李小勇^,1, 顾炽明¹, 刘康¹, 廖星¹, 黄威², 杨志远³, 秦璐^,11中国农业科学院油料作物研究所/农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点开放实验室,武汉 430062
²湖北省黄冈市农业科学院,湖北黄冈 438000
³应城市农业技术推广中心,湖北应城 432400

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Yield and Quality of Late Sowing Rapeseed

LI XiaoYong^,1, GU ChiMing¹, LIU Kang¹, LIAO Xing¹, HUANG Wei², YANG ZhiYuan³, QIN Lu^,11Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062
²Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang 438000, Hubei
³Yingcheng Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yingcheng 432400, Hubei

通讯作者: 秦璐,E-mail： qinlu-123@126.com

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2020-09-27接受日期:2020-11-11

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200904) 中国农业科学院创新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2013-OCRI)

Received:2020-09-27Accepted:2020-11-11
作者简介 About authors
李小勇,E-mail： dashuai_17@163.com。









摘要
【目的】长江流域多熟制模式下,油菜播种推迟,引起产量低、品质差。为探究施氮量对迟播油菜氮素利用和产量、品质的影响,本研究通过测定不同施氮量下迟播油菜产量构成、农艺性状、养分积累、籽粒品质,以期探明迟播油菜最佳施氮量。【方法】以甘蓝型油菜品种中油杂19为材料,在湖北应城、黄冈进行大田裂区试验,设置2个播期（常规播期S1,10月10日;迟播S2, 11月10日）为主区,4个施氮量（N0：不施氮肥;N1：120 kg·hm^-2;N2：240 kg·hm^-2;N3：360 kg·hm^-2）为副区。【结果】（1）迟播（S2）显著降低油菜籽粒产量,增加氮肥施用量,不同播期油菜单株角果数、每角果粒数及千粒重均有显著上升趋势,与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3处理下,籽粒产量在常规播期下两地平均增加31.9%、68.6%和79.8%,在迟播下两地平均增长36.0%、82.3%和87.3%;（2）播期推迟,油菜根颈粗、株高、分枝起点高度和根系干重均显著下降,地上部干重增加,根冠比下降。增加氮肥施用量,不同播期油菜根颈粗、株高及分枝起点高度增加,地上及根系干重均上升,但根冠比呈现下降趋势;此外,与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期下两地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在迟播下两地平均增长105.5%、208.7%和303.1%,即增施氮肥加重了倒伏的发生;（3）推迟播期,油菜根系氮含量和氮积累量均下降;籽粒氮含量上升而氮积累量下降、含油率下降;茎秆、角果壳氮含量变化不显著,但氮积累量显著上升。增加氮肥施用量,各部位氮含量和氮积累量增加,含油率下降,但产油量呈上升趋势,在240 kg·hm^-2施氮量水平时,产油量在两个播期下均达最大,应城分别为1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm^-2,黄冈分别为1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm^-2。籽粒氮素利用率也达最高,应城分别为34.88%和31.14%,黄冈分别为27.95%和25.48%。籽粒氮素利用率与籽粒产量和产油量呈极显著正相关,与倒伏角度不相关,因此可以通过提高籽粒氮素利用率提高籽粒产量和产油量,同时不加重倒伏发生。【结论】增加氮肥施用可提高迟播油菜产量,但氮肥施用应控制在240 kg·hm^-2左右,以控制倒伏进一步加剧,并获得最大产油量。
关键词： 油菜;播期;施氮量;产量;产油量

