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芝麻种质资源成株期抗旱性关联分析

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

刘文萍, 吕伟, 黎冬华, 任果香, 张艳欣, 文飞, 韩俊梅, 张秀荣. 芝麻种质资源成株期抗旱性关联分析[J]. , 2017, 50(4): 625-639 https://doi.org/
LIU WenPing, Wei, LI DongHua, REN GuoXiang, ZHANG YanXin, WEN Fei, HAN JunMei, ZHANG XiuRong. Drought Resistance of Sesame Germplasm Resources and Association Analysis at Adult Stage[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(4): 625-639 https://doi.org/

0 引言

【研究意义】芝麻隶属胡麻科,一年生草本植物,是中国主要的油料作物之一,在中国有着悠久的种植历史,多数省份皆有种植[1]。山西地处干旱半干旱地区,降水量少,干旱严重,导致芝麻出苗率低、生长缓慢、产量降低,成为限制芝麻增产的主要限制因子,因此,研究芝麻的抗旱性,挖掘抗旱芝麻种质资源,同时,利用SSR分子标记与抗旱性状进行关联分析,发掘与抗旱相关的主要基因位点,开发抗旱分子标记,并将其应用到芝麻育种中,对提高芝麻的抗旱性和产量水平具有很重要意义。【前人研究进展】国内外已对玉米、水稻、大豆、小麦、花生、油菜[2-7]等作物进行了较系统的抗旱性研究。早在20世纪70年代末,CARTER等[8]通过植株萎蔫程度对300余份大豆种质进行了抗旱性鉴定;SONGSRI等[9]、刘吉利等[10]、张智猛等[11]对花生的生长发育和生理生态等方面的干旱适应机制进行了研究;NOROUZI等[12]对甘蓝型油菜研究表明,干旱胁迫下叶片含水量[13]、萎蔫指数[14]、种子活力指数[7]、相对根体积[15]以及脯氨酸[16]等生理指标发生明显变化,千粒重、生物量等下降[17],可作为油菜抗旱性鉴定的指标。在芝麻抗旱性研究方面国内外也有一些报道,MENSAH等[18]利用盆栽法对芝麻苗期进行间隔不同天数浇水处理研究,结果表明,水分不足会直接影响芝麻植株的生长,株高、叶面积、地下部干重和地上部干重等降低,导致单株产量显著下降;孙建等[19]利用盆栽试验对芝麻苗期进行干旱胁迫研究,结果表明,芝麻苗期进行干旱处理对千粒重和产量的影响较大。【本研究切入点】作物的抗旱性属于较复杂的数量性状,受多基因控制[20],关联分析是研究复杂数量性状的有效方法[21],中国芝麻抗旱性分子基础研究报道较少,仅见黎冬华等[22]采用不同浓度PEG 6000胁迫发芽芝麻种子基于SSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记的关联分析研究报道,而国外对芝麻抗旱性分子基础研究还尚未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究通过对芝麻自然研究群体进行抗旱表型鉴定,获得抗旱相关表型数据,并与全基因组分子标记数据进行关联分析,发掘与抗旱相关性状基因位点,筛选得到抗旱种质资源,为芝麻抗旱遗传改良提供理论基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

选用来源于山西和陕西芝麻种质资源共计100份,由国家芝麻种质资源中期库(中国农业科学院油料作物研究所)提供,并进行了4代纯化。

1.2 干旱处理

试验于2014年5月至10月在山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所人工遮雨棚内进行,采用盆栽法[23],每个材料种植6盆,其中3盆用于干旱处理,3盆为对照,共计600盆。盆钵口径35 cm,盆栽土用芬兰进口营养土与蛭石按1﹕1等量混合,每盆装3 kg,每盆浇等量的水1 L,待适墒时播种。出苗后间苗2次,每盆保留均匀生长的苗5株,在干旱处理前保持正常供水。在芝麻4对真叶展开时进行干旱处理,采用反复干旱法,处理3次,每次干旱处理后待50%左右的材料出现永久萎蔫时进行复水,之后全部材料按正常管理浇水直至成熟。

1.3 表型性状调查

处理期调查:在干旱处理的每次复水前同一时间段内(3次复水前均在上午9:00以前)调查每株总叶片数(全展叶)、萎焉叶片数(全展叶);每次复水后第2天早上调查每株总叶片数(全展叶)、萎焉叶片数(全展叶)。成熟期调查:调查每个材料处理和对照每株的株高、始蒴高度、单株蒴果数、单株产量、千粒重、单株地上部分生物量、地下部分生物量,计算平均值。

1.4 抗旱能力的综合评价

各指标抗旱系数Xj=处理测定值/对照测定值;负向指标的抗旱系数Xj=1-处理测定值/对照测定值(1)

