保证粮食增产的同时协同提高养分利用效率和减少环境污染,是21世纪世界农业发展面临的巨大挑战[1,2],也是当前国际农业科学界高度关注的重大科学问题[3]。作为世界上最大的发展中国家,我国用占世界9%的耕地养活了世界上21%的人口[4],保证粮食安全决定了农业在我国国民经济中的首要地位。玉米、小麦和水稻三大粮食作物常年的总播种面积和总产量占全部粮食作物的80%和90%以上[5],在保障我国粮食安全中具有重要的地位和作用。未来农业的可持续生产不仅要保障作物产量,提高养分利用效率,同时还要降低环境负面效应影响和提高产品品质,实现“绿色发展”的目标[3, 6],施肥在其中扮演着重要的角色。
近20年,我国科研工作者在植物营养学、科学施肥理论与应用技术上取得了很大进展[7,8,9],在植物营养生物学、根际营养和养分资源管理等方面的理论创新和实践应用都已位居世界前列[6],为保障国家粮食安全和环境安全做出了重要贡献。然而,由于当前我国社会发展迅速导致农村劳动力由第一产业向第二和第三产业转移,农业从业人员所占比例已从1980年的68.7%下降到2009年的38.1%[10]。而农业生产中高产高效科学施肥技术的农艺操作环节相对较多,用工增多,有悖于高效轻简化的农业生产发展趋势,而受劳动力所限,科学技术难以实现。此外,我国小农户分散经营的农业生产特点导致传统科学施肥技术很难在区域尺度上发挥作用[11]。实际上我国粮食生产中过量施肥、不合理施肥的现象仍普遍存在,施肥依然有较大盲目性[12,13,14],这不仅造成我国粮食作物的肥料利用率远低于先进国家水平[15],而且导致地下水硝酸盐污染[16]、水体氮磷富营养化[17]和温室气体排放增加[18,19]等环境问题加剧,严重影响了农业生态环境以及人类健康[20,21]。基于我国农业生产地块面积小、分散经营的基本国情,费时、耗力的劳动密集型粮食生产方式受到了严重限制和前所未有的挑战,因此,节本、省工、稳产高产、高效、绿色的轻简化农业生产方式越来越受到重视[10]。一次性施肥狭义来讲,是指在作物整个生育期只施用一次肥料的生产技术,该技术既可实现粮食生产的高产高效和节本增收、提高农民种粮积极性,又可节约劳动力、解决第二三产业发展“用工荒”的难题,对促进国民经济协调发展和有效解决“三农”问题等具有重要的意义,也是当前我国农业劳动力缺乏条件下保障国家粮食安全的迫切需求。
不同于将普通速效肥料底肥一次性施入不再进行追肥的“一炮轰”施肥方式[22],一次性施肥技术核心是绿色新型肥料产品和机械产品的研发与应用,通过专用机械将作物专用缓控释肥料一次施用,实现肥料养分释放与作物生长养分需求的时空匹配。本刊中所述粮食作物一次性施肥技术的主要载体是缓控释氮肥,如不同包膜型、添加剂型、腐植酸型等。目前国内外关于缓控释肥的研究工作主要集中在包膜材料的选用、研制与缓控释机制的研究方面[23,24],由于成本的限制,较少关注缓控释肥料在粮食作物上的应用效果。在我国粮食作物生产上,一次性施肥技术存在基础理论研究薄弱、低成本适宜缓释肥料产品、配套机械和核心技术缺乏等难题。本专刊刊出的论文以稳产高产、养分高效和生态友好为目标,以省工、节本、减肥为主攻方向,从作物养分需求规律[25,26]、研发筛选专用缓控释肥[27,28]、一次性施肥关键技术[29,30,31]、养分效率[32,33,34,35,36]、生产效益和环境影响[37,38,39]等方面,对粮食作物一次性施肥技术进行了系统研究和评价,为三大粮食作物轻简化和绿色生产提供了技术支撑。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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| [1] | . Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. Yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece of land, and irrigation. Meeting future food demand while minimizing expansion of cultivated area primarily will depend on continued intensification of these same four systems. The manner in which further intensification is achieved, however, will differ markedly from the past because the exploitable gap between average farm yields and genetic yield potential is closing. At present, the rate of increase in yield potential is much less than the expected increase in demand. Hence, average farm yields must reach 70-80% of the yield potential ceiling within 30 years in each of these major cereal systems. Achieving consistent production at these high levels without causing environmental damage requires improvements in soil quality and precise management of all production factors in time and space. The scope of the scientific challenge related to these objectives is discussed. It is concluded that major scientific breakthroughs must occur in basic plant physiology, ecophysiology, agroecology, and soil science to achieve the ecological intensification that is needed to meet the expected increase in food demand. |
| [2] | . |
| [3] | . Abstract Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture. |
| [4] | |
| [5] | |