Abstract
【Objective】 Under the multi-cropping system in the Yangtze River Basin, the rapeseed sowing date was delayed, resulting in low yield and poor quality. In this study, in order to explore the effect of different nitrogen rates on the yield and seed quality of late sowing rapeseed, the related indexes of late sowing rapeseed, including yield and its components, agronomic characters, nutrient accumulation, grain quality, and so on, were measured under different nitrogen application levels in order to find out the best nitrogen rate of late sowing rapeseed. 【Method】 Field experiments were carried out in Yingcheng and Huanggang, Hubei province. A rapeseed variety“Zhongyouza19”was used as the material, and two sowing dates (S1,10th October; S2, 10th November) and 4 nitrogen rates (N0, 0; N1, 120 kg·hm^-2; N2, 240 kg·hm^-2; N3, 360 kg·hm^-2) were set in this study. 【Result】 (1) Late sowing of rapeseed significantly reduced the yield. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the pods per plant, seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight had a significant increase under different sowing dates. Compared with N0, the yield under N1, N2 and N3 was increased by 31.9%, 68.6% and 79.8% on average under normal sowing date, respectively, and increased by 36.0%, 82.0% and 87.3% on average under late sowing date, respectively. (2) With the sowing date delaying, the root crown diameter, plant height and branch height were decreased significantly, and the above-ground biomass were increased, whereas the root biomass and the root-shoot ratio were decreased. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the root crown diameter, plant height, branch height, the root and shoot biomass were increased, but the root-shoot ratio was decreased, in addition, the lodging angle were increased by 162.7%, 254.7% and 374.7% on average under normal sowing date, respectively, and increased by 105.5%, 208.7% and 303.1% on average under late sowing date, respectively. Lodging was more severe under higher nitrogen rate. (3) With the sowing date delaying, the nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake in the root were decreased. The nitrogen content in the seed was increased, but the nitrogen uptake and oil content in the seed were decreased. Then, the nitrogen content in the stem and the pod shell did not change significantly, but the nitrogen uptake increased significantly. With an increase in nitrogen rate, the nitrogen content and uptake in each part were increased and the oil yield also showed an increasing trend, but the oil yield (1 830.5 kg·hm^-2 and 1 534.5 kg·hm^-2 (Yingcheng), 1 535.1 kg·hm^-2 and 1 220.0 kg·hm^-2(Huanggang)) and the seed nitrogen use efficiency (34.88% and 31.14% (Yingcheng), 27.95% and 25.48% (Huanggang)) reached the maximum at the nitrogen rate level of 240 kg·hm^-2under different sowing dates. There was a significant positive correlation between seed nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and oil yield, but there was no correlation with lodging angle. The grain yield and oil yield could be improved by increasing seed nitrogen use efficiency without aggravating lodging. 【Conclusion】 Increasing nitrogen rate could improve the yield of late sowing rapeseed, but the nitrogen rate should be controlled at about 240 kg·hm^-2 to further control lodging and obtain maximum oil yield.
Keywords：rapeseed (Brassica napus L.);sowing date;nitrogen rate;yield;oil yield


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本文引用格式
李小勇, 顾炽明, 刘康, 廖星, 黄威, 杨志远, 秦璐. 施氮量对迟播油菜氮素利用和产量品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(17): 3726-3736 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.014
LI XiaoYong, GU ChiMing, LIU Kang, LIAO Xing, HUANG Wei, YANG ZhiYuan, QIN Lu. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Yield and Quality of Late Sowing Rapeseed. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(17): 3726-3736 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.17.014


