机制是内生真菌的侵染增强宿主在低NO3-和NH4+及总氮含量下的氮使用和氮吸收效率(Wang et al., 2018b); 生化机制是低氮胁迫条件下内生真菌通过调节萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的活性降低了H2O2的含量, 从而提高了醉马草硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽合酶的活性(Wang et al., 2018b), 以及增加了醉马草光合效率的能力(Wang et al., 2018a)来维持宿主生长. ...
... 的含量, 从而提高了醉马草硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽合酶的活性(Wang et al., 2018b), 以及增加了醉马草光合效率的能力(Wang et al., 2018a)来维持宿主生长. ...
Effect of Epichloë gansuensis endophyte and transgenerational effects on the water use efficiency, nutrient and biomass accumulation of Achnatherum inebrians under soil water deficit 2 2018
... 内生真菌可提高干旱胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐旱性.无论是温室或田间干旱胁迫条件下, 带菌(E+)醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长, 植株分蘖数、生物量、根冠比均显著高于不带菌(E-)醉马草(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; 李秀璋, 2017), 增加旱后恢复能力和水分利用效率(Xia et al., 2018).可能的机理是适度干旱胁迫条件下内生真菌的侵染增加了E+醉马草的叶片含水量、脯氨酸和过氧化物酶的含量(李飞, 2007), 调节了气孔的开闭及增强了其光合与养分的吸收能力(Xia et al., 2018).基于转录组学的耐旱分子机理有待于进一步研究. ...
... ), 调节了气孔的开闭及增强了其光合与养分的吸收能力(Xia et al., 2018).基于转录组学的耐旱分子机理有待于进一步研究. ...
An Epichloë, endophyte improves photosynthetic ability and dry matter production of its host Achnatherum inebrians, infected by Blumeria graminis, under various soil water conditions 2 2016
... 内生真菌可抑制禾草病原真菌的生长, 提高醉马草的抗病性.对峙培养表明内生真菌纯培养能够显著抑制根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)和链格孢(Alternaria alternata)等4种病原真菌的生长(Li et al., 2007); 离体叶片接种病原菌实验表明E+叶片病斑显著小于E-叶片(Li et al., 2007).温室盆栽实验表明, 内生真菌的侵染可以通过促进宿主醉马草的生长和生物量累积降低白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)的定殖, 降低发病率、病情指数提高抗病性(Xia et al., 2015).不同土壤含水量条件下抗病性研究表明, E+醉马草的白粉病发病率和病情指数均显著低于E-醉马草, 株高、分蘖和生物量均显著高于E-醉马草, 干旱胁迫条件下表现得更为明显(Xia et al., 2016); 初步机理认为通过内生真菌侵染降低病情指数、提高光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高了醉马草的光合能力和干物质的积累(Xia et al., 2016).醉马草内生真菌共生体水浸液对病原真菌有显著的抑制作用(孙一丹等, 2015; 李秀璋, 2017), 进一步的浸膏、挥发油、石油醚提取物等对链格孢、根腐离蠕孢、新月弯孢、燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)具有一定的抗菌活性(Zhang et al., 2014a, 2014b).具体抗侵入、抗扩展、拮抗物质等抗病机理, 有待于进一步研究. ...
... 浓度、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高了醉马草的光合能力和干物质的积累(Xia et al., 2016).醉马草内生真菌共生体水浸液对病原真菌有显著的抑制作用(孙一丹等, 2015; 李秀璋, 2017), 进一步的浸膏、挥发油、石油醚提取物等对链格孢、根腐离蠕孢、新月弯孢、燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)具有一定的抗菌活性(Zhang et al., 2014a, 2014b).具体抗侵入、抗扩展、拮抗物质等抗病机理, 有待于进一步研究. ...
Epichloë endophyte affects the ability of powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis) to colonise drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) 3 2015
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 内生真菌可抑制禾草病原真菌的生长, 提高醉马草的抗病性.对峙培养表明内生真菌纯培养能够显著抑制根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum)和链格孢(Alternaria alternata)等4种病原真菌的生长(Li et al., 2007); 离体叶片接种病原菌实验表明E+叶片病斑显著小于E-叶片(Li et al., 2007).温室盆栽实验表明, 内生真菌的侵染可以通过促进宿主醉马草的生长和生物量累积降低白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis)的定殖, 降低发病率、病情指数提高抗病性(Xia et al., 2015).不同土壤含水量条件下抗病性研究表明, E+醉马草的白粉病发病率和病情指数均显著低于E-醉马草, 株高、分蘖和生物量均显著高于E-醉马草, 干旱胁迫条件下表现得更为明显(Xia et al., 2016); 初步机理认为通过内生真菌侵染降低病情指数、提高光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高了醉马草的光合能力和干物质的积累(Xia et al., 2016).醉马草内生真菌共生体水浸液对病原真菌有显著的抑制作用(孙一丹等, 2015; 李秀璋, 2017), 进一步的浸膏、挥发油、石油醚提取物等对链格孢、根腐离蠕孢、新月弯孢、燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)具有一定的抗菌活性(Zhang et al., 2014a, 2014b).具体抗侵入、抗扩展、拮抗物质等抗病机理, 有待于进一步研究. ...