每一个材料各综合指标的隶属函数值由公式(2)求得[24-25],式中,Xj表示第j个综合指标,XmaxXmin分别表示第j个综合指标的最大值和最小值。

由公式(3)计算各综合指标的权重[24-25],式中,Wj表示第j个综合指标在所有综合指标中的重要程度;Pj为各材料第j个综合指标的贡献率。

由公式(4)计算各材料的综合抗旱能力(D值)。
用SPSS和SAS 9.1软件进行相关性分析、主成分分析。

1.5 基因组DNA的提取和SSR分子标记分析

每份材料取苗期嫩叶的混合样,采用CTAB法[26]提取基因组DNA,经紫外分光光度计法检测其质量和浓度,稀释至20 ng·μL-1,置-20℃冰箱保存。PCR体系及扩增程序参照文献[27]。PCR扩增产物经6%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,银染显色后照相。

1.6 关联分析方法数据统计分析

以Structure 2.3.1软件进行群体遗传结构分析,估计最佳群体组群数K,其取值范围为1—10,将MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo)开始时的不作数迭代(length of burn-in period)设为100 000次,再将不作数迭代后的MCMC设为100 000次,迭代次数(number of iterations)设置为5,依据似然值最大原则,选取合适的K值为群体数目,并绘出基于模型的群体遗传结构图。采用Tassel 2.1 软件GLM(general linear model)和MLM(mixed linear model)2种模型程序,进行分子标记数据和表型数据的关联分析。
Table 1
表1
表1各性状测定值的差异分析
Table 1Variance analysis of measured value between characters
处理 Treatment统计参数 ParametersTLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3
干旱
Drought
均值 Average7.512.070.938.522.561.198.695.791.57
最大值 Max8.84.473.410.677.533.0711.69.63.33
最小值 Min5.730.330.077.070.4061.930
标准差 SD0.561.000.590.721.160.671.051.670.68
变异系数 CV0.070.480.640.080.450.560.120.290.43
对照
Control
均值 Average7.9009.490010.6800
最大值 Max9.40011.70013.700
最小值 Min6.8007.500800
标准差 SD0.500.000.000.710.000.001.080.000.00
变异系数 CV0.060.070.10
对照较干旱
DCC
均值 Average-0.42.070.93-0.972.651.19-1.985.791.57
标准差 SD0.5210.60.631.170.680.911.720.69
t值t value-7.69**20.70**15.60**-15.24**22.61**17.67**-21.77**34.39**23.08**
处理 Treatment统计参数 ParametersSFW(g)RFW(g)SDW(g)RDW(g)PH(cm)ICH(cm)CPPYPP(g)TSW(g)
干旱
Drought
均值 Average11.352.32.420.4241.7926.6611.580.352.51
最大值 Max16.24.673.411.1552.843.220.870.783.6
最小值 Min6.380.781.740.213215.073.930.091.44
标准差 SD1.980.810.380.134.145.533.780.150.43
变异系数 CV0.170.350.160.320.100.210.330.430.17
对照
Control
均值 Average13.092.692.770.4648.3828.3613.260.432.72
最大值 Max21.555.193.71.1158.939.525.20.983.95
最小值 Min4.290.491.660.2438.717.24.30.151.5
标准差 SD2.140.920.360.134.894.813.560.170.42
变异系数 CV0.160.340.130.280.100.170.270.400.15
对照较干旱
DCC
均值 Average-1.73-0.39-0.36-0.04-6.59-1.71-1.68-0.08-0.21
标准差 SD2.290.670.440.073.854.132.510.150.35
tt value-7.58**-5.85**-8.07**-6.09**-17.15**-4.13**-6.70**-5.19**-6.08**

DCC: drought change than control ; TLB1: total leaf before the first watering; WLB1: wilting leaf before the first watering; WLA1: wilting leaf after the first watering; TLB2: total leaf before the second watering; WLB2: wilting leaf before the second watering; WLA2: wilting leaf after the second watering; TLB3: total leaf before the third watering; WLB3: wilting leaf before the third watering; WLA3: wilting leaf after the third watering; SFW: shoot fresh weight per plant; RFW: root fresh weight per plant; SDW: shoot dry weight per plant; RDW: root dry weight per plant; PH: plant height; ICH: initial capsule height; CPP: capsule per plant; YPP: yield per plant; TSW: 1000-seed weigh; t value: paired t test between treatment and control; ** indicate t test amount to significant level. The same as belowDCC:对照较干旱变化;TLB1:第1次复水前总叶片数;WLB1:第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数;WLA1:第1次复水后萎蔫叶片数;TLB2:第2次复水前总叶片数;WLB2:第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数;WLA2:第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数;TLB3:第3次复水前总叶片数;WLB3:第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数;WLA3:第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数;SFW:地上部鲜重;RFW:地下部鲜重;SDW:地上部干重;RDW:地下部干重;PH:株高;ICH:始蒴高度;CPP:单株蒴果数;YPP:单株产量;TSW:千粒重;t值:处理与对照配对t检验;**表示t检验达极显著水平。下同
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2 结果