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0 引言

【研究意义】油菜是我国重要的油料作物,种植面积及总产均占世界的18%左右^[1]。长江流域是我国粮油主产区,随着对夏季粮食、经济作物产量需求增加,生育期延长,收获时期推迟,同时秋季雨水频繁,导致油菜迟播情况在该产区逐渐频繁。因此,研究迟播情况下氮肥调控对油菜产量品质影响的作用机制,对迟播油菜栽培管理有重要理论参考意义。【前人研究进展】播期推迟,油菜播种后出苗率降低^[2],田间杂草增加,杂草与植株之间产生肥料竞争,肥料利用率下降^[3,4];由于进入冬季前期生长周期有限,越冬期植株长势较弱,叶片数较少,地上干重较正常播期植株降低显著,同时根部干重较正常播期低,越冬前油菜苗情较弱,生长发育后期易出现倒伏,降低籽粒品质,且油菜植株生物量及产量减少,油菜氮素利用率下降^[5,6,7]。为弥补迟播引起的冬前苗情弱小问题,可增加肥料施用量,以起到快速促苗增收的效果^[8,9]。前人研究也发现,迟播后增加氮肥施用提高了冬前苗期叶片数,增加叶绿素含量,光合速率增加,提高了单株角果数,起到了明显增产的效果,且长势较弱,增施氮肥效果更好^[4,10]。实际生产中,为了起到促苗增产的效果,农户往往增加肥料施用,但施肥多,生产成本增加,效益低,制约了我国油菜生产的发展^[11]。过量施氮还会导致植株根冠比下降,倒伏面积及倒伏角度增加^[12],菌核病发病率提高^[13],光能利用率下降^[14],地上部营养生长过旺,抑制生殖生长,降低肥料利用率^[15],减产的同时,油菜籽粒品质也进一步降低^[16]。对于迟播油菜,过量施氮引起的危害更为严重。大量的氮肥施用造成迟播油菜越冬前幼苗疯长,叶片含水量增加,遇到极端雨雪低温气候时,更加易受冻害影响,也会降低后期籽粒产量^[17]。因此适当的氮肥施用可起到增产增收的效果,而农户关于迟播油菜施氮量的多少主要凭经验,迟播油菜氮肥提苗技术及调控机制还需进一步研究。【本研究切入点】综上,前人关于播期和施氮量对油菜产量及倒伏影响的研究较多,但是很少研究播期和施氮量互作下,油菜各部位氮含量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系。【拟解决的关键问题】基于此,本研究围绕不同施氮量对迟播油菜产量及品质的影响,测定油菜植株不同部位氮含量,成熟期油菜倒伏,籽粒产量、品质,探究各部位氮素吸收、倒伏与产量品质之间的关系,为指导迟播油菜科学施肥提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点、土壤状况及材料

试验于2019年9月至2020年5月在湖北应城祥丰农场及黄冈现代农业科技示范园试验基地进行,图1为两试验基地日平均气温（国家气象局）。试验地前茬均为芝麻,9月上旬收获,秸秆粉碎翻压还田,采用翻耕直播的方式。应城试验田土壤养分状况为：碱解氮153 mg·kg^-1、速效磷17.29 mg·kg^-1、速效钾167.82 mg·kg^-1,黄冈试验田土壤养分状况为：碱解氮132 mg·kg^-1、速效磷14.16 mg·kg^-1、速效钾154.21 mg·kg^-1。试验材料为中国农业科学院油料作物研究所培育的甘蓝型油菜品种中油杂19。

图1

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图1不同试验点日平均气温

Fig. 1Average temperature at different test sites

1.2 试验设计

采用裂区试验设计,以不同播期为主区,分别是常规播期2019年10月10日（S1）,迟播2019年11月10日（S2）;4个施氮量为裂区,分别为N0：不施氮;N1：施氮120 kg·hm^-2;N2：240 kg·hm^-2;N3：360 kg·hm^-2。采用条播方式播种,密度为45万株/hm²,2020年5月15日收获。

整地前氮肥总量70%尿素（含氮量46%）,与过磷酸钙（含P₂O₅ 12%）、氯化钾（含K₂O 60%）及硼砂按90、120、15 kg·hm^-2统一基施。基施肥料撒于地表,用旋耕机将肥料与耕层土壤混匀。出苗后去窝堆苗,3—5叶期定苗。5叶期施用氮肥总量30%尿素（含氮量46%）作苗肥。采用“三沟”配套,厢沟、腰沟均为宽0.30 m、深0.20 m,围沟宽0.30 m、深0.30 m。小区面积为20 m²（2 m×10 m）,每处理设3次重复。其他管理同农户常规操作。