| [6] | . 植物营养学是研究植物吸收、转运和利用营养物质规律,探讨植物与外界环境之间交换营养物质与能量的科学,是支撑农业高产、高效、优质、生态安全及可持续发展的重要基础学科之一。近二十年来,中国植物营养学研究秉承"学科交叉、瞄准前沿、强化基础、应用优先、立地顶天"的发展理念,在植物营养生物学、植物-土壤-微生物互作、养分资源管理、养分再利用与污染控制、以及可持续农业研究等诸多领域取得了显著进展。植物营养学科未来将积极应对中国粮食安全、农产品品质安全、资源与生态环境安全的重大挑战,为"乡村振兴、绿色发展"的国家重大需求做出重要贡献。 . 植物营养学是研究植物吸收、转运和利用营养物质规律,探讨植物与外界环境之间交换营养物质与能量的科学,是支撑农业高产、高效、优质、生态安全及可持续发展的重要基础学科之一。近二十年来,中国植物营养学研究秉承"学科交叉、瞄准前沿、强化基础、应用优先、立地顶天"的发展理念,在植物营养生物学、植物-土壤-微生物互作、养分资源管理、养分再利用与污染控制、以及可持续农业研究等诸多领域取得了显著进展。植物营养学科未来将积极应对中国粮食安全、农产品品质安全、资源与生态环境安全的重大挑战,为"乡村振兴、绿色发展"的国家重大需求做出重要贡献。 |
| [7] | . 近10年来,测土施肥技术在我国取得很大进展,已初步形成了适于我国农业现状的、有自己特点的运行系统。本文对此期间土壤测试方法和推荐施肥技术方面的研究进行了综述和分析,并对一些问题进行了讨论。 . 近10年来,测土施肥技术在我国取得很大进展,已初步形成了适于我国农业现状的、有自己特点的运行系统。本文对此期间土壤测试方法和推荐施肥技术方面的研究进行了综述和分析,并对一些问题进行了讨论。 |
| [8] | . |
| [9] | . <p>肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。</p> . <p>肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。</p> |
| [10] | . 正作物轻简化生产是与传统复杂的手工操作作物生产相对应的概念。它是利用现代农业科学技术手段,使作物生产变得更轻便、简捷的生产方式,在实现作物高效生产的前提下,获得高产、优质、生态、安全和可持续发展。随着社会经济的发展,我国农村劳动力由第一产业向第二、第三产业转移。据 . 正作物轻简化生产是与传统复杂的手工操作作物生产相对应的概念。它是利用现代农业科学技术手段,使作物生产变得更轻便、简捷的生产方式,在实现作物高效生产的前提下,获得高产、优质、生态、安全和可持续发展。随着社会经济的发展,我国农村劳动力由第一产业向第二、第三产业转移。据 |
| [11] | [D]. [D]. |
| [12] | . 本文对推荐氮肥施用量的两种技术路线进行了讨论。根据80年代和20032～004年在太湖地区进行的氮肥施用量试验网的水稻和小麦田间试验结果,对区域平均适宜施氮量法的产量效益、经济效益和环境效益进行了初步评价,提出了“以区域平均适宜施氮量作为宏观控制的基础,结合田块具体情况进行微调”的推荐路线。 . 本文对推荐氮肥施用量的两种技术路线进行了讨论。根据80年代和20032～004年在太湖地区进行的氮肥施用量试验网的水稻和小麦田间试验结果,对区域平均适宜施氮量法的产量效益、经济效益和环境效益进行了初步评价,提出了“以区域平均适宜施氮量作为宏观控制的基础,结合田块具体情况进行微调”的推荐路线。 |
| [13] | . China and other rapidly developing economies face the dual challenge of substantially increasing yields of cereal grains while at the same time reducing the very substantial environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. We used a model-driven integrated soil-crop system management approach to develop a maize production system that achieved mean maize yields of 13.0 t ha6301 on 66 on-farm experimental plots—nearly twice the yield of current farmers' practices—with no increase in N fertilizer use. Such integrated soil-crop system management systems represent a priority for agricultural research and implementation, especially in rapidly growing economies. |
| [14] | . China’s scientists are using a variety of approaches to boost crop yields and limit environmental damage |
| [15] | . 总结了近年来在全国粮食主产区进行的1 333个田间试验结果,分析了目前条件下中国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料利用率和生理利用率等,发现水稻、小麦和玉米的氮肥农学效率分别为10.4 kg kg-1、8.0 kg kg-1和9.8 kg kg-1,氮肥利用率分别为28.3%、28.2%和26.1%,远低于国际水平,与20世纪80年代相比呈下降趋势。造成肥料利用率低的主要原因包括高产农田过量施肥,忽视土壤和环境养分的利用,作物产量潜力未得到充分发挥以及养分损失未能得到有效阻控等。要大幅度提高肥料利用率就必须从植物营养学、土壤学、农学等多学科联合攻关入手,充分利用来自土壤和环境的养分资源,实现根层养分供应与高产作物需求在数量上匹配、时间上同步、空间上一致,同时提高作物产量和养分利用效率,协调作物高产与环境保护。 . 总结了近年来在全国粮食主产区进行的1 333个田间试验结果,分析了目前条件下中国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料利用率和生理利用率等,发现水稻、小麦和玉米的氮肥农学效率分别为10.4 kg kg-1、8.0 kg kg-1和9.8 kg kg-1,氮肥利用率分别为28.3%、28.2%和26.1%,远低于国际水平,与20世纪80年代相比呈下降趋势。造成肥料利用率低的主要原因包括高产农田过量施肥,忽视土壤和环境养分的利用,作物产量潜力未得到充分发挥以及养分损失未能得到有效阻控等。要大幅度提高肥料利用率就必须从植物营养学、土壤学、农学等多学科联合攻关入手,充分利用来自土壤和环境的养分资源,实现根层养分供应与高产作物需求在数量上匹配、时间上同步、空间上一致,同时提高作物产量和养分利用效率,协调作物高产与环境保护。 |