2.1 供试材料对干旱胁迫的响应分析

对供试材料考察了18个性状,包括总叶片数、萎焉叶片数、生物量、单株蒴果数、单株产量、株高等,处理与对照间存在明显差异,各项指标平均值均小于对照,表明各个材料均受到干旱胁迫的影响。干旱胁迫下,18个性状值的变异系数在0.07—0.65,平均为0.31,对照的变异系数在0.06—0.40,平均为0.19,除株高外,其他性状干旱胁迫的变异系数均大于对照。处理与对照间各性状指标经配对t检验,均为极显著,表明干旱处理对各性状产生了明显的抑制作用(表1)。处理组与对照组相比18个性状的平均抗旱系数在0.326—0.951,均小于1.000,也表明测定的各项指标均受到干旱胁迫不同程度的影响(表2)。以上结果表明,研究材料间和调查的18个性状均受到干旱胁迫,对干旱胁迫的响应存在明显差异。
Table 2
表2
表2各单项指标的抗旱系数
Table 2Drought resistance coefficients of single index
材料
Variety
TLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3SFWRFWSDWRDWPHICHCPPYPPTSWD值
D value
10.9020.5970.7980.8220.7550.9340.8510.5330.8670.8940.8410.9650.9710.9360.8620.9151.3600.9860.630
20.9710.7290.8641.0230.7730.9020.9500.7610.9030.7400.6660.7700.7860.8200.7780.7140.6760.9670.640
30.9920.7810.9920.9660.5630.9230.8100.5240.8060.8360.9280.8360.7530.8031.0980.5361.0521.2010.517
40.8920.8040.8790.8770.8510.9590.9180.6440.8220.8210.8740.9090.9330.8270.8801.0270.9950.9460.677
50.9590.7370.8560.8860.7260.8940.7850.5660.8960.9790.9251.7011.2820.6520.7480.6191.0150.8440.533
60.9400.7910.8820.9240.5160.7870.8330.1170.7671.0781.1660.8150.9790.8671.1300.8440.7500.7520.413
71.0190.6820.9000.9220.7060.9330.9370.6270.9240.7831.0290.7920.8060.9360.8860.8101.4631.0900.677
80.9520.7250.9580.8890.8280.8520.8130.5570.9020.8481.1870.8011.0670.8971.0370.8510.8350.9090.577
90.9570.8210.9820.8510.8420.9830.9150.5140.7790.7930.7880.8440.8220.8831.0311.1151.2541.1950.688
101.0170.7870.9841.0070.5920.8730.7970.2790.7460.6630.3860.6640.6510.9491.1340.7540.5170.8020.467
111.0090.9070.8981.0220.8040.8991.0070.6060.8380.9870.8241.0150.8030.8450.8090.9251.7700.9160.729
121.0530.8080.9330.8990.7580.9190.8970.4640.7790.7220.5940.8300.8580.9321.1370.6870.6901.0860.610
130.8890.9500.9830.9650.7130.8240.7670.4020.8520.9320.7670.8860.6530.8640.9940.8740.8360.9540.509
140.9550.8970.9440.8840.5080.8150.7720.1520.9090.7440.7900.6520.8060.8920.9070.5210.4930.8270.408
150.9460.7300.7620.9610.4180.7760.7640.2060.8410.9850.9110.9380.9700.9201.1550.9160.8170.8130.382
160.9500.8510.8950.9330.7220.8730.8430.3880.7911.1122.2330.9680.9930.8960.8590.7291.2251.0560.580
170.8790.9220.9830.9330.6860.9640.8330.1790.8000.8750.7420.8720.9920.7451.0890.5710.7761.0480.524
180.9500.8550.8950.9530.8740.9230.9260.5480.8280.9360.9860.9921.0140.8220.8460.8101.6481.0550.696
191.0480.9020.9240.8470.7480.8500.7590.5610.8110.9870.8390.8990.7820.8860.9260.8650.8761.0010.545
200.9520.9580.9920.8790.5320.9600.8390.2740.7880.8320.6700.6870.5440.9711.2200.6990.8030.8940.550
210.8500.6760.8240.9040.7460.8471.0390.3580.8130.8720.9131.0661.0360.9380.8781.0561.7201.0460.671
220.9060.6230.9060.8610.7820.9350.8530.3760.7891.3181.2071.0560.9840.9060.9431.0531.1120.9140.609
230.9810.6890.9430.9190.6850.9440.9620.1430.8210.8200.9330.8580.8890.8381.1090.8120.9890.8480.578
241.0350.7630.9410.8810.6890.8070.8550.1690.9070.8391.0030.8380.8440.8521.0100.5410.3340.5940.466
250.9910.8020.8790.8610.7900.8310.9140.0270.7840.8850.7640.8630.8000.9040.9430.7830.7560.8990.536
260.9170.6090.7550.8300.8260.8710.8700.6820.8830.6540.5620.7431.0430.9030.8620.6910.5730.9740.596
271.0170.6560.8520.8750.8100.8370.7500.2850.9310.7600.6960.7310.8560.8180.7860.8530.4810.8460.464
表2 Continued table 2
材料
Variety
TLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3SFWRFWSDWRDWPHICHCPPYPPTSWD值
D value
281.0000.8000.8920.9500.7990.8890.7680.5291.0000.8351.3720.8941.0670.8521.0750.6040.9110.8060.575
291.0260.7920.9500.9120.8280.9550.8600.3560.8130.8850.8660.8091.0490.9290.8041.0650.5751.0080.614
301.0000.8330.9210.9440.8970.8970.8530.4440.9800.7270.8380.7300.9440.8330.8890.6890.7480.9880.612
310.9500.7540.8070.8890.7580.8200.8740.3820.8290.8401.0360.8220.9330.8150.8400.7771.0901.0560.537