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 产量及产量构成 成熟期各小区连续取10株进行考种,考察单株有效角果数、每角果粒数、千粒重等产量构成指标,以小区实收产量计产。

1.3.2 籽粒品质 采用近红外光谱扫描测定籽粒的含油率。产油量 = 籽粒含油率×大田实际产量。

1.3.3 农艺性状相关指标 取成熟期各小区连续10株,考察根颈粗、株高、分枝起点高度。根颈粗为游标卡尺测定的子叶节下1 cm 粗度;株高以子叶节至植株顶端的高度表示;分枝起点高度度为子叶节至第一分枝的高度。

1.3.4 根冠比及倒伏角度 取成熟期各小区连续10株,将根系及地上部于105℃下杀青30 min,80℃烘干至恒重,测定干物质量并计算根冠比。倒伏角度为冠层最高点至子叶节连线与垂直方向的夹角。

1.3.5 器官氮含量 采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消煮,凯氏定氮仪（KDY-9820）测各部位器官全氮。

器官氮积累量（kg·hm^-2）= 植株器官氮含量（%）×各器官干物质重（kg·hm^-2）;

籽粒氮素利用率（%）=[施氮区籽粒吸氮总量（kg）-不施氮区籽粒吸氮总量（kg）]/施氮量（kg）×100;

以籽粒产量为基础的氮素生理效率（kg·kg^-1）=籽粒产量（kg·hm^-2）/地上部氮素积累量（kg·hm^-2）。

1.4 数据处理与分析

数据采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析、Origin 9.0 软件进行作图。处理间比较采用最小显著差法（Least significant difference,LSD）。

2 结果

2.1 产量及品质

2.1.1 产量及其构成 由表1可知,油菜播期推迟,单株角果数下降,每角果粒数和千粒重呈上升趋势,单株产量和大田实际产量下降。随施氮量增加,不同播期单株角果数、每角果粒数及千粒重增加,单株产量及大田实际产量上升。与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,籽粒产量在正常播期两地平均增加31.9%、68.6%和79.8%,在迟播下两地平均增长36.0%、82.3%和87.3%。两个试验点间变化趋势一致。方差分析结果表明：单株产量、实际产量、单株角果数和每角果粒数受播期和施氮量影响达到极显著水平,但受两者之间的互作影响不显著。千粒重受施氮量的影响显著,但在不同试验点受播期及播期与氮肥间互作影响有差异。

Table 1
表1
表1播期和施氮量对油菜产量及产量构成的影响
Table 1Effects of sowing dates and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of rapeseed

播期 Sowing date	施氮量 Nitrogen rate	应城 Yingcheng								黄冈 Huanggang
		单株角果数 Effective pods per plant	每角果粒数 Seeds per pod	千粒重1000-seed weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)		实际产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)			单株角果数 Effective pods per plant	每角果粒数 Seeds per pod	千粒重1000-seed weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	实际产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)
S1	N0	60.7c	17.6c	4.29c	4.57e		2058.6e			67.3b	17.2c	3.91d	4.53e	2039.4e
	N1	72.7b	20.4b	4.45c	6.59c		2964.2c			69.5b	19.1b	4.09c	5.42d	2438.1d
	N2	78.4a	21.2b	4.92ab	8.17a		3674.3a			82.8a	19.5ab	4.45b	7.16b	3223.1b
	N3	78.9a	21.2b	5.07a	8.48a		3818.7a			85.0a	19.0b	4.87a	7.88a	3546.2a
S2	N0	39.8e	21.7b	4.43c	3.82f		1719.6f			43.5e	18.9b	4.13c	3.39f	1526.1f
	N1	48.8d	23.8a	4.72b	5.48d		2465.8d			49.7d	20.2ab	4.31b	4.33e	1947.0e
	N2	59.2c	24.2a	4.98a	7.14bc		3215.0b			61.7c	20.4ab	4.78a	6.00c	2699.2c
	N3	63.0c	23.0a	5.00a	7.26b		3265.9b			62.8c	21.0a	4.75a	6.26c	2815.9c
方差分析Variance analysis
	S	**	**	NS	**		**			**	**	**	**	**
	N	**	**	**	**		**			**	**	**	**	**
	S×N	NS	NS	NS	NS		NS			NS	NS	**	NS	NS