| [16] | . Anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen to the atmosphere and water bodies can damage human health and ecosystems. As a measure of a nation鈥檚 contribution to this potential damage, a country鈥檚 nitrogen footprint has been defined as the quantity of reactive nitrogen emitted during the production, consumption and transportation of commodities consumed within that country, whether those commodities are produced domestically or internationally. Here we use global emissions databases, a global nitrogen cycle model, and a global input-output database of domestic and international trade to calculate the nitrogen footprints for 188 countries as the sum of emissions of ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, and of nitrogen potentially exportable to water bodies. Per-capita footprints range from under 7 kg N yrin some developing countries to over 100 kg N yrin some wealthy nations. Consumption in China, India, the United States and Brazil is responsible for 46% of global emissions. Roughly a quarter of the global nitrogen footprint is from commodities that were traded across country borders. The main net exporters have significant agricultural, food and textile exports, and are often developing countries, whereas important net importers are almost exclusively developed economies. We conclude that substantial local nitrogen pollution is driven by demand from consumers in other countries. |
| [17] | . There is increasing interest in nitrogen (N) deposition because of its importance as a nutrient resource and a component of acid deposition within the overall global N cycle. Precipitation samples were collected for periods varying from 6 months to 6 years (1998–2004) from seven sites in the Beijing area to determine the amount and seasonal distribution of N (bulk/wet) deposition. Bulk deposition of N ranged from 26.6 to 38.5 kg N ha 611 year 611 and averaged 30.6 kg N ha 611 year 611. Bulk deposition of NH 4–N was, on average, 2.1 times the NO 3–N deposition, suggesting that reduced N is the major form of N deposition in the study area. Concentrations of NH 4–N and NO 3–N in rainfall averaged 4.8 and 2.2 mg N L 611 and showed great temporal variation from month to month. A negative relationship between rainfall and NH 4–N or NO 3–N concentration in rainwater was observed by an exponential equation, indicating dilution of NH 4–N and NO 3–N with increasing precipitation. Bulk deposition of inorganic N occurred mainly from April to September (>80% of total bulk deposition), which was consistent with both the monthly distribution of precipitation and the times of fertilizer applications in local agricultural land. Wet-only deposition of inorganic N, however, was 8.3–8.4 kg N ha 611 lower than that of bulk deposition during similar periods in 2003 (June–November) and 2004 (April–November), suggesting the potential contribution of dry deposition to total N deposition in the Beijing area. |
| [18] | . |