321.0980.6880.8300.9690.6160.7760.8270.2740.8950.8010.7870.7530.9160.8280.8320.7610.5430.8630.426
330.9330.7230.8661.0340.8290.8750.8640.6850.9810.9190.6910.9310.7420.8670.8781.0950.9070.9910.634
340.8890.7920.9500.8820.7250.8930.7530.3740.9240.9070.6801.1060.9540.8870.9850.8230.9100.9270.540
350.9000.7220.8060.8530.8050.8130.8180.5960.7950.7820.6870.8450.7140.8600.9131.0291.1771.0130.555
360.9910.7790.8850.9150.8050.8470.8930.4300.8590.7780.7900.7650.8540.8420.8360.7980.7010.8900.568
370.9760.8330.9250.9250.5880.8240.7460.3030.9100.7290.6650.6340.8660.8781.1140.7300.2750.8000.419
380.9010.8350.8430.9120.8940.8880.8470.6900.9200.8660.8080.9211.0440.8660.7401.0460.8681.0480.650
391.0000.6750.9170.9390.4420.9280.7680.1750.7630.7060.7660.6750.8280.8160.7770.8240.8251.2230.400
400.9670.7670.8710.9060.7360.8960.7790.3900.8560.9600.7590.9840.9220.7730.7740.9021.0320.9730.523
411.0000.7250.8580.9360.8330.9170.8890.7990.8820.9561.1120.9961.1670.9450.8880.9290.9931.0080.693
420.9330.6700.8040.8680.4400.8000.6930.1130.7740.8660.8320.8440.8500.8690.9610.8580.7710.9120.324
431.0980.7140.7861.1200.6980.7620.9380.5040.8350.6860.6530.6250.6600.9160.8690.7770.6001.0340.531
440.9000.6110.8150.9070.5470.8290.7500.0890.7220.8530.9250.7150.9610.8750.9691.0340.4490.8690.359
450.9920.8740.9080.9200.6190.8060.7450.1300.7642.0991.8841.1641.0750.8890.8231.6021.2660.9520.479
460.9230.9440.9910.8710.7660.8520.6130.2720.8831.1821.0921.1081.0870.8380.7551.0621.0330.9240.469
471.1240.8390.8311.0760.8870.8870.8830.6620.9400.6910.7510.7400.8390.9270.8640.8210.6281.0130.658
480.8300.8480.9730.8270.6870.8660.7050.5231.0001.2091.6541.0341.2490.8070.8880.5950.8370.9140.510
490.9370.9070.9150.9410.8820.9380.8600.5320.8400.7560.9190.8141.0660.8601.0090.6460.5890.8400.635
501.0350.8900.9660.9680.5900.7700.7700.0620.9480.8620.8680.9340.9620.8400.8301.0650.8980.9350.416
510.9300.5080.8170.8800.6060.8330.8000.0000.7061.0182.2520.8301.0580.8611.0080.8570.8860.7490.398
521.0090.4920.9240.9580.6810.9200.8890.0140.6740.4650.5410.6161.0121.0691.4890.8450.5320.6990.508
530.8890.5190.9810.8330.6670.9170.7040.0000.8141.2071.1031.1540.9730.7230.8540.6431.9150.8290.444
表2 Continued table 2
材料
Variety
TLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3SFWRFWSDWRDWPHICHCPPYPPTSWD值
D value
540.9170.4640.9000.8780.7830.9380.8300.0560.7960.8060.9270.8170.9020.7520.9950.7780.9410.9120.484
550.9910.4220.7760.9440.5510.6910.8590.3780.7130.9311.0951.0091.1250.8920.8820.9571.3251.0840.415
560.9830.4830.8810.9200.5720.8120.8480.0000.7360.8210.9130.8170.8280.9051.0390.8340.7001.0420.400
570.9110.4550.8040.9850.7150.8310.8980.3180.8410.6880.7551.0070.7240.8890.9590.7061.8040.8620.558
581.0000.5170.9000.7850.6730.8230.7480.0830.7330.7920.7960.8080.8340.9241.1150.9200.7891.1570.407
590.9250.4770.8020.8440.6770.7500.6850.1400.7810.9790.9440.9520.8750.9210.8261.0670.9390.9150.371
600.9400.4180.6820.9500.6420.7240.8830.3150.7060.7260.5300.9190.8850.9100.8471.0331.0251.0200.439
611.0100.4150.8490.9390.7420.8390.8500.1080.7540.8891.1230.7690.8770.9240.7780.9070.6871.0250.469
620.8380.3780.6840.9040.6310.7461.0150.2850.7520.5300.4810.5880.7390.8271.0030.7370.4491.0750.441
630.8890.7500.9290.8760.7460.8130.7740.2120.7880.9311.2031.0581.0050.7760.9010.7291.2210.9480.468
640.9630.5290.7400.9150.5420.7120.8750.0160.6190.9761.0800.9511.0390.7090.7020.8000.9240.8440.323
650.9000.4540.8330.9240.8430.9650.7520.2640.8871.1201.2531.1031.0450.8000.8430.8101.8750.9650.578
660.9910.6550.7930.8350.6450.8870.6960.0830.7670.7380.6510.8280.8540.8290.9110.8281.1451.0180.413
670.9370.5480.5100.9030.6000.6460.9010.5340.6580.8880.8750.8270.7610.9030.8721.0930.7201.0460.421