S1、S2分别表示播期为10月10日和11月10日;N0、N1、N2和N3分别表示施氮量为0、120、240及360 kg·hm^-2。表中同一列不同字母表示差异达 0.05 水平; ^*,^**表示在0.05和0.01的水平差异,NS表示差异不显著;S,播期;N,施氮量;S×N,播期和施氮量间的互作。下同
S1, S2 indicate the sowing date of 10^th October and 10^th November; N0, N1, N2 and N3 indicate the nitrogen rate of 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg·hm^-2 respectively. Different letters in the table indicate a difference of 0.05 levels; * and **, significant difference at 0.05, and 0.01 probability levels, respectively; NS, not significant; S, sowing date; N, nitrogen rate; S×N, mean the interaction variance analysis between sowing date and nitrogen rate, respectively. The same as below

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2.1.2 籽粒品质 由图2可知,随油菜播期推迟和施氮量增加,油菜籽粒含油率下降。在产油量方面,迟播降低油菜籽粒产油量,但随施氮量增加,不同播期油菜籽粒产油量均呈上升的趋势,并在240 kg·hm^-2施氮量时产油量达到最大,应城分别为1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm^-2,黄冈分别为1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm^-2。继续增加施氮量,产油量变化不显著。两试验点之间变化趋势一致。

图2

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图2不同播期和施氮量下油菜籽粒品质

Fig. 2Seed quality at different sowing dates and nitrogen rates of rapeseed

2.2 成熟期农艺性状及倒伏角度

2.2.1 农艺性状 如表2所示,随着播期推迟,根颈粗、株高、分枝起点高度呈下降趋势。随施氮量增加,与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,迟播油菜根颈粗两地平均增加47.5%、60.6%和85.6%,株高两地平均增加7.9%、10.9%和14.1%,分枝起点高度两地平均增加6.2%、13.2%和19.2%。两个试验点间变化趋势一致。方差分析结果表明：油菜成熟期各农艺性状指标均受播期和施氮量影响,根颈粗、分枝起点高度受播期和施氮量互作影响极显著,而播期和施氮量互作并未显著影响株高。

Table 2
表2
表2播期和施氮量对油菜成熟期农艺性状的影响
Table 2Effects of sowing dates and nitrogen rates on agronomic traits of rapeseed at maturity

播期 Sowing date	施氮量 Nitrogen rate	应城 Yingcheng			黄冈 Huanggang
		根颈粗 Root crown diameter (mm)	株高 Plant height (cm)	分枝起点高度 Branch height (cm)	根颈粗 Root crown diameter (mm)	株高 Plant height (cm)	分枝起点高度 Branch height (cm)
S1	N0	9.41d	153.40bc	102.50c	8.03f	142.77de	96.11c
	N1	11.95b	179.00a	119.46b	11.52c	165.73ab	111.43b
	N2	12.09b	180.85a	121.29b	12.33b	176.80a	118.44a
	N3	13.10a	183.00a	125.45a	13.24a	178.25a	120.47a
S2	N0	5.68f	144.50c	83.93f	6.53g	136.20e	75.25f
	N1	8.50e	154.00bc	87.53f	9.51e	149.00cde	81.50e
	N2	9.45d	156.67bc	92.86e	10.17d	154.62bcd	87.37d
	N3	11.47c	160.90b	97.33d	11.21c	159.35bc	92.35c
方差分析Variance analysis
	S	**	**	**	**	**	**
	N	**	**	**	**	**	**
	S×N	**	NS	**	*	NS	**