| [19] | . The annual nitrogen (N) budget and groundwater nitrate-N concentrations were studied in the field in three major intensive cropping systems in Shandong province, north China. In the greenhouse vegetable systems the annual N inputs from fertilizers, manures and irrigation water were 1358, 1881 and 402 kg N ha 611 on average, representing 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 times the corresponding values in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–maize ( Zea mays L.) rotations and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 times the values in apple ( Malus pumila Mill.) orchards. The N surplus values were 349, 3327 and 746 kg N ha 611, with residual soil nitrate-N after harvest amounting to 221–275, 1173 and 613 kg N ha 611 in the top 90 cm of the soil profile and 213–242, 1032 and 976 kg N ha 611 at 90–180 cm depth in wheat–maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard systems, respectively. Nitrate leaching was evident in all three cropping systems and the groundwater in shallow wells (<15 m depth) was heavily contaminated in the greenhouse vegetable production area, where total N inputs were much higher than crop requirements and the excessive fertilizer N inputs were only about 40% of total N inputs. |
| [20] | . |
| [21] | . Reactive nitrogen (Nr) plays a central role in food production, and at the same time it can be an important pollutant with substantial effects on air and water quality, biological diversity, and human health. China now creates far more Nr than any other country. We developed a budget for Nr in China in 1980 and 2010, in which we evaluated the natural and anthropogenic creation of Nr, losses of Nr, and transfers among 14 subsystems within China. Our analyses demonstrated that a tripling of anthropogenic Nr creation was associated with an even more rapid increase in Nr fluxes to the atmosphere and hydrosphere, contributing to intense and increasing threats to human health, the sustainability of croplands, and the environment of China and its environs. Under a business as usual scenario, anthropogenic Nr creation in 2050 would more than double compared with 2010 levels, whereas a scenario that combined reasonable changes in diet, N use efficiency, and N recycling could reduce N losses and anthropogenic Nr creation in 2050 to 52% and 64% of 2010 levels, respectively. Achieving reductions in Nr creation (while simultaneously increasing food production and offsetting imports of animal feed) will require much more in addition to good science, but it is useful to know that there are pathways by which both food security and health/environmental protection could be enhanced simultaneously. |
| [22] | . 2004～2005年在吉林省不同类型土壤上,通过110个田间试验对玉米一次性施肥效果进行了研究。结果表明:在吉林省5种主要土壤上玉米一次性施肥产量明显低于推荐施肥产量。干旱年份风沙土与农民习惯施肥相比明显减产。黑土一次性施肥效果年际间不稳定,干旱年份与农民习惯施肥相比有30%田块平产,70%田块减产;在湿润年份仅有31.2%田块减产。白浆土、冲积土两年间一次性施肥与农民习惯施肥分别有20%～27.2%和12.5%～25%的田块增产,减产的田块分别占到46.7%～59.1%和50%～62.5%。黑钙土干旱年份增产的田块只有9.52%,有71.4%的田块减产,集中在淡黑钙土区。两年试验说明,在吉林 . 2004～2005年在吉林省不同类型土壤上,通过110个田间试验对玉米一次性施肥效果进行了研究。结果表明:在吉林省5种主要土壤上玉米一次性施肥产量明显低于推荐施肥产量。干旱年份风沙土与农民习惯施肥相比明显减产。黑土一次性施肥效果年际间不稳定,干旱年份与农民习惯施肥相比有30%田块平产,70%田块减产;在湿润年份仅有31.2%田块减产。白浆土、冲积土两年间一次性施肥与农民习惯施肥分别有20%～27.2%和12.5%～25%的田块增产,减产的田块分别占到46.7%～59.1%和50%～62.5%。黑钙土干旱年份增产的田块只有9.52%,有71.4%的田块减产,集中在淡黑钙土区。两年试验说明,在吉林 |
| [23] | . 影响包膜肥养分释放的关键因素是包膜材料本身的特性.从目前国内外新型缓释/控释肥包膜材料无机和有机两大方面进行归类和总结,区分缓释与控释肥概念的不同,重点探讨可生物降解性,并且对其发展趋势进行展望,以期为今后的研究提供理论参考. . 影响包膜肥养分释放的关键因素是包膜材料本身的特性.从目前国内外新型缓释/控释肥包膜材料无机和有机两大方面进行归类和总结,区分缓释与控释肥概念的不同,重点探讨可生物降解性,并且对其发展趋势进行展望,以期为今后的研究提供理论参考. |
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