680.9820.7050.8300.9080.6250.7660.8360.1880.7540.7490.5180.7860.9380.9870.9210.9720.8630.9730.458
690.9000.6570.8150.8150.7270.9090.8370.2410.7781.2561.0071.1780.9590.7710.7120.8271.8831.1760.564
700.9730.6570.7780.8940.5710.7540.8140.0000.7170.6481.0340.6630.7840.9970.9901.1840.5881.1990.384
710.9670.6980.8190.8530.5310.7810.8390.0990.7380.8230.6890.7700.7880.8721.0451.0150.4221.2110.383
720.9230.7590.8980.8660.5320.7460.8120.1790.7460.8910.7560.9131.0210.8961.0311.0720.8700.8530.403
730.9670.6980.8360.8510.5000.7170.7350.0190.7220.8120.7610.7050.7881.0511.2751.0770.4291.0020.333
740.8330.6600.8400.7890.5860.7070.6950.3580.7640.9790.8431.0610.9120.8410.7380.9601.2160.9880.370
750.9670.7160.8970.8890.6880.7730.9070.0880.7350.9231.1500.8101.1261.1111.2941.3540.5190.9900.516
760.9820.7770.9820.8890.7660.8050.7740.3380.8851.0151.0790.7871.2250.8591.0240.8790.4950.8160.481
771.0090.7200.9410.8750.4210.8250.7720.0000.7500.8410.8640.7970.9150.7480.8870.8040.4860.8090.309
780.9170.7360.9550.8590.0260.7410.7560.0000.7231.0521.0741.0341.0610.8551.0610.7890.8290.8050.216
791.0040.6640.8100.8010.6810.8050.7810.4500.7160.6910.7390.6840.8230.9541.1910.7890.5330.8530.462
表2 Continued table 2
材料
Variety
TLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3SFWRFWSDWRDWPHICHCPPYPPTSWD值
D value
801.0370.8210.9110.9700.6070.8300.7560.2800.7740.5970.5040.7310.7600.8681.1350.7300.5190.6580.421
810.9280.8730.9000.8380.7540.8850.8330.4480.8320.9860.9870.8791.0860.8630.8001.0750.7680.9430.569
820.9490.8020.9460.9440.5800.7900.7560.2460.7630.7310.6560.8300.8240.9201.0791.0080.4200.7540.404
830.9830.8310.9750.9310.5220.7990.7320.2100.7340.8040.8280.7940.9700.8831.1360.6890.3870.7750.368
840.9550.8770.9620.9300.9080.9330.9020.4860.8410.9090.7030.9901.1500.9070.9671.0040.7470.9170.677
850.8380.8160.8270.8070.6700.8620.6320.2330.8670.6590.4430.6360.5240.7580.9130.6180.4280.6690.368
860.8770.8100.9400.7830.8150.9170.8070.4490.7971.0750.8911.1150.8730.8480.8220.8941.3690.9770.609
870.9140.9380.9480.9660.9580.9860.8330.4970.9030.9900.8830.9330.9940.9121.0281.0660.6971.0180.695
880.9410.8330.9480.8890.7320.9910.7780.3020.8250.7190.7060.7900.8390.7560.8470.7330.5870.8570.521
890.7830.8300.9360.8610.8631.0000.8810.4260.8780.8560.8570.8990.8310.8790.9560.9040.8790.8420.672
900.8820.6330.6780.8150.6450.9550.7860.3520.7360.8960.8590.9760.8940.8280.7770.7970.8010.6810.501
910.9740.7630.9120.8620.5940.9920.8260.1030.8900.7090.3830.8210.7050.7951.1590.8230.8210.7890.504
920.7170.6050.7790.7600.8860.9910.7070.4920.8851.0300.9511.0951.1430.8190.9141.0331.2510.9490.597
931.0270.6670.7460.9050.6120.8450.7230.3880.8280.8420.9870.7860.8810.8121.0430.7400.5800.8270.414
940.8950.6810.8400.9200.6880.9780.8420.3890.7991.1060.9041.1520.9790.8320.9341.2720.7970.7920.572
950.9300.5830.7420.8660.6550.8420.8100.4380.8690.8800.7100.8610.9040.8901.0420.9940.6890.8940.491
960.9330.8210.9290.8720.8240.9850.7630.4370.8171.0341.2091.0021.0390.8300.7380.9581.0180.9800.600
971.0220.7030.8560.9070.4770.7730.7240.2860.7940.6770.5040.7170.6950.9201.0020.7010.4380.6840.351
980.9830.7030.8980.9440.7480.9580.8550.4280.9101.0811.0110.9860.9570.9250.9301.0361.1301.0030.635
990.9500.8770.9740.9430.6930.9430.7320.3150.8311.1491.1260.9790.9420.9290.9041.1750.5660.8220.534
1000.8250.7340.8830.6790.6730.8910.6500.3590.7951.0570.9221.1780.9460.6630.6070.9921.7040.8450.445
均值
Average
0.9510.7220.8740.9000.6880.8600.8160.3260.8180.8860.8970.8820.9150.8670.9430.8760.8810.930
标准差
SD
0.0650.1360.0830.0640.1390.0790.0810.2000.0770.1980.3050.1640.1430.0740.1450.1810.3720.128
变异系数
CV
0.0680.1890.0950.0720.2010.0920.0990.6140.0940.2230.3400.1860.1560.0850.1530.2070.4220.138