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2.2.2 根冠比和倒伏角度 由图3可知,随播期的推迟,根系干重有下降趋势,但地上部干重增加,根冠比降低。增加油菜施氮量,不同播期根系干重及地上部干重均呈现明显上升趋势,但地上部干重增长趋势更加显著,根冠比随施氮量增加而下降,且两个试验点间变化趋势一致。

图3

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图3不同播期和施氮量下油菜地上部干重、根干重和根冠比

Fig. 3Aboveground biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio at different sowing dates and nitrogen rates of rapeseed



由图4可知,随着播期推迟和施氮量增加,倒伏角度增加显著。且随着施氮量增加,与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期两地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在迟播下两地平均增长105.5%、208.7%和303.1%,在360 kg·hm^-2时倒伏角度达到最大,两试验点间变化趋势一致。

图4

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图4不同播期和施氮量下油菜倒伏角度

Fig. 4Lodging angle at different sowing dates and nitrogen rates of rapeseed

2.3 不同部位氮含量及籽粒氮素利用率

2.3.1 器官氮含量及氮积累量 由表3可知,随播期推迟根系氮含量呈下降趋势,茎秆和角果壳氮含量变化不显著,籽粒氮含量有上升趋势。随着施氮量增加,不同播期各器官氮含量上升显著。在器官氮积累量方面,随播期推迟,根系和籽粒氮素积累量下降,茎和角果壳氮积累量上升,随施氮量增加,不同播期各器官氮素积累量上升显著,且两个试验点间变化趋势一致。方差分析结果表明：各器官氮含量受施氮量影响极显著,根系和籽粒氮含量受播期影响极显著,而茎秆和角果壳氮含量受播期影响不显著,油菜根系氮含量受播期和施氮量互作影响极显著,其他部位氮含量受播期和施氮量互作影响不显著。在器官氮素积累方面,油菜各器官氮积累量受播期和施氮量影响极显著,根系、茎秆和角果壳氮积累量受播期和施氮量互作影响极显著,而籽粒氮积累量受播期和施氮量互作影响不显著。

Table 3
表3
表3播期和施氮量对油菜各器官氮含量和氮积累量的影响
Table 3Effects of sowing dates and nitrogen rates on nitrogen content and uptake

试验点 Trial site	播期 Sowing date	施氮量 Nitrogen rate	根 Root		茎 Stem		角果壳 Pod shell		籽粒 Grain
			氮含量 N content (%)	氮积累量 N uptake（kg·hm-2）	氮含量 N content (%)	氮积累量 N uptake（kg·hm-2）	氮含量 N content (%)	氮积累量 N uptake（kg·hm-2）	氮含量 N content (%)	氮积累量 N uptake（kg·hm-2）
应城 Yingcheng	S1	N0	0.60cd	3.63cd	0.39d	4.28g	0.59c	7.47f	3.21c	65.96e
		N1	0.65bcd	4.25c	0.58cd	26.30e	0.65bc	15.65de	3.45c	102.27d
		N2	0.82bc	6.76b	0.77bc	40.15d	0.75bc	21.21c	4.07b	149.67bc
		N3	1.37a	11.46a	1.19a	66.16b	1.21a	34.52b	4.61a	176.18a
	S2	N0	0.50d	2.83d	0.47cd	10.93f	0.52c	11.22ef	3.36c	57.80e
		N1	0.59cd	3.50cd	0.60cd	35.43d	0.66bc	16.84cd	3.58c	88.23d
		N2	0.66bcd	4.24c	0.94ab	57.73c	0.84b	31.78b	4.12b	132.55c
		N3	0.84b	6.55b	1.22a	85.92a	1.18a	47.00a	4.94a	161.35ab
黄冈 Huanggang	S1	N0	0.67de	3.73de	0.52d	8.91g	0.73c	7.79f	3.31e	67.48ef
		N1	0.87c	6.27c	0.74c	30.81e	0.94b	23.94d	3.62d	88.22d
		N2	1.10b	9.47b	1.06b	53.83c	1.00b	27.94d	4.17c	134.56b
		N3	1.51a	13.45a	1.23a	71.04b	1.44a	46.02b	4.72b	167.26a
	S2	N0	0.57e	2.93e	0.58d	16.04f	0.79c	14.94e	3.46de	52.87f
		N1	0.74d	4.78d	0.76c	36.53d	0.96b	26.16d	3.68d	71.68de
		N2	1.05b	8.36b	1.07b	68.87b	1.01b	33.63c	4.22c	114.06c
		N3	1.08b	9.09b	1.27a	92.54a	1.46a	57.07a	5.04a	142.00b
方差分析 Variance analysis
	S		**	**	NS	**	NS	**	**	**
	N		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	S×N		**	**	NS	**	NS	**	NS	NS