... 内生真菌的侵染, 可通过提高醉马草的抗逆性而促进其在逆境胁迫条件下的生长, 提高E+醉马草个体和种群的竞争力.与E-醉马草种群相比, 内生真菌提高E+醉马草种群在干旱(李飞, 2007)、盐(缑小媛, 2007)、低温(Chen et al., 2016)、重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b; 万志文等, 2016b)等非生物胁迫与病原菌(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、害虫(Zhang et al., 2012)等生物胁迫条件下的种子萌发力、株高、分蘖和生物量.详见本文第5部分. ...
醉马草挥发油对多年生黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生理变化的影响 2 2015
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 内生真菌的侵染, 可通过提高醉马草的抗逆性而促进其在逆境胁迫条件下的生长, 提高E+醉马草个体和种群的竞争力.与E-醉马草种群相比, 内生真菌提高E+醉马草种群在干旱(李飞, 2007)、盐(缑小媛, 2007)、低温(Chen et al., 2016)、重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b; 万志文等, 2016b)等非生物胁迫与病原菌(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、害虫(Zhang et al., 2012)等生物胁迫条件下的种子萌发力、株高、分蘖和生物量.详见本文第5部分. ...
Effects of cadmium stress on seed germination, seedling growth and antioxidative enzymes in Achnatherum inebrians plants infected with a Neotyphodium endophyte 3 2010
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 内生真菌可提高重金属镉胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐重金属毒害的能力.镉胁迫条件下, 内生真菌侵染显著提高了醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长、鲜质量、干质量及脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010a).成株E+醉马草株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、分蘖数、根长、根数均高于E-醉马草, 其生理机理是内生真菌的侵染提高了醉马草的植株含水量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010b).但胁迫条件下该共生体对镉元素的分配转运机制需进一步研究. ...
... 内生真菌的侵染, 可通过提高醉马草的抗逆性而促进其在逆境胁迫条件下的生长, 提高E+醉马草个体和种群的竞争力.与E-醉马草种群相比, 内生真菌提高E+醉马草种群在干旱(李飞, 2007)、盐(缑小媛, 2007)、低温(Chen et al., 2016)、重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b; 万志文等, 2016b)等非生物胁迫与病原菌(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、害虫(Zhang et al., 2012)等生物胁迫条件下的种子萌发力、株高、分蘖和生物量.详见本文第5部分. ...
Effects of cadmium stress on growth and anti-oxidative systems in Achnatherum inebrians symbiotic with Neoytphodium gansuense 3 2010
... 近30年来对醉马草内生真菌(Epichloë gansuensis, E. inebrians)共生体进行的系统研究, 明确了醉马草内生真菌的分布(李春杰, 2005)与多样性(金文进, 2009; 金文进等, 2015), 确定了内生真菌的分类地位(Li et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2015), 明确了内生真菌提高禾草抗旱(李春杰, 2005; 李飞, 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、耐盐(缑小媛, 2007)、耐寒(陈娜, 2008, 2011; Chen et al., 2016)、耐重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b)、抗虫(Zhang et al., 2012)、抗病(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、抗线虫(郭长辉等, 2016)等特性及部分抗逆机理, 明确了内生真菌可提高宿主醉马草的竞争力(黄玺, 2011), 探讨了醉马草内生真菌互作的生态学作用(Yao et al., 2015, 2016), 明确了共生体中麦角生物碱的种类、含量及动态变化规律(代乐英, 2010; 张兴旭等, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011, 2015; 张兴旭, 2012; 胡春霞, 2013; 万志文, 2017), 通过饲喂实验证实了内生真菌侵染醉马草并产生麦角新碱和麦角酰胺是导致采食家畜中毒的真正原因(李春杰等, 2009; Liang et al., 2017).有关醉马草内生真菌的研究引起了国内外的广泛关注, 于2012年在中国兰州成功召开了第八届国际禾草内生真菌大会(8th International Symposium for Fungal Endophytes of Grasses, ISFEG).有关醉马草内生真菌共生体的研究, 代表了我国禾草内生真菌研究领域的重要方向, 使中国的醉马草-内生真菌与美国的苇状羊茅-内生真菌和新西兰的多年生黑麦草-内生真菌成为禾草内生真菌国际三大研究分支.因此, 有必要对醉马草内生真菌的研究进行系统的总结, 为禾草内生真菌共生体的深入研究, 挖掘内生真菌资源, 探讨合理利用途径和生态功能, 及草地畜牧业的健康与可持续发展奠定基础. ...
... 内生真菌可提高重金属镉胁迫条件下醉马草种子萌发率和植株耐重金属毒害的能力.镉胁迫条件下, 内生真菌侵染显著提高了醉马草种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、胚芽长、鲜质量、干质量及脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010a).成株E+醉马草株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、分蘖数、根长、根数均高于E-醉马草, 其生理机理是内生真菌的侵染提高了醉马草的植株含水量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性(Zhang et al., 2010b).但胁迫条件下该共生体对镉元素的分配转运机制需进一步研究. ...
... 内生真菌的侵染, 可通过提高醉马草的抗逆性而促进其在逆境胁迫条件下的生长, 提高E+醉马草个体和种群的竞争力.与E-醉马草种群相比, 内生真菌提高E+醉马草种群在干旱(李飞, 2007)、盐(缑小媛, 2007)、低温(Chen et al., 2016)、重金属(Zhang et al., 2010a, 2010b; 万志文等, 2016b)等非生物胁迫与病原菌(Li et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2015)、害虫(Zhang et al., 2012)等生物胁迫条件下的种子萌发力、株高、分蘖和生物量.详见本文第5部分. ...