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2.2 各项指标抗旱性综合评价

参照连续变数的次数分布统计方法,将供试材料18个性状的抗旱系数以组距为0.2分成7个组区间,制作成次数分布表(表3)。结果表明,在同一组区间各性状的抗旱系数分布次数相差较大,其中,第1次复水前总叶片数、第2次复水前总叶片数、千粒重这三个指标的抗旱系数在0.9<Xj≤1.1区间的分布频率分别为82%、50%和53%,表明这三个性状对干旱胁迫反应迟钝;而第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水前总叶片数、第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、成熟期株高、单株产量这10个指标的抗旱系数在Xj<0.9区间分布频率分别为92%、77%、67%、86%、100%、83%、62%、60%、68%和62%,表明这10个性状对干旱胁迫的反应较敏感。由抗旱系数相关系数矩阵可看出(表4),各单项指标间存在一定的相关性,说明芝麻抗旱性是一个复杂性状。
Table 3
表3
表3供试材料各性状指标的抗旱系数在不同区间的分布
Table 3Different distributions of drought-resistance coefficients of tested materials traits indexes
指标 Index次数 Times
0.7≤Xj0.7<Xj≤0.90.9<Xj≤1.11.1<Xj≤1.3Xj>1.3
第1次复水前总叶片数 TLB117821
第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB138548
第1次复水后萎蔫叶片数 WLA145244
第2次复水前总叶片数 TLB2148501
第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB27723
第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数 WLA226533
第3次复水前总叶片数 TLB377914
第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB39820
第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数 WLA338017
地上部鲜重 SFW12502882
地下部鲜重 RFW223527115
地上部干重 SDW11493091
地下部干重 RDW640468
株高 PH266311
始蒴高度 ICH24241141
单株蒴果数 CPP15433642
单株产量 YPP3428161012
千粒重 TSW634537


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对干旱较敏感的10个性状抗旱系数进行主成分分析,结果表明,前5个因子的累积贡献率达到82%,因而取前5个因子,将以上10个性状转换为5个新的独立的综合指标,分别用CI(1)、CI(2)、CI(3)、CI(4)、CI(5)表示。第一主成分中第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数有较强的载荷量;第二主成分中地上部干重有较强的载荷量;第三主成分中,第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水前总叶片数、单株产量有较强的载荷量;第四主成分中,地上部鲜重、株高有较强的载荷量;第五主成分中,第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数有较强的载荷量(表5)。
Table 4
表4
表4各指标抗旱系数的相关系数矩阵
Table 4Correlation coefficient matrix between drought resistance indexes
指标
Index
TLB1WLB1WLA1TLB2WLB2WLA2TLB3WLB3WLA3SFWRFWSDWRDWPHICHCPPYPPTSW
TLB11.000
WLB10.0431.000
WLA10.0690.478**1.000
TLB20.317**0.1290.0861.000
WLB2-0.0790.171**0.0720.0191.000
WLA2-0.1100.1860.253**-0.0210.406**1.000
TLB30.101-0.038-0.0900.246**0.254**0.1061.000
WLB3-0.0370.199-0.0210.1070.460**0.249**0.224**1.000
WLA3-0.0050.271**0.148*0.1250.380**0.274**0.0090.381**1.000
SFW-0.271**0.0710.090-0.139*0.0960.099-0.139*0.0250.0461.000
RFW-0.103-0.0300.063-0.0530.0870.046-0.055-0.0280.0220.518**1.000
SDW-0.350**0.0470.032-0.1270.1700.158*-0.0580.1150.0970.608**0.343**1.000
RDW-0.145*0.0250.067-0.0380.179**0.088-0.0360.0460.0860.407**0.436**0.341**1.000
PH0.203**-0.029-0.0280.113-0.035-0.157*0.160*0.017-0.142*-0.131-0.102-0.176**-0.0761.000
ICH0.1140.0290.156*0.060-0.203**-0.077-0.016-0.175**-0.148*-0.230**-0.146*-0.278**-0.135*0.256**1.000
CPP-0.104-0.074-0.103-0.0660.067-0.0570.0220.002-0.137*0.243**0.1060.199**0.1210.246**-0.0991.000
YPP-0.248**-0.064-0.042-0.0940.197**0.191**0.0700.154*0.0660.356**0.282**0.562**0.171*-0.174*-0.299**0.1181.000
TSW0.010-0.068-0.1180.0180.165*0.0270.239**0.183**-0.0530.0090.0270.044-0.0440.105-0.179**0.184**0.255**1.000