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2.3.2 籽粒氮素利用率及氮素生理效率 由图5可知,随播期推迟籽粒氮素利用率及氮素生理效率有下降趋势,但黄冈试验点迟播籽粒氮素利用率下降趋势不显著。增加施氮量,不同播期籽粒氮素利用率均在240 kg·hm^-2时达最大,应城分别为34.88%和31.14%,黄冈分别为27.95%和25.48%,氮素生理效率随施氮量增加而下降显著。两个试验点之间总体变化趋势基本一致。

图5

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图5播期和施氮量对氮素利用效率的影响

Fig. 5Effect of sowing dates and nitrogen rates on nitrogen use efficiency

2.4 氮素累积与产量、品质和倒伏角度的相关性

由表4可知,大田籽粒产量与植株各器官氮素累积量及籽粒氮利用率呈显著或极显著正相关,与氮生理效率呈显著负相关。籽粒含油率与各器官氮累积量呈极显著负相关,与氮生理效率呈极显著正相关。籽粒产油量与根系、籽粒氮积累量及籽粒氮利用率呈显著或极显著正相关。倒伏角度与各器官氮积累量呈显著或极显著正相关,与氮生理效率呈极显著负相关。

Table 4
表4
表4器官氮累积量与籽粒产量品质相关性分析
Table 4Correlation coefficients between nitrogen uptake and other yield and quality traits

	实际产量 Yield	含油率 Oil content	产油量 Oil yield	倒伏角度 Lodging angle
根氮积累量 Root nitrogen uptake	0.731**	-0.717**	0.568*	0.586*
茎氮积累量 Stem nitrogen uptake	0.688**	-0.932**	0.461	0.974**
角果壳氮积累量 Pod shell nitrogen uptake	0.587*	-0.961**	0.330	0.941**
籽粒氮积累量 Seed nitrogen uptake	0.956**	-0.702**	0.832**	0.785**
籽粒氮利用率 Seed nitrogen use efficiency	0.860**	0.123	0.887**	0.168
氮生理效率 Nitrogen physiological efficiency	-0.543*	0.923**	-0.312	-0.932**

*,**表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著
^*Significant at P<0.05, ^**Significant at P<0.01

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3 讨论

播期对油菜植株农艺性状有显著影响。播期推迟,植株长势弱,株高、根颈粗下降,光能利用率降低^[9,18]。适当增加肥料施用,改善株型,提高单株角果数,增加产量^[19,20]。本试验结果与前人研究结果基本一致。随播期推迟单株有效角果数下降,每角果粒数和千粒重有上升趋势。增加施氮量,不同播期各产量构成指标均上升,大田实际产量增加,迟播油菜施氮后大田实际产量较不施氮两地平均增长36.0%、82.3%和87.3%,在360 kg·hm^-2施氮量下产量达到最大值,但与240 kg·hm^-2施氮量下产量差异性不显著。