**和*分别表示P<0.01和P<0.05的显著水平 ** and * indicate significant level of P<0.01 and P<0.05
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根据公式(2)、(3)、(4)求得供试材料抗旱性综合评价D值(表2)。根据D值大小对供试材料进行抗旱性排序,筛选出12份高抗旱芝麻种质资源(D值>0.65),占供试材料的12%,其中,包括柳林芝麻3号、吴堡县岔上乡步墕村芝麻、g80、8602-2、柳林芝麻1号、临县芝麻2号、临县芝麻5号、g62、g45、吴堡县岔上乡郭家墕村芝麻、2012-48- 01、四棱芝麻。

2.3 关联分析

基于芝麻基因组开发多态性较好的33个SSR标记在100份芝麻供试材料中共检测到170个等位变异,平均每个标记5.15个。利用structure数学模型对供试群体进行遗传结构分析,由此判断供试群体可被分为2个亚群,并绘制供试材料群体结构图(图1)。
显示原图|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT
图1基于SSR标记的100份芝麻种质遗传结构
-->Fig. 1Population structure of 100 sesame materials based on SSR marker
-->

利用GLM模型检测到120个位点与以上对干旱胁迫响应敏感的10个性状显著关联(P<0.05),每个性状的位点数在4—31个,变异解释率为3.85%—14.30%(表6),有28个位点同时与2个或多个性状关联;位点2177-3关联的频次最高,同时与5个指标显著关联,分别为第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第2、3次复水前、后萎蔫叶片数,解释率为6.43%—12.76%,其中第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数均属于第一主成分中的因子;解释率大于10%的标记位点有12个,其中1816-2、1664-3、1550-5、2177-3、1816-4、4033-3等6个位点与2个第一主成分因子(第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数和第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数)显著关联,4033-3是所有位点中变异解释率最高的,对第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数解释率达14.30%。
Table 5
表5
表5主成分载荷矩阵及贡献率
Table 5Component matrix and contribution rate
指标IndexCI(1)CI(2)CI(3)CI(4)CI(5)
第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB10.2180.181-0.5380.4150.195
第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB20.4150.2820.178-0.0280.048
第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数 WLA20.3910.142-0.056-0.2060.750
第3次复水前总叶片数 TLB30.0640.3290.591-0.1020.100
第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数 WLB30.3830.3150.0930.085-0.474
第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数 WLA30.3720.235-0.3130.104-0.369
地上部鲜重 SFW0.238-0.4550.0540.512-0.059
地上部干重 SDW0.355-0.444-0.100-0.123-0.133
株高 PH-0.2250.2960.2060.6910.077
单株产量 YPP0.323-0.3360.406-0.027-0.020
贡献率 Contribution rate0.3070.2150.1410.0910.066
累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate0.3070.5220.6630.7540.820


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利用MLM模型检测到63个与10个性状显著关联(P<0.05),每个性状的位点数分别在3—11个,变异解释率为4.00%—12.50%,有13个位点同时与2个或多个性状关联;位点1816-3同时与4个指标显著关联,分别为第1、2次复水前萎蔫叶片数和第2、3次复水后萎蔫叶片数,解释率为4.32%—6.32%,其中第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数均属于第一主成分中的因子;解释率大于10%的标记位点有3个,分别是2209-7、1935-6和4033-2,其中,变异解释率最高的位点4033-2所关联的性状也为第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数,解释率达12.5%。
利用2种模型均能检测到的标记位点有5个,其中位点4033-6、1664-1同时与第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数显著关联,解释率分别为4.46%—5.88%和4.07%—4.64%,该指标属于第三主成分中的因子;位点2218-1与第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数关联显著,解释率为9.9%—13.66%,该指标属于第五主成分中的因子;位点1550-3同时与地上部鲜重、地上部干重显著关联,解释率分别为5.36%—6.08%和4.09%—7.88%,这两个指标分别属于第四、二主成分中的因子。
Table 6
表6
表6与抗旱性显著相关(P<0.05)的标记位点数和变异解释率
Table 6Number of loci associated with drought resistance(P<0.05)and phenotypic variation explanation rates
指标
Index
GLMMLMGLM+MLM
位点数
Locus number
解释率
VER (%)
位点数
Locus number
解释率
VER (%)
位点数
Locus number
解释率
VER (%)
第1次复水前萎蔫叶片数WLB1183.88—12.6994.07—9.0124.07—5.88
第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数WLB284.14—14.3064.16—12.50
第2次复水后萎蔫叶片数WLA2114.44—13.6974.8—9.2519.90—13.66
第3次复水前总叶片数TLB393.89—7.6334.15—5.34
第3次复水前萎蔫叶片数WLB3183.85—8.3944.00—5.91
第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数WLA3313.92—13.99114.13—7.08
地上部鲜重SFW84.16—8.0984.19—8.3015.36—6.08
地上部干重SDW74.09—7.7264.17—7.8814.09—7.88
株高PH64.46—11.354.61—10.98
单株产量YPP44.48—5.3844.3—5.36