油菜植株倒伏与根系发育密切相关^[21],播期推迟,根部发育受限,根系干重较正常播期降低,根冠比下降,同时根颈粗减小,倒伏面积和倒伏角度增加^[22,23]。也有观点认为,适当增加施氮量,可促进根系生长,改善根冠比,倒伏发生减轻^[13,24-25]。在本试验中迟播条件下根颈粗降低,根系干重降低,地上部干重增加,根冠比下降,倒伏角度增加。而前人研究则发现播期推迟,地上部干重降低^[6],与本试验结果不一致。可能与本试验设置迟播播期偏晚,且冬季并未发生长期的低温雨雪天气（图1）原因有关,植株越冬前养分消耗较少,开春后生长旺盛,养分利用集中在地上部。越冬温度对植株各部位干物质积累的影响还需进一步研究。增加施氮量地上下部生物量均呈上升趋势,而地上部增幅更大,根冠比降低,在360 kg·hm^-2施氮量时倒伏角度达到最大,与N0相比,在N1、N2和N3下,倒伏角度在正常播期两地平均增加162.7%、254.7%和374.7%,在迟播下两地平均增长105.5%、208.7%和303.1%。经相关性研究发现,植株倒伏角度与各器官氮累积量呈显著性正相关,而与氮生理效率极显著负相关。倒伏作为影响籽粒产量和品质的重要因素^[26],需要适当控制施氮量,降低各器官氮素累积,提高氮生理效率,减小倒伏发生风险,以获得更好的产量和品质。

油菜籽粒品质受遗传因素的影响^[27],同时后期的栽培措施也对籽粒含油率有显著影响,如：播期^[28]、施氮量^[29]、种植密度^[30]等因素。随着播期推迟,油菜籽粒出苗期推迟,生育期缩短^[31],干物质累计和根冠比下降^[28],光合作用减弱,光能利用率下降,籽粒含油率降低^[32,33]。油菜是需氮较多的作物,油菜的高产需要以较多的氮素供应为保证。增加氮素供应可显著提高油菜籽粒产量^[15]。但是,增加氮素供应会限制碳代谢途径,导致含油量的降低,蛋白质含量增加^[34]。氮代谢所需的能量和碳架产生于光合碳代谢的,同时碳代谢与氮代谢竞争光合作用所产生的能量和中间产物^[35]。只有协调好碳氮代谢之间的平衡,才能达到优质、高产的目的。本试验结果表明,推迟播期籽粒产量及含油率下降,增加施氮量大田籽粒产量上升,但含油率下降显著。在施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时,不同播期籽粒产油量达到最大,应城分别为1 830.5和1 534.5 kg·hm^-2,黄冈分别为1 535.1和1 220.0 kg·hm^-2,同时籽粒氮素利用率最高,应城分别为34.88%和31.14%,黄冈分别为27.95%和25.48%。经相关性研究分析发现,籽粒氮素利用率与籽粒产量、产油量呈极显著正相关关系,而与含油率和倒伏角度关系不显著,因此可以通过提高籽粒氮素利用率提高产量和产油量,同时不加重倒伏发生。增加施氮量可以一定程度提高籽粒产量,但要获得最好的经济效益和肥料利用效率,需要控制施氮量在240 kg·hm^-2左右。

4 结论

油菜迟播增加每角果粒数和千粒重,降低油菜根颈粗、株高、分枝起点高度、单株角果数及大田实际产量,随着施氮量增加,根颈粗、株高、分枝起点高度以及单株角果数、每角果粒数及千粒重均有显著上升趋势,地上部干重和大田实际产量增加显著,但根冠比降低,倒伏角度增加,在360 kg·hm^-2施氮量时籽粒产量达到最高,但与240 kg·hm^-2施氮量籽粒产量水平差异不显著。迟播油菜籽粒含油率下降。增加施氮量,植株根系和籽粒含氮量增加,产油量呈上升趋势,在240 kg·hm^-2施氮量时籽粒产油量及籽粒氮素利用率达到最大。综上所述,增加氮肥施用可提高迟播油菜产量,但施氮量应控制在240 kg·hm^-2左右,以控制植株倒伏,并获得最大经济效益。

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