VER:解释率 Variation explanation rate
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对第一主成分因子性状关联到的位点进一步分析,其中贡献率较大且重复率高的标记位点主要有:4033-2和4033-3对第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数变异解释率分别为12.5%和14.3%,2177-3对第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数、第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数变异解释率分别为11.86%和12.21%,1816-2和1826-4对第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数变异解释率分别为10.44%和13.99%,这些标记位点分别来自4033、2177和1816 3个引物,通过比对这三个引物序列在芝麻基因组上的位置,结果表明,4033位于LG4的1 981 965 bp附近,2177位于LG6的11 802 028 bp附近,1816位于LG11的10 438 634 bp附近,推测以上3个基因组区段可能存在芝麻抗旱性相关基因。

3 讨论

近年来,中国国内外对芝麻抗旱性研究多局限于大田干旱胁迫和利用PEG模拟干旱对芝麻种子芽期进行抗旱性鉴定,本研究对芝麻成株期进行反复干旱试验,综合利用与抗旱响应关系密切的多项指标进行芝麻抗旱性综合评价,为芝麻抗旱性精准鉴定提供了方法参考和理论基础。截至目前,国内外对芝麻抗旱性研究的供试材料数量和指标数均少于本研究。KADKHODAIE等[28]评价了10份芝麻品种在不同土壤水分条件下的抗旱性差异;孙建等[19]对5个芝麻品种进行苗期干旱胁迫研究,测定指标均少于10个。本研究对100份芝麻资源测定了18个相关表型性状,其中,总叶片数和萎蔫叶片数属首次采用。采用连续变数的次数分布统计方法对供试材料进行分析发现,千粒重对干旱胁迫反应较迟钝,这与孙建等[19]等的研究结果不一致,而与祁旭升等[25]在胡麻抗旱性研究所得结果相一致;利用综合分析方法得到第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数和第3次复水后萎蔫叶片数2个与抗旱响应最为密切,为芝麻抗旱鉴定提供了可靠的新的指标。
植物的抗旱性是受多因素影响的、且非常复杂的数量性状,不同指标的选择不同,研究得到的结论也不一样。因此,单一指标或少数指标的简单分析很难且可靠地反应不同资源品种的抗旱性。近年来,虽然国内外****针对不同作物从不同角度研究和提出了更加全面的抗旱评价鉴定方法[29-30],然而现今对抗旱性鉴定评价的指标和方法均没有准确可靠的统一规定,因此,建立科学的抗旱性综合评价方法是芝麻抗旱性鉴定的基础。目前普遍认为多指标多方法相结合的抗旱性综合评价比较可靠[31],朱宗河等[32]对油菜抗旱性的研究表明,利用隶属函数等分析对甘蓝型油菜耐旱性进行综合评价,可筛选甘蓝型油菜耐旱种质。因此,本研究采用综合评价方法,可以较好地揭示各指标与抗旱性的关系,这样既考虑了各指标间的相互关系,又考虑到各指标的重要性。该方法已在大豆[33]、小麦[34]等作物上应用,取得了比较理想的结果。不仅可以缩短芝麻抗旱性鉴定周期,同时为下一步研究耐旱分子机制提供理论依据。
芝麻的抗旱性是复杂的数量性状,关联分析是研究复杂数量性状的有效方法,国内外在芝麻抗旱分子基础研究方面,仅见黎冬华等[22]采用PEG 6000胁迫发芽芝麻种子基于SSR、SRAP和AFLP分子标记的关联分析研究报道,利用GLM模型获得2个解释率(4.965%和4.18%)较高的SRAP标记和1个解释率(4.38%)较高SSR标记。本研究对芝麻成株期进行抗旱鉴定,利用全基因组开发的33个多态性SSR标记与抗旱相关性状进行关联分析,利用GLM和MLM 2种模型分别检测出120个和63个与抗旱性有显著关联(P<0.05)的分子标记位点,变异解释率分别为3.85%—14.30%和4.00%—12.5%,其中,2种模型均检测到与第一主成分因子第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数显著关联的标记位点,且变异解释率均为最高,分别达14.3%(位点4033-3)和12.5%(位点4033-2),通过比对4033引物序列在芝麻基因组上的位置,进一步发现基因SIN_1006195在其附近,该基因属于已报道与抗旱紧密相关的NAC基因家族,可以作为芝麻抗旱后续研究的候选基因之一。研究结果为芝麻抗旱功能分子标记开发和抗旱基因发掘奠定了重要基础。
本研究通过综合评价,还筛选出一批高抗旱种质材料,为抗旱育种研究提供了关键材料。

4 结论

采用抗旱系数进行综合评价,获得柳林芝麻3号、g80、8602-2等高抗旱芝麻种质12份,可用于抗旱性育种;利用GLM和MLM 2个模型均检测到与第一主成分因子第2次复水前萎蔫叶片数显著关联且变异解释率最高的标记位点(位点4033-3和位点4033-2),此标记可应用于分子标记辅助选择。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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